99-398: Radio Courtoisie ( French pronunciation: [ʁadjo kuʁtwazi] ; English: Radio Courtesy) is a French radio station and cultural associative union created in 1987 by Jean Ferré . Radio Courtoisie defines itself as the "free radio of the real country [referring to the pays réel concept of Charles Maurras and the francophone world", declaring itself to be "open to all people of
198-481: A Libre Journal without interruption until 31 July 1996, the date of his last broadcast. He died on 10 October 2006 following renal cancer . Ferré always asserted his opposition to what he called pensée unique and to the ideology of political correctness . Being himself aligned with Charles Maurras , Ferré was sympathetic to royalty and advocated traditionalist Catholicism. He continually expressed his desire to defend French language and civilisation. Firmly on
297-561: A Neo-Gaullist group, the Rally for the Republic (RPR). Chirac's first tenure as prime minister was also an arguably progressive one, with improvements in both the minimum wage and the social welfare system carried out during the course of his premiership. After his departure from the cabinet, Chirac wanted to gain the leadership of the political right, to gain the French presidency in the future. The RPR
396-536: A "yes" vote in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty , against the opinion of Pasqua, Séguin and a majority of the RPR voters, who chose to vote "no". While he still was mayor of Paris (since 1977), Chirac went to Abidjan ( Côte d'Ivoire ) where he supported President Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993), although the latter was being called a "thief" by the local population. Chirac then declared that multipartism
495-434: A Christian conception of the right to life, he was as opposed to the death penalty as he was to voluntary termination of pregnancy. On many occasions he invited on air Professor Jérôme Lejeune and representatives of his group Fondation Jérôme Lejeune . You are of the right, I am of the left. On several occasions you have reminded your readers of this. You have even explained that I am of the left that died in 1917, that of
594-554: A close friend of the president, and won. As mayor of Paris, Chirac's political influence grew. He held this post until 1995. Chirac supporters point out that, as mayor, he provided programmes to help the elderly, people with disabilities, and single mothers, and introduced the street-cleaning Motocrotte , while providing incentives for businesses to stay in Paris. His opponents contend that he installed " clientelist " policies. In 1978, Chirac attacked Giscard's pro-European policy and made
693-633: A communist cell. In 1950, he signed the Soviet-inspired Stockholm Appeal for the abolition of nuclear weapons – which led him to be questioned when he applied for his first visa to the United States. In 1953, after graduating from the Sciences Po , he attended a non-credit course at Harvard University 's summer school, before entering the École nationale d'administration , which trains France's top civil servants, in 1957. In
792-786: A good name for a sanitary towel . The court judged that this phrase "offended against the delicacy and dignity of the person in question". A Radio Courtoisie interview of Alain Menargues in October 2004 caused controversy due to his claim that the Jews created the first ghettoes because they disliked being around "impure non-Jews.". From 1997 to 2006, the French Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel broadcasting authority examined Radio Courtoisie , for statements considered potentially racist, injurious or revisionist which were broadcast on air and originated from
891-513: A guest belonging to the political right. Ferré proposed that the radio should be open to "all people of the right"; pursuant to this, Serge de Beketch was invited to direct a regular Wednesday evening broadcast. However, following the 1984 European elections, de Beketch exposed the radio station to the accusation of having helped the political breakthrough of the Front National . De Beketch was ordered to leave; Ferré sought to defend de Beketch and
990-399: A guest belonging to the political right. This formula would be taken up by Radio Courtoisie and extended to three hours. Ferré proposed that the radio should be open to "all people of the right". Following this, Serge de Beketch , as many others, was invited to direct a regular Wednesday evening broadcast. However, following the 1984 European elections , his invitation brought on the radio
1089-461: A host or speaker, issuing three letters, and two warnings. As a sanction, the CSA ordered its communiqué to be inserted at the beginning of the programme Le Libre Journal' on 13 November 2006 at 6 pm. Some critics of Radio Courtoisie assert that positions espoused by certain hosts on air are close to those of the extreme right, pointing to broadcasts with contributors from traditionalist Catholicism,
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#17329271330631188-556: A housewife. His grandparents were all teachers from Sainte-Féréole in Corrèze . His great-grandparents on both sides were peasants in the rural south-western region of the Corrèze . According to Chirac, his name "originates from the langue d'oc , that of the troubadours, therefore that of poetry". He was a Catholic . Chirac was an only child (his elder sister, Jacqueline, died in infancy nearly ten years before his birth). He
