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36-505: Rapp was born the son of the janitor of the town hall of Colmar , then located in the Old Customs House . He began theological studies to become a clergyman, but with his build and heated character, he was better suited to the military, which he joined in March 1788. From the rank of a regular of the chasseurs de Cévennes , he worked his way up through his courage and character to the rank of

72-509: A part-time supplementary Japanese school , is held in Colmar. At one time classes were held at the Centre Cultural de Seijo . Since 1980, Colmar is home to an international summer festival of classical music Festival de Colmar (also known as Festival international de musique classique de Colmar ). In its first version (1980 to 1989), it was placed under the artistic direction of

108-409: A division general and adjutant of Napoleon Bonaparte . As a lieutenant, his reputation grew through his impetuousness as well as the wounds he received in battle. He was made aide-de-camp of Louis Desaix , who named him captain and took him to Egypt , where Rapp distinguished himself at Sediman , capturing an enemy battery. For that, he was given a squadron and later a brigade by Napoleon. After

144-754: A memorable attack at Austerlitz , when he charged at the head of two squadrons each of the Mounted Chasseurs and the Mounted Grenadiers of the Guard and the Guard Mameluks and decimated the Chevalier Guards of the Russian Imperial Guard. Promoted to division general, he later fought at Jena on 14 October 1806 and was wounded at Golymin . Rapp stayed in the line of fire: at Essling , he led

180-895: A more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine . Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German . For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near

216-520: A revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) . The latest version (2016) of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and

252-574: A second time by repelling an attack of Don Cossacks near Maloyaroslavets and was again wounded at the passage of the Berezina , fighting alongside Ney in the rear guard. As governor of Danzig , Rapp held the town for a year after the Grande Armée left Russia. During the Hundred Days , Rapp rallied to Napoleon and was given command of V Corps , consisting of about 20,000 men. It was used to observe

288-699: A statue in his honour on the Champ de Mars with the inscription Ma parole est sacrée (my word of honour is sacred). Rapp's heart is kept in a shrine in the Église Saint-Matthieu, Colmar. Colmar Colmar ( French : Colmar , pronounced [kɔlmaʁ] ; Alsatian : Colmer [ˈkolməʁ] ; German : Colmar or Kolmar ) is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Alsace region of north-eastern France . The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse ), it

324-668: A syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k] . Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/ , /d̥/ , /ɡ̊/ . Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/ , which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme /ç/ has

360-465: A university, nor of a college, and has its explanation in the dissolution of local monasteries , abbeys and convents during the French Revolution and the subsequent gift of their collections to the town. The small regional Colmar Airport serves Colmar. The railway station Gare de Colmar offers connections to Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Besançon, Zürich and several regional destinations. Colmar

396-646: Is twinned with: Bukit Tinggi Resort Colmar Tropicale which is situated in Bentong district, State of Pahang , Malaysia is a resort-theme historical village inspires from the original Colmar commune in France. Colmar Tropicale located 60 km north-east of Kuala Lumpur . North of it, a rebuild of Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is in the Berjaya Hills, hosting an organic resort hotel. Colmar's cityscape (and that of neighbouring Riquewihr ) served as inspiration for

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432-414: Is considered the capital of the Alsatian wine region. The dryness results from the town's location next to mountains, which forces clouds arriving from the west to rise and much of their moisture to condense and fall over the higher ground, leaving the air warmed and dried by the time it reaches Colmar. The city therefore has more of a continental climate and winter and summer temperatures can sometimes be

468-668: Is host to what is now considered as the biggest annual commercial event as well as the largest festival in Alsace, the Foire aux vins d'Alsace (Alsacian wine fair). When Air Alsace existed, its head office was on the grounds of Colmar Airport . By 1991 Lycée Seijo , a Japanese boarding high school in Kientzheim , had established a Japanese cultural center. It housed books and printed materials in Japan and hosted lectures and film screenings. Colmar

504-460: Is the centre of the arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé , which had 211,312 inhabitants in 2017. Colmar has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) but it is significantly modified by the city's location far inland, with cold, dry winters and warm to hot, wetter summers. The city has a sunny microclimate and is one of the driest cities in France, with an annual precipitation of just 607 mm (23.9 in), making it ideal for Alsace wine . It

540-425: Is the group of Alemannic German dialects spoken in most of Alsace , a formerly disputed region in eastern France that has passed between French and German control five times since 1681. Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German , Swabian , Markgräflerisch , Kaiserstühlerisch and the other Alemannic dialects of Baden . It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian ,

576-693: Is the seat of the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department and of the subprefecture of the Colmar-Ribeauvillé arrondissement . The city is renowned for its well-preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum , which houses the Isenheim Altarpiece . Colmar is located on the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be

612-560: The 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen . In 1854 a cholera epidemic killed many in the city. With the rest of Alsace, Colmar was annexed by the newly formed German Empire in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War and incorporated into the Alsace-Lorraine province. It returned to France after World War I according to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1940, and then reverted to French control after

648-613: The Egyptian campaign, Rapp remained under the command of Desaix until the latter's death at Marengo on 14 June 1800. He then became aide-de-camp of Napoleon, then the First Consul , a post he held until 1814. Under this title, he was charged with many confidential missions by Napoleon in the Vendée , Switzerland and Belgium . In 1803 he was promoted to brigadier general and in December 1805, he led

