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60-547: Jeanie Johnston is a replica of a three- masted barque that was originally built in Quebec , Canada, in 1847 by the Scottish-born shipbuilder John Munn . The replica Jeanie Johnston performs a number of functions: it is an ocean-going sail training vessel at sea, and in port, it converts into a living history museum on 19th century emigration and, in the evenings, is used as a corporate event venue. The original Jeanie Johnston

120-409: A bow thruster for maneuverability in lakes and rivers, and an emergency generator that is located above the waterline in the forward deckhouse. She is fully compliant to the highest standards of modern ocean-going passenger ships , with steel water-tight bulkheads , down-flooding valves, and fire-fighting equipment. A wooden plaque is mounted on the foremast listing some of the many people involved in

180-508: A cargo of timber, she became waterlogged. The crew climbed into the rigging , and after nine days clinging to their slowly-sinking ship, they were rescued by a Dutch ship, the Sophie Elizabeth . Even in her loss, she maintained her perfect safety record. The project was conceived in the late 1980s, but did not become a reality until November 1993 when a feasibility study was completed. In May 1995, The Jeanie Johnston (Ireland) Company Ltd.

240-412: A century later, the simple box form of mast was arrived at. Although sailing ships were superseded by engine-powered ships in the 19th century, recreational sailing ships and yachts continue to be designed and constructed. In the 1930s aluminum masts were introduced on large J-class yachts . An aluminum mast has considerable advantages over a wooden one: it is lighter and slimmer than a wooden one of

300-883: A cool and fairly humid climate and for this reason they are found in the mountains of the temperate zones, while in the northernmost boreal zones they are also found in the plain. Larch trees go further north than all, reaching in North America and Siberia the tundra and polar ice. The larches are pioneer species not very demanding towards the soil and they are very long-lived trees. They live in pure or mixed forests together with other conifers or more rarely with broad-leaved trees. L. potaninii Batalin L. occidentalis Nuttall L. decidua Miller L. cajanderi Mayr L. griffithii Hooker L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch L. lyallii Parlatore L. sibirica Ledeb. In

360-592: A few notable companies are Hall Spars, Offshore Spars, and Southern Spars. After the end of the age of sail , warships retained masts, initially as observation posts and to observe fall of shot , also holding fire control equipment such as rangefinders , and later as a mounting point for radar and telecommunication antennas, which need to be mounted high up to increase range. Simple pole, lattice , and tripod masts have been used—also, on some past Japanese warships, complex pagoda masts . Larch About 10–11; see text Larches are deciduous conifers in

420-522: A fundamental transformation in Mediterranean navigation: the lateen which had long evolved on smaller Greco-Roman craft replaced the square rig , the chief sail type of the ancients, that practically disappeared from the record until the 14th century (while it remained dominant in northern Europe). The dromon , the lateen-rigged and oared bireme of the Byzantine navy , almost certainly had two masts,

480-571: A larger foremast and one midships. Their length has been estimated at 12 m and 8 m respectively, somewhat smaller than the Sicilian war galleys of the time. Multiple-masted sailing ships were reintroduced into the Mediterranean Sea by the Late Middle Ages . Large vessels were coming more and more into use and the need for additional masts to control these ships adequately grew with

540-536: A prestige object commissioned by king Hiero II of Syracuse and devised by the polymath Archimedes around 240 BC, and other Syracusan merchant ships of the time. The imperial grain freighters travelling the routes between Alexandria and Rome also included three-masted vessels. A mosaic in Ostia (c. 200 AD) depicts a freighter with a three-masted rig entering Rome's harbour. Special craft could carry many more masts: Theophrastus ( Hist. Plant. 5.8.2) records how

600-481: A single bud. The leaves (light green) are needle-like, 2 to 5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 2 in) long, slender (under 1 cm or 1 ⁄ 2  in wide). Larches are among the few deciduous conifers, which are usually evergreen. Other deciduous conifers include the golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis , the dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides , the Chinese swamp cypress Glyptostrobus pensilis and

660-463: A sizable foresail rigged on a slightly inclined foremast is depicted in an Etruscan tomb painting from 475 to 450 BC. An artemon ( Greek for foresail) almost the same size as the galley 's mainsail can be found on a Corinthian krater as early as the late 6th century BC; apart from that Greek longships are uniformly shown without it until the 4th century BC. In the East, ancient Indian Kingdoms like

