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82-623: Jardín Ramón López Velarde ( Ramón López Velarde garden ) is a park in Mexico City in the southeast corner of Colonia Roma Sur in front of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI medical center. It is built where the Estadio Nacional stadium (1923–1949) once stood and later public housing (1949–1985) which was damaged during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake . The park was in a deteriorated state due to lack of maintenance from

164-614: A leva (forced conscription), while in Mexico City poor men going to hospitals were rounded up in the leva . As Indians were felt to be particularly docile and submissive to whites, the leva was applied especially heavily in southern Mexico, where the majority of the people were indigenous. Thousands of Juchiteco and Maya were rounded up to fight a war in the north of Mexico that they felt did not concern them. A visitor to Mérida, Yucatán wrote of "heart-breaking" scenes as hundreds of Maya said goodbye to their wives as they were forced to board

246-453: A better incentive to join, since Félix Díaz expected to be the successor to Madero. The first day of the coup, February 9, General Reyes died in battle and General Lauro Villar, the commander of Madero's forces in Mexico City, was wounded. Madero appointed Huerta in his stead. According to historian Friedrich Katz , "It was a decision for which [Madero] would pay with his life." Having secured that key position, Huerta reopened negotiations with

328-634: A cadet, Huerta excelled at math, leading him to specialize in artillery and topography. Upon graduating from the military academy in 1877, Huerta was commissioned into the Corps of Engineers. After entering the army as a lieutenant in the engineers in 1877, he was put in charge of improving the Loreto and Guadalupe forts in Puebla and the castle of Perote in Veracruz. In January 1879 he was promoted to captain and assigned to

410-464: A complaint from a bank that he emptied out one of its branches at gunpoint to get money to pay his men, Huerta pointed out he left a receipt and would pay back the bank what he had stolen when he received the necessary funds from Mexico City. Huerta then spent nine years of his military career undertaking topographic studies in the states of Puebla and Veracruz . He traveled extensively to all parts of Mexico in this position. French cultural influence

492-652: A counter-revolutionary. Four Deputies were executed over the summer of 1913 for criticizing the Huerta regime. One deputy was arrested by Mexico City police as he was delivering a speech denouncing Huerta at a rally and taken out to the countryside, where he was "shot while trying to escape". Lacking popular legitimacy, Huerta chose to turn the refusal of the US to recognize his government as an example of American "interference" in Mexico's internal affairs, organizing anti-American demonstrations in

574-519: A cultural renovation of the country. Velarde wrote for two journals promoted by Vasconcelos, México Moderno and El Maestro . In the latter, Velarde published one of his best-known essays, "Novedad de la Patria", where he expounded on the ideas of his earlier poems. Also appearing in El Maestro was "La suave patria", which would cement Velarde's reputation as Mexico's national poet. Velarde died on June 19, 1921, soon after turning thirty-three. His death

656-510: A distant relative eight years his senior, who made a deep impression on him. The earliest poem ascribed to Velarde, "Fuensanta" (1905) is believed to have been inspired by her. In 1906 he collaborated on the literary review Bohemio , published in Aguascalientes by some of his friends, under the pseudonym of "Ricardo Wencer Olivares". The Bohemio group sided with Manuel Caballero, a Catholic Integralist opposed to literary modernism , during

738-541: A fellow revolutionary who had rejected the Madero regime. However, for Zapata, Orozco's support of Huerta was anathema, saying "Huerta represents the defection of the army. You represent the defection of the Revolution." Huerta attempted to build further support for his government, and the urban working class in Mexico City made important gains before being suppressed. In particular, the leftist Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of

820-508: A fervent defender of modernism. In 1910 he began to write what would later become La sangre devota . During the years of the Mexican Revolution , López Velarde openly supported the political reforms of Francisco Madero , whom he met personally in 1910. In 1911 he received his law degree and became a judge in the small town of Venado. However, he left his position at the end of the year and traveled to Mexico City , hoping that Madero,

