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112-417: The Japan News Network ( JNN ; Japanese : ジャパン・ニュース・ネットワーク , romanized :  Japan Nyūsu Nettowāku ) is a Japanese commercial television network run by TBS Television , owned by TBS Holdings (which is a part of the major conglomerate Mitsui Group ). The network's responsibility includes the syndication of national television news bulletins to its regional affiliates , and news exchange between

224-556: A 31.5% stake. Yasuhiro Takatsuna, an official from TBS Holdings, was appointed as the new company's president. Its predecessor, Radio Tokyo, Inc. , was established in 1951 as a general broadcaster. On April 1, 1955, it launched as the second privately owned TV station in Japan, following Nippon Television , and simultaneously became the only TV and radio station in Tokyo (spun off in 2001). At that time, Radio Tokyo incorporated local stations into

336-669: A JNN news agreement with 15 TV stations from across Japan on August 1, 1959, creating Japan's first TV network, the Japan News Network (JNN). By the end of that year, the number of JNN-affiliated stations had increased to 18. The JNN news agreement stipulated that each station would be responsible for news gathering in its own region and was obligated to provide the news materials it collected to JNN. It also prohibited exchanging news materials with other networks or broadcasting news programs and other content from other networks. The following year, KRT, CBC, ABC, RKB, and HBC established

448-418: A KRT survey conducted from November to December 1955, KRT's average audience rating from 6:00 pm to 9:30 pm was 24.4%, slightly ahead of Nippon TV's 24.1% and NHK's 21.9%. The income of Radio Tokyo's television division increased after broadcasting began, surpassing that of the radio division in 1957. In the early days of broadcasting, American TV series such as Adventures of Superman and Lassie played

560-648: A TBS employee into space, making them Japan's first astronaut. This initiative was known as the TBS Universe Project. A total of 163 employees from the TBS Group applied for selection. After physical examinations, written tests, and evaluations by the Soviet Union, Toyohiro Akiyama and Ryoko Kikuchi emerged as the final candidates. In October 1989, Akiyama and Kikuchi traveled to the astronaut training center near Moscow for their training. After 13 months of training,

672-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down

784-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )

896-639: A financial crisis, causing TBS to become less popular among the core newspaper bureaus, after MBS affiliation was transferred from ANN to JNN in 1975. In 1979, TBS introduced the promotional slogan "TBS for the BEST," marking its peak performance and ratings at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s. During audience rating surveys in the spring and autumn of 1978, all 24 JNN-affiliated stations achieved top rankings in both prime-time and full-day audience ratings. From 1977 to 1980, TBS held first place in turnover among all flagship stations for four consecutive years. In 1980,

1008-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as

1120-434: A joint stockholding company with TBS for business integration, but TBS rejected this proposal, leading to serious confrontation between the two companies. On November 30 of the same year, Lotte and TBS reached a settlement through financial institutions and agreed to begin business cooperation. However, on February 28, 2007, then TBS President Hiroshi Inoue announced that TBS had terminated its partnership with Lotte and released

1232-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it

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1344-511: A major adjustment with MOVE, broadcasting variety shows from Monday to Thursday, but this did not yield results. However, starting in 1993, with a recovery in TV drama ratings, TBS's prime-time and evening ratings rose to third place from October 1993 to March 1994. In October 1994, TBS moved into its new headquarters, the TBS Broadcasting Center. During the week of the move, TBS achieved

1456-423: A network agreement. The broadcast of the wedding of Crown Prince Akihito (later the 125th Emperor, now Emperor Emeritus) and Crown Princess Michiko (now Empress Emerita) on 1 April 1959, played an important role in bringing about the final signing of the news agreement. On 1 August 1959, with the signing of the new news agreement, the first true national commercial TV network in the country - Japan News Network -

1568-406: A prime-time adaptation rate of 40.4% and an evening-time adaptation rate of 51.8%, which brought the prime-time ratings back to 15.1%. However, after April 1990, due to a decline in TV drama ratings, TBS's prime-time ratings fell again and were surpassed by other Japanese TV stations. From October 1991 to March 1992, TBS's prime-time ratings dropped to 12.2%. Facing a downturn in ratings due to

