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18-435: More than 200, see List of Jasminum species Jasmine ( botanical name : Jasminum ; / ˈ j æ s m ɪ n əm / YAS -mih-nəm ) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae . It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia , Africa , and Oceania . Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. Additionally

36-419: A minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals , two locules , and one to four ovules . They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe. The basic chromosome number of

54-627: A number of unrelated species of plants or flowers contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine" ). Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines . Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with

72-499: A radical difference between a word's spelling and pronunciation. Nevertheless, Middle French spelling was overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike Modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant that started the next word. The French wars in Italy and the presence of Italians in the French court brought

90-715: Is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida . Jasminum polyanthum , also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia. The name comes from Old French jessemin , from Persian : یاسمن‎ , romanized :  yāsamin which is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman and yāsamīn ( يَاسَمِين ) in Arabic . The word entered Middle French around 1570 and

108-408: Is the complete disappearance of the noun declension system, which had been underway for centuries. There was no longer a distinction between nominative and oblique forms of nouns , and plurals became indicated by simply an s . The transformations necessitated an increased reliance on word order in the sentence, which becomes more or less the syntax of Modern but with a continued reliance on

126-691: Is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals. Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common. They may be found around entrances to temples , on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas . A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987 and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called " Jasmine revolutions " in reference to

144-659: The 200 species is native to Europe. Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia . Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe . For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine ( Jasminum grandiflorum ) was originally from West Asia , the Indian subcontinent , Northeast Africa , and East Africa , and is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula . Jasminum fluminense (which

162-599: The Americas ( cacao , hamac , maïs ). The influence of the Anglo-Norman language on English had left words of French and Norman origin in England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as doublets through war and trade. Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French transformed. Spelling and punctuation were extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted

180-506: The French into contact with Italian humanism . Many words dealing with the military ( alarme , cavalier , espion , infanterie , camp , canon , soldat ) and artistic (especially architectural: arcade , architrave , balcon , corridor ; also literary: sonnet ) practices were borrowed from Italian. Those tendencies would continue through Classical French . There were also some borrowings from Spanish ( casque ) and German ( reître ) and from

198-572: The continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to Classical French. Middle French is the language found in the writings of Charles, Duke of Orléans , François Villon , Clément Marot , François Rabelais , Michel de Montaigne , Pierre de Ronsard , and the poets of La Pléiade . The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in La Défense et illustration de la langue française ( The Defense and Illustration of

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216-469: The flower. " Jasmine " is a common female given name . Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol . List of Jasminum species This is a list of Jasminum (jasmine) species . Middle French It is the first version of French that is largely intelligible to Modern French, contrary to Old French . The most important change found in Middle French

234-515: The genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52). Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia , Africa , Australasia within Oceania , although only one of

252-469: The need for reform in spelling . One proposed reform came from Jacques Peletier du Mans , who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550), but his attempt at spelling reform was not followed. The period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of Robert Estienne (1539). At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see

270-417: The oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates . Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom , having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants. Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry. It

288-513: The south of France, Occitan languages dominated; in east-central France, Franco-Provençal languages were predominant; and in the north of France, Oïl languages other than Francien continued to be spoken. The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and Greek . Numerous neologisms based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified the spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. That often produced

306-510: The verb in the second position of a sentence, or " verb-second structure ", until the 16th century. Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy. That changed in 1539, with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , in which Francis I made French the sole language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout the Kingdom of France : in

324-514: Was first used in English in 16th century England. The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum . Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family ( Oleaceae ). Jasminum is divided into five sections — Alternifolia , Jasminum , Primulina , Trifoliolata , and Unifoliolata . Species include: Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from

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