902-629: A local landowning family. José, after an unsuccessful law career, had founded a Catholic school in Jerez. In 1900, Ramón was sent to a seminary in Zacatecas, where he remained for two years; later, when his family moved, he transferred to a seminary in Aguascalientes . In 1905 he abandoned the seminary in favor of a career in the law. During his years in the seminary, Velarde had spent his holidays in Jerez. During one of these trips, he met Josefa de los Ríos,

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984-688: A military hero with a national reputation." As Madero lost support and as internal and external groups plotted to remove him from the presidency, Huerta secretly joined the conspiracy. The coup d'état that toppled Madero in February 1913, known in Mexican history as the Ten Tragic Days , was a conspiracy of Porfirio Díaz's nephew, General Félix Díaz, General Bernardo Reyes, and General Madragón. The plotters attempted to draw in Huerta in January, but Huerta waited for

1066-407: A new biography of the poet, titled Un corazón adicto: la vida de Ramón López Velarde , which remains the most complete biography of Velarde to date. Velarde's oeuvre marks a moment of transition between modernism and the avant-garde . His work was marked by a novel approach to poetic language. At the same time, it was framed by duality, whether it be the Mexican struggle between rural traditions and

1148-746: A period of relative tranquility. Mexican poetry was currently dominated by the postmodernism of Enrique González Martínez , for whom Velarde had little admiration. He preferred the work of José Juan Tablada , who was also his good friend. During this period he was also interested in the work of the Argentine modernist Leopoldo Lugones , who left a decisive influence on Velarde's later work. In 1915 López Velarde began to write more personal poems, marked by their nostalgia for his native Jerez (to which he would never return), and for his first love, "Fuensanta". In 1916 he published his first book, La sangre devota ( The Pious Blood ), which he dedicated to "the spirits" of

1230-761: A record of opposing revolutionaries and intrigues with Madero's enemies. Huerta's actions in Morelos forced a break between Emiliano Zapata and Madero, who was later to rebel against Madero immediately after his November 1911 election. Despite the fact that revolutionary forces supporting Madero had forced Díaz's resignation, Madero ordered them demobilized and retained the Mexican Federal Army they had just defeated. Huerta pledged allegiance to President Madero, and carried out Madero's orders to crush anti-Madero revolts by rebel generals such as Pascual Orozco , who had helped topple Díaz and then rebelled against his regime. In

1312-512: A return to childhood. Nevertheless, this nostalgia is not free of a certain ironic distance, as in the poem "Tenías un rebozo de seda..." he remembers himself as a "seminarian, without Baudelaire , without rhyme, and without a sense of smell". In 1917, Josefa de los Ríos, the inspiration for "Fuensanta", died. Velarde began to work on his next book, Zozobra ( Sinking ), which would not be published for another two years. Between March and July of that year he collaborated with González Martínez on

1394-639: A revolutionary and commanded significant forces. Madero sent Huerta to crush the rebellion. He had at his command troops of the Mexican Federal Army and these were joined by irregulars led by Pancho Villa, at Torreón in April 1912. Huerta offered Orozco's supporters ( Orozquistas ) amnesty, which might have weakened their forces already suffering from lack of money and arms. Huerta's forces defeated Orozco's at Rellano in May 1912. With that victory Huerta "had suddenly become

1476-631: A state governor was by Venustiano Carranza , governor of Coahuila, who drafted the Plan of Guadalupe , calling for the creation of a Constitutionalist Army (evoking the 1857 Liberal Constitution) to oust the usurper Huerta and restore constitutional government. Supporters of Carranza's plan included Emiliano Zapata , who nonetheless remained loyal to his own Plan de Ayala ; northern revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa ; and Álvaro Obregón . However, former revolutionary Gen. Pascual Orozco , whom Huerta fought when serving President Madero, now joined with Huerta as

1558-435: A train while in chains. The men rounded up in the leva proved to be poor soldiers, prone to desertion and mutiny, since they were serving against their will and felt hatred for their commanding officers. Officers mistreated both their enlisted men and the common people. Huerta had to follow a defensive strategy of keeping the army concentrated in large towns, since his soldiers in the field would either desert or go over to