1680-533: A ratings triple crown. Due to the recovery of the Japanese economy and TBS's improved ratings in the mid-1990s, the turnover of the TBS TV department increased to 192.307 billion yen in 1995. In 1996, the turnover of the TBS TV division exceeded 200 billion yen for the first time. In April 1995, TBS launched its website. However, in 1996, a scandal involving TBS video tapes seriously damaged its credibility, leading to

1792-601: A role in KRT's program schedule. 77 Sunset Strip , which began airing in 1960, also sparked a ratings boom. In terms of technology, in July 1955, KRT and Toshiba jointly developed Japan's first domestic TV studio camera. The following year, KRT and Hokkaido Broadcasting jointly participated in the Japanese product exhibition held in Beijing , where they conducted a TV broadcast test in China for

1904-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),

2016-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate

2128-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of

2240-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of

2352-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,

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2464-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing

2576-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number

2688-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider

2800-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto

2912-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to

3024-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through

3136-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey

3248-603: Is mirrored in ISO 3166-2:JP , with exceptions for the Kantō region , Aichi - Gifu - Mie , Kansai region (except Mie), Tottori - Shimane and Okayama - Kagawa , which form single wide broadcasting markets respectively. Some broadcasters listed here also have radio operations (either under a single company or as a subsidiary of its holding company). Single asterisk (*) indicates former primary affiliate Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] )

3360-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of

3472-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and

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3584-404: Is the flagship station of the Japan News Network in the Kantō region . It is owned-and-operated by Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. , a subsidiary of TBS Holdings . TBS Television is one of the "five private broadcasters based in Tokyo." TBS produced the game show Takeshi's Castle , which is dubbed and rebroadcast internationally. The channel was also home to Ultraman and

3696-646: Is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as

3808-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and

3920-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have

4032-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns

4144-530: The Ultra Series franchise starting in 1966—initially a spinoff of Ultra Q , which was co-produced and broadcast in the same year. Most, if not all, of these series were produced by Tsuburaya Productions for the network. In the 2010s, the Ultra Series moved to TV Tokyo . Since the 1990s, TBS has been the home of Sasuke ( Ninja Warrior ), whose format inspired similar programs outside Japan. Sasuke itself

4256-555: The Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered

4368-455: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in

4480-622: The Memorandum of Understanding on Television Broadcasting Program Exchange among Four Companies, which specifically stipulated matters related to the syndication of programs.Later, Hokkaido Broadcasting and RKB Mainichi Broadcasting joined the agreement, and the four-company agreement was expanded to a six-company agreement. There were no major changes in the contents of the agreement at that time. The agreement later expanded into 10 member stations as Sanyo Broadcasting , Nishinippon Broadcasting , Yomiuri TV , and Television Nishinippon joined into

4592-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than

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4704-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of

4816-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to

4928-425: The first oil crisis in 1973, many of TBS's sideline investments encountered operational difficulties. Consequently, TBS focused its resources on broadcasting and television, selling shares in subsidiaries such as TBS Encyclopedia Britannica. Although TBS’s profits declined for two consecutive years in 1974 and 1975 due to the Japanese economic downturn, turnover and profit began to rise again after 1976. By 1977,

5040-519: The "Five Station Alliance" to strengthen cooperation in various fields. In October 1960, KRT was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. To reflect the reality that television had replaced radio broadcasting as the company's main business, Radio Tokyo changed its name to Tokyo Broadcasting on November 28, 1960, and the English abbreviation changed from KRT to TBS. KRT began trial broadcasting of color TV on February 2, 1959. On September 10 of

5152-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),

5264-477: The Japan News Network (JNN) by promoting the elimination of newspaper influence in forming the news network, thereby establishing a powerful reporting system. The current TBS Television was originally established as TBS Entertainment, Inc. a production company that produced entertainment programs for Tokyo Broadcasting System (the trade name of Radio Tokyo Co., Ltd. at the time). Since the broadcasting license