1287-478: A lively dispute pitted Henry de Lesquen , Ferré's successor as head of the station, against a group of four broadcasting patrons including Claude Reichman, who demanded that de Lesquen resign. Claude Reichman was banned from Radio Courtoisie after a broadcast on 14 November 2006, in which he attacked de Lesquen in terms that de Lesquen judged to be defamatory. He was replaced by Marie Le Méné and Benoîte Taffin. Jean-Gilles Malliarakis in turn announced he would leave
1386-461: A military intervention against the separatists in the Ouvéa cave , leading to the deaths of 19 militants. He allegedly refused any alliance with Jean-Marie Le Pen 's Front National . Chirac ran against Mitterrand for a second time in the 1988 election . He obtained 20 per cent of the vote in the first round, but lost the second with only 46 per cent. He resigned from the cabinet and the right lost
1485-546: A nationalist turn with the December 1978 Call of Cochin , initiated by his counsellors Marie-France Garaud and Pierre Juillet [ fr ] , which had first been called by Pompidou. Hospitalised in Hôpital Cochin after a car crash, he declared that "as always about the drooping of France, the pro-foreign party acts with its peaceable and reassuring voice". He appointed Yvan Blot , an intellectual who would later join
1584-450: A new French State during World War II and that the Republic had been re-established when the war was over. It was not for France, therefore, to apologise for the roundup of Jews for deportation that happened while the Republic had not existed and was carried out by a state, Vichy France , which it did not recognise. President François Mitterrand had reiterated this position: "The Republic had nothing to do with this. I do not believe France
1683-420: A radio and television columnist at Le Figaro , and subsequently Figaro Magazine , of which he was a founder with Pauwels. In September 1981, Bernadette d'Angevilliers and Philippe Malaud , former minister under Charles de Gaulle and Georges Pompidou , created Radio Solidarité , with the support of Yannick Urrien. This free radio station had associations with Rassemblement pour la République and with
1782-462: A rapprochement with NATO by joining the Military Committee and attempting to negotiate a return to the integrated military command , which failed after the French demand for parity with the United States went unmet. The possibility of a further attempt foundered after Chirac was forced into cohabitation with a Socialist-led cabinet between 1997 and 2002, then poor Franco-American relations after
1881-513: A teacher of the third republic: "A beautiful thing rather than to know something". And you, who declare "Politics first!", don't catch fire when it comes to defending Watteau from ignoramuses and the tradesman who in their work refuse to separate the wheat from the chaff. The truth is that you are steeped in the true culture, that which makes us tell Rivarol that "what isn't clear isn't French". You love writers and painters, painters no doubt more than writers. But I won't quibble with you. The breath of
1980-469: Is an associative union-based radio station, and listeners are regularly asked to contribute through an annual membership fee and through donations. In his political blueprint, Ferré had desired that Radio Courtoisie would be anchored in the political right and at the same time "open to all tribes of the right", from the centre-right to the French National Front, thus linking the extreme-right with
2079-599: Is responsible," he said in September 1994. Chirac was the first president of France to take responsibility for the deportation of Jews during the Vichy regime. In a speech made on 16 July 1995 at the site of the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup , where 13,000 Jews had been held for deportation to concentration camps in July 1942, Chirac said, "France, on that day, committed the irreparable". Those responsible for
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#17329271330632178-449: Is under the control of Parliament and under the significant influence of the prime minister. Short of dissolving parliament and calling for new elections, the president was left with little power to influence public policy regarding crime, the economy, and public services. Chirac seized the occasion to periodically criticise Jospin's government. His position was weakened by scandals about the financing of RPR by Paris municipality . In 2001,
2277-540: The Mouvement pour la France , the Mouvement national républicain and the Front National . They also base this on the opposition described in certain programmes between the so-called droite molle (soft right, principally including the Union pour un mouvement populaire ), and the rest of the right wing, meaning to the right of the UMP . Those Radio Courtoisie hosts who are close to
2376-477: The Organisation armée secrète and for offending the head of state, de Gaulle, Ferré was stopped and brought to La Santé Prison , where he began a hunger strike . He was then given the status of interné administratif (administrative detainee) according to the formula of Roger Frey , the interior minister of the time, which applied to a suspect who had not yet been brought to trial. Under this provision, Ferré
2475-464: The Union pour la démocratie française and was strongly opposed to the political left of François Mitterrand . Thanks to his radio columns, which were favourable to Radio Solidarité , Ferré was noticed by d'Angevilliers, who proposed that he collaborate with them. In May and June 1982, Ferré created the broadcast formula of the Libre Journal : an hour and a half programme each evening based around