1640-483: Is seen as a repudiation of democracy and Huerta himself an iron-fisted authoritarian. Despite efforts in Mexico to redress the exclusion of Andrés Molina Enríquez from the pantheon of Mexican revolutionaries—since he is considered the intellectual father of the Article 27 of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico , which empowered the state to implement land reform and expropriate private owners of resources like oil—Molina Enríquez

1722-497: Is usually considered by Mexican historiography as "tainted" due to his service in the Huerta government. Huerta has been portrayed or referenced in any number of movies dealing with the Mexican Revolution, including The Wild Bunch , Duck, You Sucker! and And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself . In the 1952 film Viva Zapata! , starring Marlon Brando as Emiliano Zapata , Huerta is portrayed by Frank Silvera . In

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1804-511: The U.S. government . Huerta's government resisted the U.S. incursion into the port of Veracruz that violated Mexico's sovereignty. Even Huerta's opponents agreed with his stance. The Constitutionalist Army, the forces of the northern coalition opposing Huerta, defeated the Federal Army. Huerta was forced to resign in July 1914 and flee the country to Spain, only 17 months into his presidency, after

1886-490: The liver or possibly of cancer. While the main symptom was yellow jaundice , poisoning by the US was widely suspected. In The Dark Invader (published 1933), Capt. von Rintelen wrote that he had heard that Huerta was poisoned by his cook; but that he had never found out the truth. In the historiography of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta is the "demon" of the Mexican Revolution, against whom all others are measured. Diverse factions and interests in Mexico came together against

1968-510: The rurales (federal police), who were assumed to be acting on Huerta's orders. The Huerta government was promptly recognized by all the western European governments, but not the government of the United States. The outgoing US administration of William Howard Taft refused to recognize the new government, as a way of pressuring Mexico to end the Chamizal border dispute in favor of the US, with

2050-598: The "pacification campaigns" in Tepic and Sinaloa , where he distinguished himself in combat. He was known for ensuring that his men always got paid, often resorting to finding the money in ruthless ways. Following a complaint from the Catholic Church that Huerta had plundered a church to sell off its gold and silver to pay his men, Huerta justified his actions on the grounds that "Mexico can do without her priests, but cannot do without her soldiers". On another occasion, following

2132-578: The 1968 film Villa Rides , Huerta was played by Herbert Lom . In the novel The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996), by James Carlos Blake , Huerta is a major character. Both Victoriano Huerta and Pancho Villa are referenced in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), when Indiana ( Harrison Ford ) is recalling events in his childhood to his yet-to-be revealed son ( Shia LaBeouf ): "It

2214-476: The Americans. In rural Mexico a sense of Mexican nationalism barely existed at this time among the campesinos . Mexico was an abstract entity that meant nothing, and most peasants were primarily loyal to their own villages, the patria chicas . Huerta's patriotic campaign was a complete failure in the countryside. The other source of volunteers was provided by allowing wealthy landlords to raise private armies under

2296-403: The Federal Army collapsed. While attempting to intrigue with German spies in the U.S. during World War I , Huerta was arrested in 1915 and died in U.S. custody. His supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican Revolution. He is still vilified as a traitor by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal ("The Jackal") or El Usurpador ("The Usurper"). According to

2378-592: The Federal Army was repeatedly defeated in battle by Constitutionalist generals Alvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa , climaxing in the Battle of Zacatecas , Huerta bowed to internal and external pressure and resigned the presidency on 15 July 1914. Huerta went into exile, first traveling to Kingston, Jamaica , aboard the German cruiser SMS Dresden . From there he moved to the United Kingdom , then Spain , finally arriving in

2460-538: The Holland House" at Fifth Avenue and 30th Street), were observed by Secret Servicemen , and von Rintelen's telephone conversations were routinely intercepted and recorded. Huerta traveled from New York by train to Newman , New Mexico (25 miles (40 km) from the border), where he was to be met by Gen. Pascual Orozco and some well-armed Mexican supporters. However, a US Army colonel with 25 soldiers and two deputy US marshals intervened and arrested him as he left