5376-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,

5488-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently

5600-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand

5712-706: The Soviet Union announced in November 1990 that Akiyama would be Japan's first astronaut, with Kikuchi as an alternate. On December 2, 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama flew to the Mir space station aboard the Soyuz spacecraft, becoming the first Japanese person and the first reporter to enter space. TBS aired a special program every night from December 1 to 10, providing comprehensive live coverage of Akiyama’s space journey. On December 10, Akiyama returned to Earth safely. In October 1989, TBS made major adjustments to its program schedule, achieving

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5824-506: The TV department's turnover surpassed 168.8 billion yen. Taking advantage of the favorable financing conditions during the bubble economy, TBS decided to build a new headquarters in the late 1980s. On the 40th anniversary of its launch, TBS signed a cooperation agreement with Glavkosmos , the foreign trade and aviation authority of the Soviet Union , in March 1989. The agreement aimed to send

5936-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which

6048-472: The agreement. With that, the contents of the agreement were drastically changed, centering on special contributions.In October 1957, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued licenses for 34 commercial TV broadcasters as it became the period of rapid expansion of commercial broadcasters in Japan. The opening of commercial television outside the metropolitan area meant that the importance of interconnection

6160-517: The applications of NHK (because the National Assembly needed to pass NHK's business plan) and Radio Tokyo (due to its recent establishment). On January 16 of the following year, Radio Tokyo obtained a TV preparatory license. After the completion of its TV headquarters, Radio Tokyo was granted an official TV broadcasting license on January 28, 1955. At 10 am on April 1, 1955, Radio Tokyo TV (shortened to KRT) began broadcasting. According to

6272-508: The early days, each station was free to replace the title of the news program, but on 31 March 1975, after the affiliation change in Kansai from Asahi Broadcasting TV to Mainichi Broadcasting , all network member stations' news branding was unified on the JNN system, with TBS-produced newscasts airing on the regional stations while regional broadcasters provided local content and reporters and news crews for

6384-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there

6496-411: The establishment, it already had 16 stations or covered about 80% of Japan's population at that time.Prior to its establishment, there were proposed names for the network which includes Sakura News Network and All-Japan News Network (not to be confused with All-Nippon News Network , which was established in 1970), but it then adopted the current name at the end. As stipulated in the network agreement: In

6608-482: The final years of the Cold War , TBS President Kazumi Tanaka invited McKinsey & Company in 1990 to conduct a comprehensive corporate identity redesign. The following year, Dentsu was selected through bidding to refresh TBS's corporate image and launched the "Microcosmos" logo. TBS also set a goal of achieving a group turnover of 500 billion yen by 2000 and aimed to increase the turnover from non-TV segments to 40% of

6720-637: The first satellite broadcast between Japan and the United States, covering the assassination of John F. Kennedy . In the early 1960s, spurred by the 1964 Summer Olympics , TBS experienced rapid growth. By 1965, TBS reported a turnover of 14.702 billion yen and a profit of 1.673 billion yen. To diversify income beyond advertising, TBS funded the establishment of the Tokyo Electronics Research Institute (now Tokyo Power Technology) in 1963. From 1961 to 1964, TBS constructed TBS Hall on

6832-581: The first time. At the beginning of 1959, the third and fourth flagship stations in the Tokyo area, Nippon Educational Television (now TV Asahi ) and Fuji TV , began broadcasting—NET on February 1 and Fuji TV on March 1. Around the same time, a large number of people purchased TV sets to watch the wedding of Crown Prince Akihito and Michiko Shoda. By April 3, 1959, the number of TV households in Japan had reached 2 million. Japan's TV advertising costs also increased from 400 million yen in 1954 to 23.8 billion yen in 1959. On April 10, 1959, KRT broadcast all of

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6944-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure

7056-501: The following year, KRT officially launched color TV broadcasts, becoming one of the first eight TV channels in Japan to do so. At that time, TBS believed that color TV technology was not yet fully developed, and as a result, it was less active in colorizing its programs compared to other Japanese TV stations. In October 1970, TBS completed its transition to color broadcasting, with its first primetime broadcasts using NTSC-J color for non-news programming. In October 1961, in response to