2574-476: The 1981 election , thus splitting the centre-right vote. He was eliminated in the first round with 18% of the vote. He reluctantly supported Giscard in the second round. He refused to give instructions to the RPR voters but said that he supported the incumbent president "in a private capacity", which was interpreted as almost de facto support of the Socialist Party 's (PS) candidate, François Mitterrand , who
2673-474: The Court of Auditors . In April 1962, Chirac was appointed head of the personal staff of Prime Minister Georges Pompidou . This appointment launched Chirac's political career. Pompidou considered Chirac his protégé , and referred to him as "my bulldozer" for his skill at getting things done. The nickname Le Bulldozer caught on in French political circles, where it also referred to his abrasive manner. As late as
2772-658: The Front national or who accept them, reject the "extreme right" moniker, with the exception of de Beketch. Le Pen himself recalled on air at Radio Courtoisie the same refusal to be ascribed to this category, preferring "national right". Jean Ferr%C3%A9 Defunct Defunct Jean Ferré ( French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ fɛʁe] ; 29 May 1929, in Saint-Pierre-les-Églises, now part of Chauvigny , Vienne – 10 October 2006, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye )
2871-516: The National Front , as director of his campaigns for the 1979 European election . After the poor results of the election, Chirac broke with Garaud and Juillet. Vexed Marie-France Garaud stated: "We thought Chirac was made of the same marble of which statues are carved in, we perceive he's of the same faience bidets are made of." His rivalry with Giscard d'Estaing intensified. Chirac made his first run for president against Giscard d'Estaing in
2970-450: The caudillo' s own sister. He also built a friendship with the first president of the senate of democratic Spain, Antonio Fontán . He was productive in Madrid , particular in his work on Antoine Watteau , a four-volume study which would be published in 1972. On returning to France, Ferré got back with his old friends from C’est-à-dire . He resumed his journalistic activities, notably as
3069-446: The next legislative election . For the first time, his leadership over the RPR was challenged. Charles Pasqua and Philippe Séguin criticised his abandonment of Gaullist doctrines. On the right, a new generation of politicians, the "renovation men", accused Chirac and Giscard of being responsible for the electoral defeats. In 1992, convinced a candidate could not become president whilst advocating anti-European policies, he called for
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3168-454: The "Giscardian" and "non-Giscardian" factions of the parliamentary majority. At the age of 41, Chirac stood out as the very model of the jeunes loups ('young wolves') of French politics, but he was faced with the hostility of the "Barons of Gaullism" who considered him a traitor for his role during the previous presidential campaign. In December 1974, he took the lead of the Union of Democrats for
3267-464: The 1988 presidential election , Chirac maintained this reputation. At Pompidou's suggestion, Chirac ran as a Gaullist for a seat in the National Assembly in 1967. He was elected deputy for his home Corrèze département , a stronghold of the left. This surprising victory in the context of a Gaullist ebb permitted him to enter the government as Minister of Social Affairs . Although Chirac
3366-503: The 19th century: I approve. But you, the man of the right, despise the death penalty, declare hatred outmoded, are as skeptical about automatisms as a Jacobin, you are as scandalised as the feminists about the excision and infibulation imposed on millions of women in the name of intolerance clothed as religious dogma, you proclaim your tenderness towards the great Louise Weiss , incarnation of the French republican and democrat, you defend Monsieur Jourdain against Molière because he speaks, like
3465-777: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Elected as President of the Republic, he refused to discuss the existence of French military bases in Africa, despite requests by the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The French Army thus remained in Côte d'Ivoire as well as in Omar Bongo 's Gabon. Prior to 1995, the French government had maintained that the French Republic had been dismantled when Philippe Pétain instituted
3564-526: The French National Front. Ferré was himself a royalist and personally very anti-Gaullist . However, in a broadcast of 3 October 1991, he recalled that he had sacrificed his anti-Gaullism on the altar of reconciliation, that he had resolved for his own part never to argue in public against de Gaulle , and that, in any case, he respected some of the great Gaullists such as Alain Griotteray. As he explained in his own Libre journal of 16 April 2001, his project
3663-531: The French Navy with no aircraft carrier until 2001, when Charles de Gaulle was commissioned. He also reduced expenditure on nuclear weapons and the French nuclear arsenal was reduced to include 350 warheads, compared to the Russian nuclear arsenal of 16,000 warheads. He also published a plan to reduce the number of fighters the French military had by 30. After François Mitterrand left office in 1995, Chirac began
3762-560: The French UN veto threat over Iraq in 2003 made transatlantic negotiations impossible. On 25 July 2000, as Chirac and the first lady were returning from the G7 Summit in Okinawa, Japan, they were placed in a dangerous situation by Air France Flight 4590 after they landed at Charles de Gaulle International Airport. The first couple were in an Air France Boeing 747 taxiing toward the terminal when