2542-667: The Huerta government heading the Department of Labor. He had denounced the overthrow of Madero, but "initially saw in the Huerta regime the political formula he believed Mexico required: a strong military leader capable of imposing the social reforms Mexico needed to benefit the masses." However, despite internal support in the Huerta regime for reform, Huerta increasingly embraced militarization and Molina Enríquez resigned. Chihuahua Gov. Abraham González refused and Huerta had him arrested and murdered in March 1913. The most important challenge from

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2624-551: The Huerta government, they realized he would not and began aligning themselves with different revolutionary factions. One historian argues that Huerta's regime was not as conservative or reactionary as portrayed, arguing that he did not attempt to "reincarnate" the Age of Díaz. "Huerta and his advisors both realized the days of Díaz were gone forever. They did not attempt to stem the new energies and forces unleashed in 1910; rather they attempted to moderate them." In general, however, his regime

2706-571: The Huerta regime, including the Zapatistas in Morelos and the Constitutionalists in northern Mexico under Venustiano Carranza. Once Huerta was ousted, the loose coalition fell apart and Mexico was plunged into a civil war between the winners. Germany's backing of Huerta weakened their influence in Mexico while the hostility of the United States to the regime increased it. Although U.S. business interests had hoped that President Wilson would recognize

2788-542: The Interior , making him next in line for the presidency. After less than an hour in office (some sources say as little as 15 minutes), Lascuráin resigned, handing the presidency to Huerta. At a late-night special session of Congress surrounded by Huerta's troops, the legislators endorsed his assumption of power. Four days later Madero and Pino Suárez were taken from the National Palace to prison at night and shot by officers of

2870-741: The Maya, starting in October 1901, and fought 79 different actions over the course of 39 days. Huerta was then promoted to Brigadier General and awarded the Medal of Military Merit In May 1902 he was promoted commander of federal army forces in Yucatán, and in October 1902 he reported to Díaz that he had "pacified" the Yucatán. During the campaign in Yucatán he became increasingly dependent on alcohol to continue functioning. His health began to decline, and perhaps because of his heavy drinking he complained he could not go outside in

2952-461: The Mexican government. To give the coup the appearance of legitimacy, Huerta had foreign minister Pedro Lascuráin assume the presidency; under the 1857 Constitution of Mexico , the foreign minister stood third in line for the presidency behind the Vice President and Attorney General ; Madero's attorney general had also been ousted in the coup. Lascuráin then appointed Huerta as Secretary of

3034-451: The Mexican poets Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera and Manuel José Othón , and was well received by the Mexican literary community. The book – and even its title – concerned the Catholic liturgy, which was associated with the idealized world of the author's childhood in Jerez, and identified as the only refuge from his turbulent city life. The poem "Viaje al terruño" is fundamentally an attempt to evoke

3116-463: The Orozco rebellion, Huerta saw the opportunity to eliminate revolutionary general Pancho Villa , who was also attempting to suppress the revolt. Accused of stealing a horse, Villa then faced execution by Huerta without trial. Only Madero's last minute intervention saved the life of one of his most effective generals. Orozco's rebellion was a major threat to the Madero government, since he had standing as

3198-536: The United States in April 1915. While in the US he negotiated with Capt. Franz von Rintelen of German Navy Intelligence for money to purchase weapons and arrange U-boat landings to provide support, while offering (perhaps as a bargaining chip) to make war on the US, which Germany hoped would end munitions supplies to the Allies. Their meetings, held at the Manhattan Hotel (as well as another New York hotel, "probably

3280-672: The World Worker). The Casa organized demonstrations and strikes, which the Huerta regime initially tolerated. But then the government cracked down, arresting and deporting some leaders, and destroying the Casa's headquarters. Huerta also sought to diffuse agrarian agitation, which fueled the rebellion in Morelos led by Emiliano Zapata. The most vocal intellectual in favor of land reform was Andrés Molina Enríquez , whose 1909 publication Los grandes problemas nacionales (The Great National Problems) focused on inequality of land tenure. Molina Enríquez joined