684-527: The German conductor Karl Münchinger . Since 1989, it is helmed by the Russian violinist and conductor Vladimir Spivakov . Colmar is an affluent city whose primary economic strength lies in the flourishing tourist industry. But it is also the seat of several large companies: Timken (European seat), Liebherr (French seat), Leitz (French seat), Capsugel France (A division of Pfizer ). Every year since 1947, Colmar

720-563: The United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish , whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana , with "daughter settlements" elsewhere. C , Q , and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. Orthal ( Orthographe alsacienne ) is

756-406: The adaptation of their respective stylistic language to the local customs and building materials (pink and yellow Vosges sandstone , timber framing ). The Municipal Library of Colmar ( Bibliothèque municipale de Colmar ) owns one of the richest collections of incunabula in France, with more than 2,300 volumes. This is quite an exceptional number for a city that is neither the main seat of

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792-409: The adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in

828-613: The approximately 8,000 students of the UHA, around 1,500 study at the Institut universitaire de technologie (IUT) Colmar, at the Colmar branch of the Faculté des Sciences et Techniques and at the Unité de Formation et de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire d'Enseignement Professionalisé Supérieur (UFR PEPS). The École Compleméntaire Pour L'Enseignement Japonaise à Colmar (コルマール補習授業校 Korumāru Hoshū Jugyō Kō ),

864-576: The battle of the " Colmar Pocket " in 1945. Colmar has been continuously governed by conservative parties since 1947, the Popular Republican Movement (1947–1977), the Union for French Democracy (1977–1995) and the Union for a Popular Movement (since 1995), and has had only three mayors during that time. The Colmar Treasure , a hoard of precious objects hidden by Jews during the Black Death ,

900-758: The border near Strasbourg , and to defend the Vosges . Ten days after the Battle of Waterloo (in which his corps took no part), he met some Coalition forces near Strasbourg and defeated them at the Battle of La Suffel . After the Waterloo Campaign, he offered his resignation several times, but was reinstated. Later, Rapp became a deputy of the department of Haut-Rhin and was appointed as treasurer of Louis XVIII in 1819. He died in Rheinweiler in Baden . His hometown of Colmar built

936-489: The border with Basel , Switzerland , will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland . Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse ). Since 1992,

972-676: The capital of Alsatian wine ( capitale des vins d'Alsace ). Colmar was first mentioned by Charlemagne in his chronicle about Saxon wars. This was the location where the Carolingian Emperor Charles the Fat held a diet in 884. Colmar was granted the status of a free imperial city by Emperor Frederick II in 1226. In 1354 it joined the Décapole city league. The city adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1575, long after

1008-614: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages , is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France . France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages

1044-653: The design of the Japanese animated film Howl's Moving Castle . Scenes in the anime Is the Order a Rabbit? are also based on this location. Colmar appears as a map in Day of Defeat: Source set in 1944. Germans and American soldiers try to blow up each other's objectives. Alsatian language Alsatian (Alsatian: Elsässisch or Elsässerditsch "Alsatian German"; Lorraine Franconian : Elsässerdeitsch ; French : Alsacien ; German : Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch )

1080-481: The diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in

1116-512: The front of his fusiliers of the Garde impériale and carried the day; during the signing of the Treaty of Schönbrunn , he averted a planned attempt on Napoleon by the young Friedrich Staps . Being fluent in German, Rapp acted as a translator for Staps as Napoleon personally interrogated Staps. In Russia, he was wounded by four bullets at the Battle of Borodino on 5–7 September 1812. He saved Napoleon's life

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1152-555: The lowest or highest in France. Mostly spared from the destructions of the French Revolution and the wars of 1870–1871 , 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 , the cityscape of old-town Colmar is homogenous and renowned among tourists. An area that is crossed by canals of the river Lauch (which formerly served as the butcher's, tanner's and fishmonger's quarter) is now called "little Venice " ( la Petite Venise ). Colmar's secular and religious architectural landmarks reflect eight centuries of Germanic and French architecture and

1188-590: The northern neighbours of Strasbourg and Sélestat . During the Thirty Years' War , it was taken by the Swedish army in 1632, which held it for two years. In 1634, the Schoeman family arrived and started the first town library. In 1635, the city's harvest was spoiled by Imperialist forces while the residents shot at them from the walls. The city was conquered by France under King Louis XIV in 1673 and officially ceded by

1224-455: The support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan ). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of

1260-691: Was also once linked to Freiburg im Breisgau , in Germany and on the other side of the Rhine , by the Freiburg–Colmar international railway . However the railway bridge over the Rhine between Breisach and Neuf-Brisach was destroyed in 1945 and never replaced. Senior high schools in Colmar include: Colmar shares the Université de Haute-Alsace ( Upper Alsace University ) with the neighbouring, larger city of Mulhouse . Of

1296-506: Was discovered here in 1863. Colmar is 64 kilometres (40 mi) south-southwest of Strasbourg , at 48.08°N, 7.36°E, on the River Lauch, a tributary of the Ill . It is located immediately to the east of the Vosges and connected to the Rhine in the east by a canal . In 2017 the city had a population of 69,105, and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 199,234 in 2018. Colmar

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