3861-559: The French language. In practice, the editorial policy was organized relative to three axes, those of (right-wing) politics, religion (mainly traditionalist Catholicism ) and culture. While a single broadcast often touched on both political and religious themes, cultural broadcasts rarely strayed into the other areas. A novelty introduced in 2007 was the introduction of a daily information programme, le Bulletin de réinformation , which lasted 15 minutes. Radio Courtoisie has preserved its editorial freedom by eschewing any form of advertising. It
3960-580: The RPR/UDF right-wing coalition won a slight majority in the National Assembly in the 1986 election , Mitterrand (PS) appointed Chirac prime minister (though many in Mitterrand's inner circle lobbied him to choose Jacques Chaban-Delmas instead). This unprecedented power-sharing arrangement, known as cohabitation , gave Chirac the lead in domestic affairs. However, it is generally conceded that Mitterrand used
4059-467: The Republic (UDR) against the will of its more senior personalities. As prime minister, Chirac quickly set about persuading the Gaullists that, despite the social reforms proposed by President Giscard, the basic tenets of Gaullism, such as national and European independence, would be retained. Chirac was advised by Pierre Juillet and Marie-France Garaud , two former advisers of Pompidou. These two organised
Radio Courtoisie - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-754: The Republic , Chirac's party, on 12 October 2000, declaring to the magazine Le Figaro on 18 November 2000: "Jacques Chirac is not my friend anymore". After the publication of the Jean-Claude Méry by Le Monde on 22 September 2000, in which Jean-Claude Méry, in charge of the RPR's financing, directly accused Chirac of organising the network, and of having been physically present on 5 October 1986, when Méry gave in cash 5 million Francs , which came from companies who had benefited from state deals, to Michel Roussin , personal secretary ( directeur de cabinet ) of Chirac, Chirac refused to attend court in response to his summons by judge Eric Halphen , and
4257-527: The United States, Chirac worked at Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri . Chirac trained as a reserve military officer in armoured cavalry at Saumur . He then volunteered to fight in the Algerian War , using personal connections to be sent despite the reservations of his superiors. His superiors did not want to make him an officer because they suspected he had communist leanings. In 1965, he became an auditor in
4356-590: The accusation of having helped the political breakthrough of the French National Front . De Beketch was ordered to leave; Ferré defended de Beketch and was also dismissed. Having been taken off the air, Ferré created the " Radio Solidarité listeners' defense committee" (CDARS). It was under this name, declared to the Paris police prefecture on 12 December 1985, that he founded Radio Courtoisie ( courtoisie means courtesy ). Radio Courtoisie made its first broadcast on 7 November 1987. From November 1987 until
4455-509: The adventurers Alexandre Poussin and Sylvain Tesson at the end of the 1990s. Radio Courtoisie' s programmes last between one and three hours. The ethos of the radio favoured a guest being able to express himself at length, so that he could "get to the bottom of his ideas" and "to the bottom of things". The prize was thus renamed the Jean Ferré Prize in 2007. Radio Courtoisie broadcasts on
4554-557: The areas granted to the President of the Republic, or "reserved domains" of the Presidency, Defence and Foreign Affairs, to belittle his prime minister. Chirac's cabinet sold many public companies , renewing the liberalisation initiated under Laurent Fabius 's Socialist government of 1984–1986, and abolished the solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), a symbolic tax on those with high value assets introduced by Mitterrand's government. Elsewhere,
4653-458: The campaign against Chaban-Delmas in 1974. They advocated a clash with Giscard d'Estaing because they thought his policy bewildered the conservative electorate. Citing Giscard's unwillingness to give him authority, Chirac resigned as prime minister in 1976. He proceeded to build up his political base among France's several conservative parties, with a goal of reconstituting the Gaullist UDR into
4752-472: The decision to "promulgate without applying" the First Employment Contract (CPE) after large student demonstrations against it). One of his first acts concerning foreign policy was to call back Jacques Foccart (1913–1997), who had been de Gaulle's and his successors' leading counsellor for African matters, called by journalist Stephen Smith the "father of all "networks" on the continent, at
4851-484: The disapproval of the "Pompidolians". Chirac and others published the call of the 43 in favour of Giscard d'Estaing, the leader of the non-Gaullist part of the parliamentary majority. Giscard d'Estaing was elected as Pompidou's successor after France's most competitive election campaign in years. In return, the new president chose Chirac to lead the cabinet. When Valéry Giscard d'Estaing became president, he nominated Chirac as prime minister on 27 May 1974, to reconcile
4950-602: The economic policy of the Socialist government, he gradually aligned himself with prevailing economically liberal opinion, even though it did not correspond with Gaullist doctrine. While the far-right National Front grew, taking advantage of the proportional representation electoral system which had been introduced for the 1986 legislative elections , he signed an electoral pact with the Giscardian (and more or less Christian Democratic) party Union for French Democracy (UDF). When