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720-436: A steel mast of an equivalent strength can be smaller in diameter than an aluminum mast, allowing less turbulence and a better airflow onto the sail. From the mid-1990s racing yachts introduced the use of carbon fibre and other composite materials to construct masts with even better strength-to-weight ratios. Carbon fibre masts could also be constructed with more precisely engineered aerodynamic profiles. Modern masts form

780-414: Is almost exclusive guest of the gen. Larix . Other diseases are given by mushrooms, fungal rusts, bacteria and insects. Larch wood is valued for its tough, waterproof and durable qualities. Top quality knot -free timber is in great demand for building yachts and other small boats , for exterior cladding of buildings, and interior paneling. The timber is somewhat resistant to rot when in contact with

840-456: Is another probable hybrid still unresolved. Larches are associated with a number of mycorrhizal fungal species, including some species which primarily or only associate with larch. One of the most prominent of these species is the larch bolete Suillus grevillei . Larch is used as a food plant by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Larches are prone to the fungal canker disease Lachnellula ssp. (larch canker); this

900-483: Is particularly a problem on sites prone to late spring frosts, which cause minor injuries to the tree allowing entry to the fungal spores. In Canada , this disease was first detected in 1980 and is particularly harmful to an indigenous species larch, the tamarack , killing both young and mature trees. Larches are also vulnerable to Phytophthora ramorum . In late 2009 the disease was first found in Japanese larch trees in

960-431: Is the mainmast. This contrasts with a ketch or a yawl , where the after mast, and its principal sail, is clearly the smaller of the two, so the terminology is (from forward) mainmast and mizzen. (In a yawl, the term "jigger" is occasionally used for the aftermast.) Some two-masted luggers have a fore-mast and a mizzen-mast – there is no main-mast. This is because these traditional types used to have three masts, but it

1020-1021: The Asgard II (lost in the Bay of Biscay in 2008), the Dunbrody , the Lord Rank (N.I.), and the Creidne (I.N.S.). The replica is currently owned by the Dublin Docklands Development Authority , who bought it in 2005 for a reported €2.7m, which was used to clear outstanding loans on the vessel guaranteed by Tralee Town Council and Kerry County Council. From 2006 to 2008, she was operated on their behalf by Rivercruise Ireland. During that time she carried approximately 980 sail trainees and over 2,500 passengers, making regular visits to ports around Britain and Ireland, and also undertaking several trips to Spain each summer, often carrying voyage crew who intended to join

1080-644: The Camino de Santiago . In between these voyages she would offer day-sails in Dublin Bay . In early 2009, the Dublin Docklands Development Authority and Rivercruise Ireland could not reach agreement. DDDA then offered the Department of Defence use of the ship as a training vessel for free (as a replacement for the sunken Asgard II ), but the offer was turned down. The Department of Defence declared

1140-631: The English counties of Devon , Cornwall and Somerset , and has since spread to the south-west of Scotland. In August 2010 the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland and in 2013 in the Afan Forest Park in south Wales . Laricifomes officinalis is another mushroom found in Europe , North America and northern Asia that causes internal wood rot. It

1200-520: The Jeanie Johnston made 16 voyages to North America, sailing to Quebec, Baltimore , and New York. On average, the length of the transatlantic journey was 47 days. The most passengers she ever carried was 254, from Tralee to Quebec on 17 April 1852. To put this number in perspective, the replica ship is only licensed to carry 40 people including crew. Despite the number of passengers and the long voyage, no crew or passenger lives were ever lost on board

1260-411: The Jeanie Johnston unsuitable because of her lack of speed, her required crew size of 11, and her inability to participate in tall ships races. No alternative operator was found until mid-2010, when Galway -based company Aiseanna Mara Teoranta was appointed to operate the ship as a museum. In 2010, the ship was not in seagoing condition. In 2011, significant water damage was discovered, but repair work

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1320-486: The Jeanie Johnston . This is generally attributed to the captain, James Attridge , not overloading the ship, and the presence of a qualified doctor, Richard Blennerhassett , on board for the passengers. This lack of mortality contrasted sharply with coffin ships that carried many other Irish immigrants. In 1855, the ship was sold to William Johnson of North Shields in England. In 1858, en route to Quebec from Hull with

1380-601: The Kalinga from as early as 2nd century are believed to have commanded naval sail ships. One of the earliest documented evidence of Indian sail building comes from the mural of the three-masted ship in Ajanta caves that date back to 400–500 CE. The foremast became fairly common on Roman galleys , where, inclined at an angle of 45°, it was more akin to a bowsprit , and the foresail set on it, reduced in size, seems to be used rather as an aid to steering than for propulsion. While most of