3362-523: The army for support, giving officers all of the key jobs, regardless of their talents, as Huerta sought to rule with La Mano Dura ("The Iron Hand"), believing only in military solutions to all problems. For this reason, Huerta during his short time as president was the object of far more hatred than Diaz ever was; even the Zapatistas had a certain respect for Diaz as a patriarchal leader who had enough sense to finally leave with dignity in 1911, whereas Huerta

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3444-471: The borough, but in 2014, 4 million pesos were assigned to rescue the park. 19°24′36″N 99°09′22″W  /  19.410°N 99.156°W  / 19.410; -99.156 Ram%C3%B3n L%C3%B3pez Velarde López Velarde was born in Jerez de García Salinas , Zacatecas . He was the first of nine children of José Guadalupe López Velarde, a lawyer from Jalisco , and Trinidad Berumen Llamas, who came from

3526-473: The controversy surrounding the 1907 reappearance of the polemical Revista Azul . However, their intervention had no appreciable effect on Mexican literary culture. In January 1908 Velarde began his law studies at the University of San Luis Potosí . Soon after, his father died, leaving the family, which had returned to Jerez, in a desperate financial situation. Thanks to the support of his maternal uncles, Velarde

3608-417: The democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero with the aid of other Mexican generals and the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. His violent seizure of power set off a new wave of armed conflict in the Mexican Revolution . After a military career under President Porfirio Díaz and Interim President Francisco León de la Barra , Huerta became a high-ranking officer during the presidency of Madero during

3690-506: The employment of vocabulary then considered unpoetical, of unusual adjectives and unexpected metaphors , the use of word games, the frequency of proparoxytones , and the humorous use of rhyme. In this sense, the work also resembled that of the Uruguayan poet Julio Herrera y Reissig . Zozobra consists of forty poems arranged cyclically, begun by the line "Hoy como nunca" ("Today as never"), saying goodbye to Fuensanta and Jerez, and ending with

3772-420: The first originally from Villanueva , Zacatecas and the second from Colotlán, Jalisco and were his maternal grandparents José María Márquez and María Soledad Villalobos. He identified himself as indigenous , and both his parents are reported to have been ethnically Huichol , although his father is said to have been Mestizo . Huerta learned to read and write at a school run by the local priest, making him one of

3854-516: The first phase of the Mexican Revolution (1911–13). In February 1913, Huerta joined a conspiracy against Madero, who entrusted him to control a revolt in Mexico City. The Ten Tragic Days – actually fifteen days – saw the forced resignation of Madero and his vice president and their murders. The coup was backed by the nascent German Empire as well as the United States under the Taft administration . But

3936-468: The guise of the state militias, but few peons wanted to fight, let alone die, for Gen. Huerta, since some Constitutionalists were promising land reform, although not First Chief Venustiano Carranza . When Huerta refused to call elections, and with the situation further exacerbated by the Tampico Affair , President Wilson landed US troops to occupy Mexico's most important seaport, Veracruz . After

4018-432: The journal soon after the revolt of February 9, 1913, which brought Victoriano Huerta to power. Trying to escape the political turmoil of Mexico City, he returned to San Luis Potosí. He began his courtship of María de Nevares, which he would continue for the rest of his life, unsuccessfully. At the beginning of 1914 he settled permanently in Mexico City. In the middle of 1915 the rise to power of Venustiano Carranza began

4100-525: The leadership of significant forces in Chihuahua and potentially in Durango, so gaining his support was important to Huerta. Orozco had rebelled against Madero and Huerta had overthrown him, so there was the possibility of gaining his support. During a meeting of representatives of Huerta's government and Orozco's forces, Orozco laid out his terms for supporting Huerta. He sought recognition of his soldiers' service to

4182-560: The military escort that gave Díaz safe conduct into exile in May 1911. During the interim presidency of Francisco León de la Barra following the resignation of Díaz and the election of Francisco I. Madero in November 1911, General Huerta carried out a campaign in Morelos, attempting to crush the rebellion led by Emilio Zapata . Huerta's forces burned villages supporting the rebellion and attacked their residents. These actions frustrated Madero's later attempts to placate those rebels. Huerta had