5049-418: The end of 1945, he constructed a shortwave transceiver with double frequency change and lamps. This taste for radio was to last his whole life. In 1949, Ferré became an amateur radio licensee with callsign F9OV. He frequently contacted K2UN, an American enthusiast better known as Barry Goldwater , who would later run unsuccessfully for President of the United States of America. K2UN was broadcasting from
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#17329271330635148-400: The end of his life, Ferré was the head of the radio station, with title "President of the editorial committee", and a full delegation of successive presidents, François Pitti-Ferrandi, Pierre Dehaye and Christian Langlois . Every Monday evening Ferré himself hosted a Libre Journal without interruption until 31 July 2006, the date of his last broadcast. After Ferré's death on 10 October 2006,
5247-583: The first round (20.8 per cent), and then defeated the Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin in the second round (52.6 per cent). Chirac was elected on a platform of tax cuts and job programmes, but his policies did little to ease the labour strikes during his first months in office. On the domestic front, neo-liberal economic austerity measures introduced by Chirac and his conservative prime minister Alain Juppé , including budgetary cutbacks, proved highly unpopular. At about
5346-528: The following FM band frequencies: Radio Courtoisie was transmitted by the HOT BIRD satellite of Eutelsat . It could be received either by the satellite bouquet satellite TPS (radio no. 80), or directly via transponder 120, at 10911 MHz, vertical polarisation verticale, 27500|Msymb/s, FEC 3/4, SID 3305, audio 3335. This transmission was planned to stop in 2008 with the disappearance of TPS. Radio Courtoisie has been clearly accessible since January 2008 on
5445-518: The forbidden desert). In the same year, Ferré developed a great friendship with Bernard Grasset; for two years, they had dinner together almost every night. It was Grasset who engendered Ferré's appreciation of Henry de Montherlant 's work. In early 1956, Ferré participated in the weekly magazine Notre Époque , created at the behest of Catholic investors with the intention of it being a right-wing counterweight to La Vie Catholique illustrée . It ceased to appear, however, after five months. In June of
5544-520: The highest echelons of the French justice system declared that he could not be inculpated while in office. During his two terms, he increased the Elysee Palace's total budget by 105 per cent (to €90 million, whereas 20 years before it was the equivalent of €43.7 million). He doubled the number of presidential cars – to 61 cars and seven scooters in the Palace's garage. He hired 145 extra employees –
5643-539: The historian Pierre Chaunu . Many of the older broadcasters identified as maurrassiens . The incorporation of Maurras' concept of " pays réel (real country) into the Radio Courtoisie' s slogan witnessed to this historical influence. Radio Courtoisie was not sectarian, except on Sundays, when it became so. It generally devoted much space to the Catholic religion, and specifically to traditional Catholics practicing
5742-479: The interior . In 1981 and 1988 , he unsuccessfully ran for president as the standard-bearer for the conservative Gaullist party Rally for the Republic (RPR). Chirac's internal policies initially included lower tax rates, the removal of price controls , strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business privatisation . After pursuing these policies in his second term as prime minister, Chirac changed his views. He argued for different economic policies and
5841-528: The jet had to stop and wait for Flight 4590 to take off. The departing plane, an Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde , ran over a strip of metal on takeoff puncturing its left fuel tank and sliced electrical wires near the left landing gear. The sequence of events ignited a large fire and caused the Concorde to veer left on its takeoff roll. As it reached takeoff speed and lifted off the ground, it came within 30 feet of hitting Chirac's 747. The photograph of Flight 4590 ablaze,
5940-441: The last president to be re-elected until 2022 . In 2011, the Paris court declared Chirac guilty of diverting public funds and abusing public confidence, giving him a two-year suspended prison sentence . Jacques René Chirac was born on 29 November 1932 in the 5th arrondissement of Paris . He was the son of Abel François Marie Chirac (1898–1968), a successful executive for an aircraft company, and Marie-Louise Valette (1902–1973),
6039-588: The left, represented by Bertrand Delanoë (PS), won a majority on the city council of the capital. Jean Tiberi , Chirac's successor at the Paris city hall, was forced to resign after having been put under investigations in June 1999 on charges of trafic d'influences in the HLMs of Paris affairs (related to the illegal financing of the RPR). Tiberi was finally expelled from the Rally for
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#17329271330636138-399: The mainstream right. Ferré often explained on air the attacks which were leveled at his radio station: for certain of its detractors, Radio Courtoisie was the radio station of Le Pen, for others, the station of Jacques Chirac . He always put to everyone his firm wish (according to him as a Poitiers native) that his radio station should be open to "all people of the right", that is, including