1440-533: The Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty masts and sails. Throughout antiquity , both foresail and mizzen remained secondary in terms of canvas size, although large enough to require full running rigging . In late antiquity , the foremast lost most of its tilt, standing nearly upright on some ships. By the onset of the Early Middle Ages , rigging had undergone

1500-472: The pintle -and- gudgeon rudder , all advanced ship design technology necessary for the great transoceanic voyages was in place by the beginning of the 15th century. The first hollow mast was fitted on the American sloop Maria in 1845, 28 m (92 ft) long and built of staves bound with iron hoops like a barrel. Other hollow masts were made from two tapered timbers hollowed and glued together. Nearly

1560-903: The Irish Department of the Marine, most of which later agreed to write off their losses. Over €2m was raised though private fundraising in Ireland and the United States. According to a valuation obtained by Kerry County Council in 2002, the Jeanie was then worth €1.27m. In 2015, it was valued at €150,000. The hull of the ship was built with larch planks on oak frames . The decks were constructed from iroko and Douglas fir , with Douglas fir masts and spars . To comply with international maritime regulations, some concessions to modernity had to be made. She has two Caterpillar main engines, two Caterpillar generators,

1620-471: The West, the concept of a ship carrying more than one mast, to give it more speed under sail and to improve its sailing qualities, evolved in northern Mediterranean waters: The earliest foremast has been identified on an Etruscan pyxis from Caere , Italy , dating to the mid-7th century BC: a warship with a furled mainsail is engaging an enemy vessel, deploying a foresail . A two-masted merchant vessel with

1680-423: The ancient evidence is iconographic, the existence of foremasts can also be deduced archaeologically from slots in foremast-feets located too close to the prow for a mainsail. Artemon , along with mainsail and topsail , developed into the standard rig of seagoing vessels in imperial times , complemented by a mizzen on the largest freighters. The earliest recorded three-masters were the giant Syracusia ,

1740-537: The autumn. The English name larch ultimately derives from the Latin "larigna", named after the ancient settlement of Larignum. The story of its naming was preserved by Vitruvius : It is worth while to know how this wood was discovered. The divine Caesar, being with his army in the neighbourhood of the Alps, and having ordered the towns to furnish supplies, the inhabitants of a fortified stronghold there, called Larignum, trusting in

1800-428: The bald cypresses in the genus Taxodium . The male flowers (small cones) are orange-yellowish and fall after pollination. The female flowers (or cones ) of larches are erect, small, 1–9 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, green or purple, brown in ripening and lignify (called now strobilus ) 5–8 months after pollination; in about half the species the bract scales are long and visible, and in

1860-568: The barge was submerged and the Jeanie Johnston took to the water for the first time. The next day she was officially christened by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . In 2003, the replica Jeanie Johnston sailed from Tralee to Canada and the United States, visiting 32 US and Canadian cities and attracting over 100,000 visitors. She took part in the Tall Ships Race from Waterford to Cherbourg in 2005 and finished 60th out of 65 ships. Other notable Irish tall ships or sail-training ships are

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1920-444: The deck, into which a mast is fixed, with a pivot near the top so that the mast can be lowered"; "large bracket attached firmly to the deck, to which the foot of the mast is fixed; it has two sides or cheeks and a bolt forming the pivot around which the mast is raised and lowered"; "substantial fitting for mounting the mast on deck, so that it can be lowered easily for trailering or for sailing under bridges", "hinged device allowing for

1980-495: The easy folding of a mast 90 degrees from perpendicular, as for transporting the boat on a trailer, or passing under a bridge" The oldest evidence for the use of masts comes from the Ubaid period site of H3 in Kuwait, dating to the second half of the sixth millennium BC. Here, a clay disc made from a sherd that appears to depict a reed bundle boat with two masts has been recovered. In

2040-469: The genus Larix , of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae ). Growing from 20 to 45 metres (65 to 150 feet) tall, they are native to the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, where they are found in lowland forests in the high latitudes, and high in mountains further south. Larches are among the dominant plants in the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada . Although they are conifers , larches are deciduous trees that lose their needles in

2100-461: The genus, with a primary division into North American and Eurasian species, and a secondary division of the Eurasian into northern short-bracted species and southern long-bracted species; there is some dispute over the position of Larix sibirica , a short-bracted species which is placed in the short-bracted group by some of the studies and the long-bracted group by others. The genus Larix belongs to

2160-522: The ground, and historically was used as posts and in fencing. However, European Standard EN 350-2 lists larch as slightly to moderately durable; this would make it unsuitable for ground contact use without preservative in temperate climates, and would give it a limited life as external cladding without coatings. The hybrid Dunkeld larch is widely grown as a timber crop in Northern Europe , valued for its fast growth and disease resistance. Larch on oak