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4264-503: The most completely militaristic state in the world." Huerta's stated goal was a return to the "order" of the Porfiriato , but his methods were unlike those of Diaz, who had shown a talent for compromise and diplomacy; seeking support from and playing off regional elites, using not only army officers but also technocrats, former guerrilla leaders, caciques and provincial elites to support his regime. By contrast, Huerta relied entirely upon

4346-592: The near-genocidal campaign against the Yaqui, Huerta was more concerned with mapping out the terrain of Sonora, but at times he commanded forces in the field against the Yaqui. From 12 April-8 September 1901 Huerta put down a rebellion in Guerrero, completely "pacifying" the state. In May 1901 he was promoted to the rank of general. In 1901–02 he suppressed a Maya rising in Yucatán . He commanded about 500 men in his campaign against

4428-504: The new culture of the cities, or his own struggle between asceticism and pagan sensuality. Despite his importance, he remains virtually unknown outside his own country. Victoriano Huerta José Victoriano Huerta Márquez ( Spanish pronunciation: [biɣtoˈɾjano ˈweɾta] ; 23 December 1850 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico , who came to power by coup against

4510-433: The new president of the republic, might offer him a position in his government. Madero made no such offer, perhaps because of Velarde's militant Catholicism. Eduardo J. Correa, his old mentor, hired him in 1912 to collaborate on La Nación , a monthly Catholic journal in Mexico City. Velarde wrote poems, reviews, and political commentary about Mexico's new state of affairs. He attacked, among others, Emiliano Zapata . He left

4592-550: The new regime. Following a confused few days of fighting in Mexico City between loyalist and rebel factions of the army, Huerta had Madero and vice-president José María Pino Suárez seized and briefly imprisoned on 18 February 1913 in the National Palace . The conspirators then met at the US Embassy to sign El Pacto de la Embajada (The Embassy Pact), which provided for the exile of Madero and Pino Suárez and Huerta's takeover of

4674-434: The overthrown of Madero and pay; pensions and care of soldiers' widows and orphans, agrarian reforms, government payment of Orozquista debts that financed the campaign against Madero, and employment of Orozquistas as rurales . Huerta agreed to the terms, and Orozco threw his support to Huerta on 27 February 1913. Orozco sought to persuade Emiliano Zapata to make peace with Huerta regime. Zapata had held Orozco in high esteem as

4756-430: The plan being to trade recognition for settling the dispute on American terms. Newly inaugurated U.S. president Woodrow Wilson had a general bias in favor of liberal democracy and had distaste for Gen. Huerta, who had come to power by coup and was implicated in the murder of Madero, but was initially open to recognizing Huerta provided that he could "win" an election that would give him a democratic veneer. Félix Díaz and

4838-437: The plotters and joined them in secret. His task was to undermine Madero militarily without betraying his own complicity and began military operations that weakened Madero's forces. The United States Ambassador to Mexico , Henry Lane Wilson , was an active participant in the plot to overthrow Madero. Ambassador Wilson believed that Huerta would not have staged a coup had the United States not assured them that it would recognize

4920-466: The poem "Humildemente" ("Humbly"), which marks a symbolic return to his origins. Zozobra was strongly criticized by González Martínez. In 1920 the revolt of Alvaro Obregón brought an end to the government of Carranza, which for Velarde had been a period of stability and great productivity. But after a brief period of unrest in Velarde's life, José Vasconcelos was named minister of education, and promised

5002-485: The position of Head of Public Works in Monterrey and planning a new street layout for the city. On the eve of the 1910 Revolution against the long-established Díaz regime, Huerta was teaching mathematics in Mexico City. He applied successfully to rejoin the army with his former rank and was accepted. He did not play a major role in the early stages of the Revolution that led to the resignation of Díaz, although he commanded

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5084-433: The rebels. To secure volunteers, Huerta attempted to use Mexican nationalism and anti-Americanism. In the fall of 1913, running spurious stories in the press warning of an imminent U.S. invasion and asking for patriotic men to step up to defend Mexico. The campaign attracted some volunteers from the lower middle class, through they were usually disillusioned when they learned that they were going to fight other Mexicans, not