7168-494: The former owner of Yomiuri Shimbun , first proposed the idea of private broadcasting in Japan in 1951. In June of the following year, NHK , Yomiuri Shimbun, and Radio Tokyo (the first private radio broadcaster) were among the first to apply for a TV broadcast license. In July of the same year, the Radio Supervision Committee announced the granting of a preliminary license to Nippon Television, while holding off on

7280-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had

7392-485: The group's total turnover. As a result, TBS regained the top spot in ratings in 1993. However, the overly radical reforms led to dissatisfaction within TBS. Additionally, the decrease in advertising revenue following the collapse of the bubble economy caused TBS's turnover and profit to decline in 1991. It was also revealed that TBS had received compensation for investment losses from Nomura Securities . These issues led to

7504-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,

7616-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system

7728-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of

7840-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,

7952-484: The mid-1960s. On November 1, 1963, TBS eliminated the afternoon break from Monday to Thursday to provide uninterrupted broadcasting throughout the day. According to a 1963 survey by Video Research , TBS had an average audience rating of 16.7% during prime time, ranking first among all Tokyo stations. Its average full-day audience rating was 8.3%, lower than NHK's but the highest among private stations. On November 23, 1963, TBS, along with Nippon TV and NHK, conducted

8064-531: The mid-1970s, major national newspapers in Japan reorganized their equity holdings in TV stations. The Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun sold their stakes in TBS to the Mainichi Shimbun . By April 1974, the Mainichi Shimbun held a total of 9.97% of TBS shares, becoming the only newspaper shareholder among TBS’s major shareholders. However, in 1977, the Mainichi Shimbun sold most of its TBS shares due to

8176-705: The national programs. Until 1992 (when i-Television in Ehime became the last broadcaster to be affiliated with JNN), multiple broadcasters either dropped their affiliation with JNN (such as Nihonkai Telecasting when Broadcasting System of San-in started broadcasting) or have joined JNN upon their establishment (such as Iwate Broadcasting Company , Ryukyu Broadcasting , and Aomori Television ). At present, it consists of 28 full-time stations. There are no JNN member stations in Akita, Fukui, Tokushima, and Saga prefectures. Stations are listed mostly in Japanese order of prefectures which

8288-603: The north side of its headquarters and began exploring the real estate business. In the late 1960s, TBS also established TBS Encyclopedia Britannica and TBS School of Computer Science, expanding into cultural and educational industries. In the early 1970s, TBS opened housing exhibition halls in Musashisakai, Omiya, Machida, Hachioji, and other locations, entering the housing industry. TBS’s investment in radio and television-related businesses increased from 2.1 billion yen in 1968 to 11.5 billion yen in 1973. However, following

8400-481: The one-hour program format a standard in the Japanese TV industry. In the early 1960s, Ben Casey was the most successful TV series broadcast by TBS from the United States, achieving a rating of 50.6%, which remains the highest rating for a foreign TV series broadcast in Japan. However, as TBS’s capability to produce its own programs improved, the network gradually reduced its broadcast of American TV series after

8512-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by

8624-703: The other three were cross-networked with a slight advantage for KRT. At that time, Nippon Television, which had its own highlight programs such as baseball broadcasts, was trying to expand its network through the broadcasting rights of sports events. In response to the increasing competition with the broadcaster at that time, it then aired drama and news programming.The lack of nationwide coverage for commercial broadcasting in Japan makes it even more crucial for local operators to work together while gathering news.In June 1958, KRT, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting System, Osaka Television Broadcasting, RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, and Hokkaido Broadcasting began to exchange news materials through

8736-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with

8848-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,

8960-477: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as

9072-411: The radio division; TBS Entertainment (TBSエンタテインメント), responsible for TV program production; and TBS Sports (TBSスポーツ), responsible for sports programs. Concurrently with these structural reforms, TBS introduced the "Ji~n" logo. In 2001, TBS established TBS LIVE (TBSライブ, now known as U-Next Paravi Corner), which is responsible for producing information programs. That same year, the call sign of TBS TV

9184-541: The resignation of Tanaka and Izumi in October 1991, and many of the corporate identity reform measures were abolished the following year. The aftermath of the bubble economy further worsened TBS's operating conditions. By 1992, TBS's profit had fallen to only 1.7 billion yen, and the ratings continued to decline as the company faced challenges. From April to September 1992, TBS's prime-time ratings were only 11.7%, dropping to fifth place in Tokyo. In October 1992, TBS made