2220-476: The increase in tonnage. Unlike in antiquity, the mizzen-mast was adopted on medieval two-masters earlier than the foremast, a process which can be traced back by pictorial evidence from Venice and Barcelona to the mid-14th century. To balance out the sail plan the next obvious step was to add a mast fore of the main-mast, which first appears in a Catalan ink drawing from 1409. With the three-masted ship established, propelled by square rig and lateen, and guided by

2280-680: The kind under discussion, of which there are very great numbers in that vicinity. And so, as that stronghold was called Larignum, the wood was called larch. The tallest species, Larix occidentalis , can reach 50 to 60 m (165 to 195 ft). The larch's tree crown is sparse and the branches are brought horizontal to the stem, even if some species have them characteristically pendulous . Larch shoots are dimorphic, with leaves borne singly on long shoots typically 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) long and bearing several buds , and in dense clusters of 20–50 needles on short shoots only 1–2 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 32  in) long with only

2340-471: The leading edge of a sail's airfoil and tend to have a teardrop-shaped cross-section. On smaller racing yachts and catamarans, the mast rotates to the optimum angle for the sail's airfoil. If the mast has a long, thin cross-section and makes up a significant area of the airfoil, it is called a wing-mast; boats using these have a smaller sail area to compensate for the larger mast area. There are many manufacturers of modern masts for sailing yachts of all sizes,

2400-494: The lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up from separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a made mast , as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as pole masts . Those who specialised in making masts were known as mastmakers . For square-sail carrying ships , masts in their standard names in bow to stern (front to back) order, are: Some names given to masts in ships carrying other types of rig (where

2460-507: The mid-19th century, all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a conifer tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the required height, the masts were built from up to four sections (also called masts). From lowest to highest, these were called: lower, top, topgallant, and royal masts. Giving

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2520-405: The naming is less standardised) are: When a vessel has two masts, as a general rule, the main mast is the one setting the largest sail. Therefore, in a brig , the forward mast is the foremast and the after mast is the mainmast. In a schooner with two masts, even if the masts are of the same height, the after one usually carries a larger sail (because a longer boom can be used), so the after mast

2580-403: The natural strength of their defences, refused to obey his command. So the general ordered his forces to the assault. In front of the gate of this stronghold there was a tower, made of beams of this wood laid in alternating directions at right angles to each other, like a funeral pyre, and built high, so that they could drive off an attacking party by throwing stakes and stones from the top. When it

2640-445: The oak frames were in place and planking was being applied, the density of the oak was checked and the flotation levels estimated. These checks revealed that the ship would float higher than anticipated in the water, causing stability problems. To rectify the problem, a steel keel was attached beneath the original oak keel. This is the reason that the Jeanie Johnston draws more water than most ships of her size and cannot enter some ports

2700-557: The original ship would have been able to visit, such as Nantucket . However, she has proved to be remarkably stable even in the harshest weather conditions at sea. During her maiden voyage to America in March 2003, she was battered by a Force 10 storm in the Bay of Biscay and similarly on the return voyage from Newfoundland in November 2003 and prevailed unscathed. It was originally planned to launch

2760-520: The others, short and hidden between the seed scales. Those native to northern regions have small cones ( 1–3 cm or 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) with short bracts, with more southerly species tending to have longer cones ( 3–9 cm or 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), often with exserted bracts, with the longest cones and bracts produced by the southernmost species, in the Himalayas. The seeds are winged. The larches are streamlined trees,

2820-441: The past, the cone bract length was often used to divide the larches into two sections (sect. Larix with short bracts, and sect. Multiserialis with long bracts), but genetic evidence does not support this division, pointing instead to a genetic divide between Old World and New World species, with the cone and bract size being merely adaptations to climatic conditions. More recent genetic studies have proposed three groups within

2880-611: The physical building of the ship. Many people gave time, money, and support to the project. The reconstruction efforts involved the labor of trainees from different religious and political backgrounds in Northern Ireland's disadvantaged areas who were funded by the International Fund for Ireland , the aim of the fund being to promote economic and social advance and to encourage contact, dialogue and reconciliation between nationalists and unionists throughout Ireland. When several of

2940-554: The replica under the supervision of experienced shipwrights . The original cost had been projected at £4.265m sterling (~€5.8m) in 1993 and the final cost was just under €14m in 2002. The final figure includes the seagoing ship, shipyard, workshops and visitor centre at Blennerville, cost of launch, fit out at Fenit and the cost of training in shipbuilding skills provided by the Foras Áiseanna Saothair ("Training and Employment Authority") to some 50 unemployed young people. The escalation in cost