6237-570: The ministry of economy and finance. After some months in the ministry for Relations with Parliament, Chirac's first high-level post came in 1972 when he became Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development under Pompidou, who had been elected president in 1969, after de Gaulle retired. Chirac quickly earned a reputation as a champion of French farmers' interests, and first attracted international attention when he assailed U.S., West German , and European Commission agricultural policies which conflicted with French interests. On 27 February 1974, after
6336-552: The most openly religious broadcasts included Philippe Maxence and Daniel Hamiche. Radio Courtoisie gave a lot of time to history, literature and issues relevant to French-speakers, and to a lesser extent, painting, sculpture, cinema, theatre and poetry. The most culture-oriented programmes were presented by hosts such as Jean-Paul Bled, Philippe de Saint Robert, Dominique Paoli, Philippe Lejeune, Jean Darnel, Aude de Kerros, Philippe d'Hugues, Bernard Lugan , Albert Salon, and Michel Mourlet. Among former hosts were Pierre Debray-Ritzen and
6435-417: The plan for university reform (plan Devaquet ) caused a crisis in 1986 when a student called Malik Oussekine was killed by the police, leading to massive demonstrations and the proposal's withdrawal. It has been said during other student crises that this event strongly affected Jacques Chirac, who was afterwards careful about possible police violence during such demonstrations (e.g., maybe explaining part of
6534-467: The political right, from François Bayrou to Jean-Marie Le Pen ". In September 1981, Bernadette d'Angevilliers and Philippe Malaud , former minister under Charles De Gaulle and Georges Pompidou , created Radio Solidarité , with the support of Yannick Urrien. This free radio station had associations with RPR and with the UDF and was strongly opposed to the political left of François Mitterrand . At
6633-492: The presidency against Chirac in 1995. However, benefiting from positive polls, Balladur decided to be a presidential candidate, with the support of a majority of right-wing politicians. Balladur broke from Chirac along with a number of friends and allies, including Charles Pasqua, Nicolas Sarkozy , etc., who supported his candidacy. A small group of fidels would remain with Chirac, including Alain Juppé and Jean-Louis Debré . When Nicolas Sarkozy became president in 2007, Juppé
6732-468: The relationship between the two men became tense, with Giscard, even though he had been in the same government coalition as Chirac, criticising Chirac's actions openly. After the May 1981 presidential election, the right also lost the subsequent legislative election that year. However, as Giscard had been knocked out, Chirac appeared as the principal leader of the right-wing opposition. Due to his attacks against
6831-679: The resignation of Raymond Marcellin , Chirac was appointed Minister of the Interior . On 21 March 1974, he cancelled the SAFARI project due to privacy concerns after its existence was revealed by Le Monde . From March 1974, he was entrusted by President Pompidou with preparations for the presidential election then scheduled for 1976. These elections were moved forward because of Pompidou's sudden death on 2 April 1974. Chirac vainly attempted to rally Gaullists behind Prime Minister Pierre Messmer . Jacques Chaban-Delmas announced his candidacy in spite of
6930-561: The resumption of nuclear tests at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia in 1995, a few months before signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . Reacting to criticism, Chirac said, "You only have to look back at 1935...There were people then who were against France arming itself, and look what happened." On 1 February 1996, Chirac announced that France had ended "once and for all" its nuclear testing and intended to accede to
7029-464: The right, he presented himself as anti-communist . In this context, Radio Courtoisie could have been conceived by him as a means of advancing his ideas. As he himself asserted on air, he hoped to "rally all patriots" and reconcile all Frenchmen. Ferré willingly defined himself as a humanist . Thus he condemned vigorously the murderous violence of all totalitarianism , that of Hitler and of Nazism but also that of Stalin and communism. Defending
7128-576: The rite of Saint Pius V: The Society of St. Pius X , the Good Shepherd Institute , and the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter . Father Guillaume de Tanoüarn, father Philippe Laguérie , and father Grégoire Celier went on air. Jean Ferré also invited as a permanent adviser Father André Wartelle until his death in 2001. Certain guests were less frequent, but more politically correct such as Father Alain de La Morandais. The host who presented
7227-596: The roof of the UN building with highly effective equipment; he was always surprised to achieve contact with Ferré, who only had a 10-watt transmitter. When K2UN came to France, Ferré asked to meet him – the former remembered their contact. for Barry Goldwater, Ferré was "Mister 10 watts". In 1952, Jean Ferré crossed the Río de Oro with a friend, and paid a visit to the forbidden city of Smara . He would report this adventure in Au désert interdit (to
7326-529: The roundup were "4,500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis. ... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French State". In 1997, Chirac dissolved parliament for early legislative elections in a gamble designed to bolster support for his conservative economic program. But instead, it created an uproar, and his power