9296-552: The resignation of the company's upper management. In response to this incident, TBS began broadcasting the self-verification program TBS Review in 1997. In response to the multi-channel landscape introduced by satellite TV, TBS launched its 24-hour news channel, TBS NEWS BIRD (now TBS NEWS DIG), in 1998. On December 1, 2000, TBS's BS satellite TV channel, BS-i (now BS-TBS), officially began broadcasting. In 2000, TBS established three subsidiaries: TBS Radio and Communications (TBSラジオ&コミュニケーションズ, now TBS Radio), responsible for

9408-401: The rising challenge from Fuji TV, which was seeing increasing ratings, TBS undertook a major reorganization of its program schedule. American TV dramas and music programs for young audiences were scheduled for 7:00 pm, American TV series at 8:00 pm, and TBS's self-produced TV series at 9:00 pm This new arrangement boosted TBS’s ratings and prompted other stations to adopt similar schedules, making

9520-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning

9632-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )

9744-797: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this

9856-585: The stations. Its affiliate stations also broadcast non-news programs originating from TBS Television. Founded on 1 August 1959, JNN is made up of 28 full-time affiliates. It also operates the 24-hour satellite and cable news channel TBS News and the FAST Channel TBS NEWS DIG . In 1956, when there were only four commercial television stations in Japan ( Nippon Television , Tokyo Radio and Television (hereinafter referred to as KRT), Osaka Television Broadcasting, and Chubu Nippon Broadcasting ),

9968-476: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This

10080-489: The television network was quite loose. Nippon Television and KRT in Tokyo had to sell their programs to the two commercial stations (Osaka TV Broadcasting and Chubu Nippon Broadcasting) outside of Tokyo as much as possible in order to recoup their production costs and meet the needs of advertisers. This puts the two stations in an advantageous position by allowing them to freely choose the programs they want to syndicate.On 15 November 1956, four commercial television stations signed

10192-992: The top spot in prime-time ratings from October 1984 through March 1985. Despite this, the turnover of TBS's television department was surpassed by Nippon Television and Fuji Television in 1984. By 1985, Fuji TV had also surpassed TBS in overall turnover. Meanwhile, in response to the trend towards multi-channel broadcasting, TBS actively pursued new ventures. In 1984, TBS participated in establishing Japan Satellite Broadcasting (now Wowow and U-Next ) and began broadcasting TV information in 1986. Compared to Fuji TV, which focuses on younger audiences, TBS targets family audiences and offers greater program diversity. However, from April to September 1987, TBS's prime-time ratings were surpassed by other Japanese TV stations, dropping to third place among flagship stations. To counter TV Asahi's high ratings for News Station at 10:00 pm on weekdays, TBS launched JNN News 22 Prime Time in 1987 to directly compete with it. The program schedule of TBS

10304-455: The top spot in turnover among core bureaus after 1980, its profit declined for four consecutive years starting in 1980. In response to the challenge from Fuji TV, TBS introduced new programs targeting younger audiences but failed to achieve the desired results. In October 1984, TBS undertook a reorganization of its program schedule, delaying the end time of the evening news program JNN NewScope from 7:00 pm to 7:20 pm, which helped TBS regain

10416-629: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". TBS Television (Japan) JORX-DTV (channel 6), branded as TBS Television ( TBSテレビ , TBS Terebi ) ,

10528-425: The turnover of TBS’s TV department had exceeded 65.5 billion yen. On the other hand, due to high labor costs and the high ratings of outsourced TV series, TBS began promoting program outsourcing in the 1970s to reduce costs. As part of this strategy, TBS transferred some employees to a newly established program production subsidiary. In 1973, the turnover of the TBS TV department exceeded 40 billion yen. During

10640-541: The turnover of the TBS TV department exceeded 95 billion yen. TBS also made technological innovations, beginning in 1976 with the gradual introduction of the Electronic News Gathering (ENG) system, which enhanced news interviewing and editing capabilities. In November 1978, TBS began broadcasting stereo programs. In 1982, Fuji Television surpassed TBS and claimed the number one position in prime-time ratings among all core stations. Although TBS maintained