3000-591: The root system is broad and deep and the bark is finely cracked and wrinkled in irregular plaques. The wood is bicolor, with salmon pink heartwood and yellowish white sapwood. The chromosome number is 2n = 24, similar to that of most of the other trees of the family Pinaceae . The genus Larix is present in all the temperate-cold zones of the northern hemisphere , from North America to northern Siberia passing through Europe , mountainous China and Japan . The larches are important forest trees of Russia , Central Europe , United States and Canada . They require

3060-405: The same strength, is impervious to rot, and can be produced as a single extruded length. During the 1960s wood was eclipsed by aluminum. Aluminum alloys, generally 6000 series, are commonly utilised. Recently some sailing yachts (particularly home-built yachts) have begun to use steel masts. Whilst somewhat heavier than aluminum, steel has its own set of advantages. It is significantly cheaper, and

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3120-457: The ship from her shipyard in Blennerville , but a 19th-century shipwreck was discovered by marine archaeologists while a channel was being dredged. To preserve the find, on 19 April 2000, the hull of the Jeanie Johnston was hauled to the shore and loaded onto a shallow-draft barge. There she was fitted with masts and sails, and on 4 May was transported to Fenit , a short distance away. On 6 May,

3180-656: The subfamily Laricoideae , which also includes the genera Pseudotsuga and Cathaya . There are ten accepted species of larch and one accepted hybrid, subdivided on the basis of the most recent phylogenetic investigations: Most if not all of the species can be hybridised in cultivation. Selected hybrids include: The hybrid Larix × marschlinsii , the Dunkeld larch, is an artificial hybrid L. decidua × L. sibirica that arose more or less simultaneously in Switzerland and Scotland. Larix × stenophylla Sukaczev

3240-402: The whole pile had fallen. But when the fire had burned itself out and subsided, and the tower appeared to view entirely uninjured, Caesar in amazement gave orders that they should be surrounded with a palisade, built beyond the range of missiles. So the townspeople were frightened into surrendering, and were then asked where that wood came from which was not harmed by fire. They pointed to trees of

3300-617: Was attributed to the complex nature of the project, the delay in getting the project underway and completed (9 years), and the efforts made to meet an unachievable completion deadline of June 2000. The cost of the project was borne by the Irish government, Kerry County Council , Tralee Town Council, the European Union , the American Ireland Fund , Shannon Development , Kerry Group , the FÁS, and

3360-511: Was bought by Tralee -based merchants John Donovan & Sons, as a cargo vessel and traded successfully between Tralee and North America for a number of years. The trading pattern was to bring emigrants from Ireland to North America, and then to bring timber back to Europe. The ship made a voyage from County Kerry to Quebec on 24 April 1848, with 193 emigrants on board, as the effects of the Great Famine ravaged Ireland. Between 1848 and 1855,

3420-402: Was found convenient to dispense with the main-mast and carry larger sails on the remaining masts. This gave more working room, particularly on fishing vessels. On square-rigged vessels, each mast carries several horizontal yards from which the individual sails are rigged . Folding mast ships use a tabernacle anchor point. Definitions include: "the partly open socket or double post on

3480-669: Was incorporated. The ship was designed by Fred Walker, former Chief Naval Architect with the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich , England. The recreation project was modeled closely on that of the 17th century ship, the Batavia , and the Matthew in Bristol. An international team of young people, linking Ireland North and South, the United States, Canada, and many other countries, built

3540-697: Was not carried out until three years later, since the DDDA claims it did not have the funding to dry dock the vessel. As of 2015, another €500,000 would be required to make the ship seaworthy and suitable for training. Running the ship as a tourist attraction costs €240,000 a year, of which €70,000 are costs of operating the ship. Dry docking and repairs cost €70,000, €40,000 is spent on maintenance, and some €30,000 on marketing. Ticket sales to 20,000 visitors in 2014 made €140,000. 53°20′51.79″N 6°14′44.11″W  /  53.3477194°N 6.2455861°W  / 53.3477194; -6.2455861 Mast (sailing) Until

3600-412: Was observed that they had no other missiles than stakes, and that these could not be hurled very far from the wall on account of the weight, orders were given to approach and to throw bundles of brushwood and lighted torches at this outwork. These the soldiers soon got together. The flames soon kindled the brushwood which lay about that wooden structure and, rising towards heaven, made everybody think that

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