7425-616: The same time, it became apparent that Juppé and others had obtained preferential conditions for public housing, as well as other perks. At the year's end Chirac faced major workers' strikes which turned, in November–December 1995, into a general strike , one of the largest since May 1968. The demonstrations were largely pitted against Juppé's plan for pension reform, and ultimately led to his dismissal. Shortly after taking office, Chirac – undaunted by international protests by environmental groups – insisted upon
7524-444: The same year, he created the monthly news magazine C'est-à-dire . The editorial line was staunchly right-wing; the format was based on Time . Participants in the creation of C'est-à-dire were the historian Jean-François Chiappe, Jean-Luc de Carbuccia, and another man of the theatre, Jacques Hébertot. C'est-à-dire also benefited from the support and friendship of Louis Pauwels and the participation of Nicole de Buron. Jean Ferré
7623-410: The satellite bouquet CanalSat (satellite Astra H1 19°.2) on channel 179. On 16 May 1993, Radio Courtoisie and host Serge de Beketch were convicted of defaming Olivier Biffaud, journalist for the daily newspaper Le Monde , and sentenced to pay a single Franc symbolic of damages and interests, as well as 8,000 Francs court costs. De Beketch had declared, mentioning Biffaud's initials, that it would be
7722-530: The spirit holds you as much as the games of the spirit. You are alive with an insatiable curiosity, always ready to learn something new and to marvel at what you learn. ( Alain Decaux , postscript of the book Fidèle au poste .) Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac ( UK : / ˈ ʃ ɪər æ k / , US : / ʒ ɑː k ʃ ɪəˈr ɑː k / ; French: [ʒak ʁəne ʃiʁak] ; 29 November 1932 – 26 September 2019)
7821-404: The station during his broadcast of 23 February 2007, having been given notice the same morning. Malliarakis was replaced by David Mascré and Catherine Rouvier. Defunct Defunct Two objectives were set out in Radio Courtoisie' s file for candidacy submitted in 1986: Respecting the right of freedom of expression for all tribes within the French political right, and protecting and illustrating
7920-701: The time [in 1986] aged 72." Foccart, who had also co-founded the Gaullist SAC militia (dissolved by Mitterrand in 1982 after the Auriol massacre ) along with Charles Pasqua , and who was a key component of the Françafrique system, was again called to the Elysée Palace when Chirac won the 1995 presidential election. Furthermore, confronted by anti-colonialist movements in New Caledonia , Prime Minister Chirac ordered
8019-410: The time, Ferré was a radio and television columnist for Figaro Magazine , of which he had been a founder with Louis Pauwels . His columns, frequently kind to Radio Solidarité , brought him to the notice of d'Angevilliers who proposed a radio collaboration with him. In May and June 1982, Ferré created the broadcast formula of the Libre Journal : an hour and a half programme each evening based around
8118-485: The total number of the people he employed simultaneously was 963. As the Supreme Commander of the French armed forces, he reduced the military budget, as did his predecessor. At the end of his first term it accounted for three per cent of GDP. In 1997 the aircraft carrier Clemenceau was decommissioned after 37 years of service, with her sister ship Foch decommissioned in 2000 after 37 years of service, leaving
8217-399: Was a "kind of luxury". Nevertheless, the right won the 1993 legislative election . Chirac announced that he did not want to come back as prime minister as his previous term had ended with his unsuccessful run for the presidency against Mitterrand who was still president at this point. Chirac instead suggested the appointment of Edouard Balladur , who had promised that he would not run for
8316-600: Was a French art historian and a right-wing political journalist. He was also the founder of the Paris-based Radio Courtoisie in 1987. From 1942 Ferré performed his secondary studies at the Collège Saint-Stanislas in Poitiers , a Jesuit school. After his baccalaureate, he undertook mathélem , then studied in the École spéciale de mécanique et d'électricité . He did not finish his studies. Towards
8415-458: Was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995. After attending the École nationale d'administration , Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant , entering politics shortly thereafter. Chirac occupied various senior positions, including minister of agriculture and minister of
8514-412: Was a supporter of Algérie française . On this point he was in disagreement with de Gaulle. He had demanded that his team avoid polemics; however, Jean-François Chiappe wrote an article aggressively calling de Gaulle into question, describing him as a "paranoiac" with "intermittent delirium". The magazine was seized. Ferré continued for some time to publish it in the form of a confidential letter, which
8613-465: Was also dismissed. At that point Ferré created the " Radio Solidarité listeners' defense committee" (CDARS). It was under this name, declared to the Paris police prefecture on 12 December 1985, that he founded Radio Courtoisie ( courtoisie means courtesy ). Radio Courtoisie made its first broadcast on 7 November 1987. From this day until the end of his life, led Radio Courtoisie devoting all his time to it. Every Monday evening he hosted in person