5166-465: The rebels. Throughout the civil war of 1913–14 the Constitutionalists fought with a ferocity and courage that the federal army never managed. In Yucatán about 70% of the army were men conscripted from the prisons, while one "volunteer" battalion consisted of captured Yaqui. In October 1913, in the town of Tlalnepantla, the army's 9th Regiment, which was said to have been "crazed with alcohol and marijuana", mutinied, murdered their officers and went over to

5248-618: The records in the books of the Parish Notary of Colotlán , José Victoriano Huerta Márquez was born and baptized on Monday, December 23, 1850, in the town of Colotlán. (Other sources indicate he was born on March 23, 1845, in the Agua Gorda ranch.) His parents were Jesús Huerta Córdoba, originally from Colotlán, Jalisco and María Lázara del Refugio Márquez Villalobos, originally from El Plateado , Zacatecas . His paternal grandparents were Rafael Huerta Benítez and María Isabel de la Trinidad Córdoba,

5330-575: The relatively few literate people in Colotlán. He had decided upon a military career early on as the only way of escaping the poverty of Colotlán. In 1869 he was employed by visiting Gen. Donato Guerra to serve as his personal secretary. In that role he distinguished himself and, with Gen. Guerra's support, gained admission to the Mexican National Military Academy ( Heroico Colegio Militar ) at Chapultepec in Mexico City in 1872. As

5412-514: The rest of the conservative leaders had seen Huerta as a transitional leader and pressed for early elections, which they expected to be won by Díaz on a Catholic conservative platform, and were rudely surprised when they discovered Huerta wanted to keep the presidency for himself. Huerta moved quickly to consolidate power within Mexico with the support of state governors. Huerta sought support from Pascual Orozco, whose rebellion against Madero Huerta had been in charge of suppressing. Orozco still held

5494-440: The review Pegaso . Despite receiving increasing criticism for his Catholicism and provincialism, Velarde's literary prestige also began to rise. In 1919 Velarde published Zozobra , considered by the majority of critics to be his major work. It was heavily ironic and drew both from his provincial upbringing and his recent experiences in the city. The influence of Lugones was evident in the book's tendency to avoid common settings,

5576-631: The staff of the 4th Division in Guadalajara, in charge of engineering. The commander of the 4th Division was Gen. Manuel González , a close associate of President Porfirio Díaz and former president of Mexico (1880–84). In the interim, Huerta's career prospered thanks to the patronage of González. In Mexico City, he married Emilia Águila Moya, whom he met in Veracruz, on 21 November 1880. The marriage produced 11 children. The names of his children surviving him in 1916 were Jorge, María Elisa, Victor, Luz, Elena, Dagoberto, Eva and Celia. Huerta participated in

5658-436: The state militias, Huerta had approximately 300,000 men, or about 4% of the population, fighting for him by early 1914. Faced with Mexicans' widespread reluctance to serve, Huerta had to resort to the leva , as vagrants, criminals, captured rebels, political prisoners and sometimes just men on the streets were rounded up to serve in the Federal Army. In Veracruz workers getting off the night shift at factories were rounded up in

5740-405: The strength of the army, issuing a decree for conscripting 150,000 men in October 1913; another decree for conscripting 200,000 men in January 1914 and one for a quarter of million men in March 1914. These figures were never achieved as many men fled to fight for the Constitutionalists rather than Huerta. Together with an increase in the number of the paramilitary rurales mounted police force and

5822-409: The succeeding Wilson administration refused to recognize the new regime which had come to power by coup. The U.S. allowed arms sales to rebel forces. Many foreign powers did recognize the regime, including Britain and Germany, but withdrew further support when revolutionary forces started to show military success against the regime; their continuing support of him threatened their own relationships with

5904-456: The summer of 1913 with the hope of gaining some popular support. British historian Alan Knight wrote about Huerta: "The consistent thread which ran through the Huerta regime, from start to finish, was militarisation: the growth and reliance on the Federal Army, the military takeover of public offices, the preference for military over political solutions, the militarisation of society in general". Huerta "came very close to converting Mexico into