10752-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,

10864-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of

10976-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It

11088-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending

11200-460: The wedding of Crown Prince (now Emperor Emeritus) Akihito and Empress Michiko , with 17 TV stations simulcasting the KRT broadcast. In June 1958, KRT signed a news material exchange agreement with CBC , OTV , RKB , and HBC . This agreement lead to KRT's idea of establishing a national network. Building on the cooperation among various stations during the Crown Prince's wedding, KRT signed

11312-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or

11424-428: Was a spinoff of the TBS game show Kinniku Banzuke , which ran for seven seasons. On May 24, 2017, TBS and five other major media firms— TV Tokyo , Nikkei, Inc. , WOWOW , Dentsu , and Hakuhodo DY Media Partners announced that they would jointly establish a new company, Paravi , in July to offer paid online video services . TBS Holdings became the largest shareholder of the new company, Premium Platform Japan, with

11536-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular

11648-417: Was changed from JOKR-TV to JORX-TV. On October 1, 2004, TBS merged the three subsidiaries—TBS Entertainment, TBS Sports, and TBS LIVE—into TBS TV, consolidating the wireless TV business into one company (excluding signal broadcasting and personnel brokerage). On April 1, 2009, TBS adopted the broadcasting holding company system, becoming the second core broadcaster in Japan to do so. The TV broadcasting license

11760-585: Was formally established. The charter members of the network were: KRT (now known as TBS Television ), the network flagship station, Hokkaido Broadcasting, Tohoku Broadcasting , Shizuoka Broadcasting , Shin-etsu Broadcasting , Broadcasting System of Niigata , Hokuriku Broadcasting , Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, Osaka Television Broadcasting (which later merged with Asahi Broadcasting Corporation ), Nihonkai Telecasting , Sanyo Broadcasting, RCC Broadcasting , RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, Nagasaki Broadcasting , Kumamoto Broadcasting , and Minaminihon Broadcasting .Upon

11872-718: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,

11984-527: Was increasing.During this period, only a limited number of frequencies available were allocated to few broadcasters, resulting in limited affiliation options for the succeeding broadcasters. In October 1958, Osaka Television Broadcasting, RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, and Sanyo Broadcasting were explicitly part of the same syndication as KRT, while the Nippon Television syndication consisted of Yomiuri TV, Television Nishinippon, and Nishinippon Broadcasting, and

12096-405: Was inherited by TBS TV, and the original TBS corporate entity was renamed "Tokyo Broadcasting Holdings" (now TBS Holdings), becoming a broadcasting holding company that simply holds shares in the group's subsidiaries. In October 2005, the internet company Rakuten acquired a 19.09% stake in TBS for approximately 88 billion yen, becoming TBS's largest shareholder. Lotte Group proposed establishing

12208-581: Was inherited by the newly established company, which retained the abbreviation TBS. This company transitioned from being a production company to a general broadcaster (currently a private terrestrial core broadcaster) and joined the Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association. Additionally, TBS Radio was entrusted with the maintenance and management of the company's transmitting station in Toda City, Saitama Prefecture. Matsutarō Shōriki ,

12320-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )

12432-499: Was owned by the parent company, TBS, TBS Entertainment was not a member of the Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association. On April 1, 2009, Tokyo Broadcasting System (which changed its trade name to Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings, Inc. on the same day) underwent a corporate split. The television broadcasting business, including the television broadcasting license and the operation of various facilities such as Akasaka Sacas and Akasaka BLITZ, along with cultural projects such as events,

12544-602: Was significantly adjusted due to this new addition. However, JNN News 22 Prime Time only aired for a year due to low ratings. Its successor, JNN News Desk '88・'89 , also failed to disrupt News Station 's dominance during this period. After April 1988, TBS's prime-time ratings began to decline, with the decline accelerating after April 1989. Despite this downturn, which coincided with Japan's bubble economy, TBS's financial performance continued to improve. In 1987 and 1988, TBS's turnover grew by 12% for two consecutive years. In 1989, TBS's profit exceeded 11.7 billion yen, and

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