8712-490: Was conceived as an electoral machine against President Giscard d'Estaing. Paradoxically, Chirac benefited from Giscard's decision to create the office of mayor in Paris, which had been in abeyance since the 1871 Commune , because the leaders of the Third Republic (1871–1940) feared that having municipal control of the capital would give the mayor too much power. In 1977, Chirac stood as a candidate against Michel d'Ornano ,
8811-593: Was educated in Paris at the Cours Hattemer , a private school. He then attended the Lycée Carnot and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand . After his baccalauréat , behind his father's back he went off to serve for three months as a sailor on a coal-transport. Chirac played rugby union for Brive 's youth team, and also played at university level. He played no. 8 and second row . At age 18, his ambition
8910-498: Was elected by a broad majority. Giscard has always blamed Chirac for his defeat. He was told by Mitterrand, before his death, that the latter had dined with Chirac before the election. Chirac told the Socialist candidate that he wanted to "get rid of Giscard". In his memoirs, Giscard wrote that between the two rounds, he phoned the RPR headquarters. He passed himself off, as a right-wing voter, by changing his voice. The RPR employee advised him "certainly do not vote Giscard!" After 1981,
9009-553: Was elected president in 1995 , with 52.6% of the vote in the second round, beating Socialist Lionel Jospin , after campaigning on a platform of healing the "social rift" ( fracture sociale ). Chirac's economic policies, based on dirigisme , allowing for state-directed investment, stood in opposition to the laissez-faire policies of the United Kingdom under the ministries of Margaret Thatcher and John Major , which Chirac described as "Anglo-Saxon ultraliberalism ". Chirac
9108-677: Was imprisoned in the Saint-Maurice-l'Ardoise military camp in Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres in the Gard department . In 1962, he was freed, but faced a new threat from French justice. However, Judge Schweig rescued him from immediate arrest and from the penalty of 10 years imprisonment which had already been set out for him; thanks to which he avoided a trial and went into exile in Spain, where he associated with prominent Franquists , notably including
9207-462: Was itself seized in turn. In late 1960, Ferré paid a visit to General Salan who had fled to Spain. From this time onward, they would be collaborators. On 19 or 20 April 1961, it was Ferré who informed Salan of the plan for the Algiers putsch of 1961 . This relationship made Ferré a wanted man, and he went underground. In late September 1961, wanted for his participation in the putsch, for his support of
9306-455: Was known for his stand against the American-led invasion of Iraq , his recognition of the collaborationist French government 's role in deporting Jews , and his reduction of the presidential term from seven years to five through a referendum in 2000 . At the 2002 presidential election , he won 82.2% of the vote in the second round against the far-right candidate, Jean-Marie Le Pen , and was
9405-491: Was one of the few chiraquiens to serve in François Fillon's government. During the 1995 presidential campaign , Chirac criticised the "sole thought" ( pensée unique ) of neoliberalism represented by his challenger on the right and promised to reduce the "social fracture", placing himself more to the centre and thus forcing Balladur to radicalise himself. Ultimately, he obtained more votes than Balladur in
9504-498: Was to become a ship's captain. At age 16, Chirac wanted to learn Sanskrit and found a White Russian Sanskrit teacher in Paris who ended up teaching him Russian; by age 17 Chirac was almost fluent in Russian. Inspired by Charles de Gaulle , Chirac started to pursue a civil service career in the 1950s. During this period, he joined the French Communist Party , sold copies of L'Humanité , and took part in meetings of
9603-927: Was to rally all patriots. On several occasions, Ferré asserted on air at Radio Courtoisie that he had wished, in accordance with his editorial line, to give full and complete freedom to his broadcasting patrons in their words and in their choice of invited guests. Christian democrats , liberals , Gaullists, nationalists and royalists were regularly heard on Radio Courtoisie . For the most specifically political programmes, hosts such as Yannick Urrien, Paul-Marie Coûteaux , Michel de Rostolan, Benoîte Taffin, Henry de Lesquen , Martial Bild , Jacques Garello, Henri Fouquereau, Bernard Antony, Catherine Rouvier, Gérard Marin, Claude Giraud and Emmanuel Ratier were involved. Among former broadcasting patrons were Serge de Beketch (until his death in 2007), Jean-Gilles Malliarakis , Alain Paucard, Reichman, Griotteray, Commandant Pierre Guillaume and
9702-479: Was weakened by the subsequent backlash. The Socialist Party (PS), joined by other parties on the left , soundly defeated Chirac's conservative allies, forcing Chirac into a new period of cohabitation with Jospin as prime minister (1997–2002), which lasted five years. Cohabitation significantly weakened the power of Chirac's presidency. The French president, by a constitutional convention , only controls foreign and military policy— and even then, allocation of funding
9801-514: Was well-situated in de Gaulle's entourage, being related by marriage to the general's sole companion at the time of the Appeal of 18 June 1940, he was more of a "Pompidolian" than a "Gaullist". When student and worker unrest rocked France in May 1968 , Chirac played a central role in negotiating a truce. Then, as state secretary of economy (1968–1971), he worked closely with Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , who headed
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