5986-425: The sunshine without wearing sunglasses, and he suffered bouts of uncontrollable nervous shaking. His decaying teeth caused him much pain. In August 1903 he was appointed to head a committee tasked with reforming the uniforms of the federal army. In 1907 he retired from the army on grounds of ill health, having developed cataracts while serving in the southern jungles. He then applied his technical training by taking up

6068-418: The train, on a charge of sedition. The German-initiated plan for Huerta to regain the Mexican presidency through a coup d'état was foiled. After some time in a US Army prison at Fort Bliss he was released on bail, but remained under house arrest due to risk of flight to Mexico. A day after, he attended a dinner at Fort Bliss. Later he was returned to jail, and while so confined died, perhaps of cirrhosis of

6150-507: The ultimate expression of post-revolutionary Mexican culture. This official appropriation did not preclude others from championing his work. The poets known as the Contemporáneos saw Velarde, together with Tablada, as the beginning of modern Mexican poetry. Xavier Villaurrutia , in particular, insisted on the centrality of Velarde in the history of Mexican poetry, and compared him to Charles Baudelaire . The first complete study of Velarde

6232-540: Was able to continue his studies. He continued to collaborate on various publications in Aguascalientes ( El Observador , El Debate , Nosotros ) and later in Guadalajara ( El Regional , Pluma y Lápiz ). Bohemia had ceased to exist by 1907. In San Luis Potosí Velarde read modernist poetry, especially that of Amado Nervo , to whom he will refer as "our greatest poet", and Andrés González Blanco . This radically changed his aesthetic sensibilities, transforming him into

6314-497: Was ended when Díaz brokered a deal with Neri, who surrendered in exchange for a promise to remove the unpopular state governor. Huerta confirmed his reputation for ruthlessness by refusing to take prisoners and continuing to attack the followers of Neri even after Díaz had signed a ceasefire. In December 1900 Huerta commanded a successful military campaign against the Yaqui in Sonora . During

6396-498: Was made by American author Allen W. Phillips in 1961. This formed the basis for a subsequent study by Octavio Paz , included in his book Cuadrivio (1963), in which he argued the modernity of López Velarde, comparing him to Jules Laforgue , Leopoldo Lugones and Julio Herrera. Other critics, such as Gabriel Zaid , centered their analysis on Velarde's formative years and his strong Catholicism. On 1989, on Velarde's one hundredth birthday, Mexican author Guillermo Sheridan published

6478-414: Was officially attributed to pneumonia , although it was speculated that syphilis might have been to blame. He left behind an unfinished book, El son del corazón ("The sound of the heart"), which would not be published until 1932. After his death, at Vasconcelos' quiet urging, López Velarde was given great honors, and held up as the national poet. His work, especially "La suave patria", was presented as

6560-734: Was seen as a thuggish soldier who had Madero murdered and sought to terrorize the nation into submission. Huerta disliked cabinet meetings, ordered his ministers about as if they were non-commissioned officers and displayed in general a highly autocratic style. Huerta established a harsh military dictatorship. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became hostile to the Huerta administration, recalled ambassador Henry Lane Wilson and demanded Huerta step aside for democratic elections. In August 1913 Wilson imposed an arms embargo on Mexico, forcing Huerta to turn to Europe and Japan to buy arms. The Federal Army Huerta took over in February 1913 on paper numbered between 45,000 and 50,000 men. Huerta continued to increase

6642-519: Was seen as part of Díaz's "court". Through Huerta was well liked at the Chapultepec Castle, acquiring the persona of a trim, efficient officer who was stern to his subordinates while displaying a courtly, polished manner towards his superiors, he began to suffer from severe insomnia and began drinking heavily during this time. In January 1895 he commanded a battalion of infantry against a rebellion in Guerrero led by Gen. Canuto Neri . The rebellion

6724-404: Was very strong in 19th-century Mexico, and Huerta's hero was Napoleon . He supported Gen. Díaz as the closest approximation to his Napoleonic ideal, believing that Mexico needed a "strongman" to prosper. By 1890 Huerta had reached the rank of Colonel of Engineers. From 1890 to 1895 Huerta lived in Mexico City, becoming a regular visitor to the presidential residence at Chapultepec Castle , and

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