89-771: The Japan Innovation Party ( 日本維新の会 , Nippon Ishin no Kai , Japan Restoration Association) is a conservative and centre-right to right-wing populist political party in Japan . Formed as Initiatives from Osaka in October 2015 from a split in the old Japan Innovation Party , the party became the third-biggest opposition party in the National Diet following the 2016 House of Councillors election . The Japan Innovation Party advocates decentralization , federalism ( Dōshūsei ), free education , and limited government policies. Arguing to remove defense spending limits, and standing with
178-448: A totalitarian ruler, but a monarch, or a traditionalist who acts like one. Many such movements in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Italy have been explicitly monarchist […] The supporters of these movements differ from those of the centrists, tending to be wealthier, and more religious, which is more important in terms of a potential for mass support. Edmund Fawcett states that fascism
267-414: A "right-wing viewpoint occupying the political spectrum between [classical] liberalism and fascism ". Conservatism has been called a "philosophy of human imperfection" by Noël O'Sullivan , reflecting among its adherents a negative view of human nature and pessimism of the potential to improve it through 'utopian' schemes. Thomas Hobbes , the "intellectual godfather of the realist right", argued that
356-651: A Diet member who makes foolish comments. I despise such parliamentarians," and declared his resignation as a legal advisor to the Japan Restoration Association. Maruyama countered with accusations of "voter slander" and intolerance for being falsely represented. He initially submitted a resignation notice, but after Ishin retained the notice, Maruyama retracted it in January 2018. On the 28th, the Standing Committee convened, and an extraordinary party convention
445-632: A badge of honor". Despite this, the descriptor has been adopted by intellectuals such as the Italian esoteric traditionalist Julius Evola , the Austrian monarchist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , the Colombian political theologian Nicolás Gómez Dávila , and the American historian John Lukacs . Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular religions to politics—sometimes by merely proclaiming
534-654: A degree of religious toleration . Burke ultimately justified the social order on the basis of tradition: tradition represented the wisdom of the species, and he valued community and social harmony over social reforms. Another form of conservatism developed in France in parallel to conservatism in Britain. It was influenced by Counter-Enlightenment works by philosophers such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald . Many continental conservatives do not support separation of church and state , with most supporting state cooperation with
623-669: A faction of the LDP Hyogo Prefectural Assembly opposed the executive department's policy and recommended Motohiko Saito, then head of the Osaka Prefectural Finance Division. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election, 13 official candidates were fielded. On July 3, the day before the vote count, Matsui and Yoshimura delivered speeches in Tokyo to support their candidates. However, only one seat
712-467: A limited national reach. After the passing of House of Representatives member Tomokatsu Kitagawa from the Liberal Democratic Party, Fujita Fumitake emerged victorious in the by-election for Osaka's 12th district on April 21, 2019. He triumphed over competitors including Shinpei Kitagawa, who is the nephew of the late Kitagawa, as well as Shinji Tarutoko and Takeshi Miyamoto. On May 14, during
801-496: A major election. However, during an extraordinary party congress on November 27, a vote among special party members, including National Assembly members and local councilors, resulted in 151 votes for and 319 against the election. Consequently, no representative election was held, and Matsui remained in the race. Furthermore, due to health issues, Toranosuke Katayama stepped down as co-representative, and Matsui suggested appointing Secretary-General Nobuyuki Baba as his successor. During
890-471: A meeting in Osaka City, the party's leadership and an extraordinary convention ratified the name change to "Nippon Ishin no Kai," with Matsui remaining as leader. The new logo for the "Nippon Ishin no Kai" was also unveiled, retaining the design from the "Osaka Restoration Association" period, with only the "Osaka" element altered to "Japan." In January 2017, it was announced that candidates would be fielded for
979-442: A moderate alternative to the extremes of right-wing nationalism and left-wing communism. Christian-democratic parties were especially popular among European women, who often voted for these parties to a large extent due to their pro-family policies. Social conservatives believe that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values, and established institutions; and that
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#17328481910961068-513: A national party, and that the party would adopt a new name that did not include the word "Osaka" in an attempt to broaden its nationwide appeal. At a meeting on 23 August 2016, the party voted to change its name to Nippon Ishin no Kai ( 日本維新の会 ) but did not announce an official English name. On July 12, following the House of Councillors election, Matsui announced plans to rename the party, a decision long under consideration. The renaming aimed to broaden
1157-475: A powerful reactionary movement was German Romanticism , which centred around concepts of organicism, medievalism , and traditionalism against the forces of rationalism, secularism, and individualism that were unleashed in the French Revolution . In political discourse, being a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; Peter King observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than
1246-681: A prefectural councilor from Takarazuka City, was officially nominated by his party. It was the first such nomination since the Takarazuka City and Itami City mayoral elections in 2013, which served as a prelude to the Hyogo gubernatorial election. Despite a vigorous campaign, Kado was narrowly defeated by Harue Yamazaki. For the Hyogo gubernatorial election, the Hyogo Restoration Association intended to nominate its own candidate since late 2020, but faced coordination challenges. In April 2021,
1335-625: A split from the existing party. By October, these negotiations had failed, leading to the expulsion of Diet members and local councillors anticipated to join Hashimoto's new party by the Ishin leadership. However, Osaka-based Diet members contested the expulsions, claiming they were invalid post-October 1 due to the absence of a representative or executive board within the Restoration Party, and subsequently filed an appeal. Moreover, since Katayama of Osaka
1424-1367: A stream of anti-rationalist, romantic conservatism, but would still stay separate. Whereas Burke was more open to argumentation and disagreement, Maistre wanted faith and authority, leading to a more illiberal strain of thought. Authoritarian conservatism refers to autocratic regimes that portray authority as absolute and unquestionable. Authoritarian conservative movements show strong devotion towards religion, tradition, and culture while also expressing fervent nationalism akin to other far-right nationalist movements. Examples of authoritarian conservative dictators include Marshal Philippe Pétain in France, Regent Miklós Horthy in Hungary, General Ioannis Metaxas in Greece, King Alexander I in Yugoslavia, Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria, Generalissimo Francisco Franco in Spain, King Carol II in Romania, and Tsar Boris III in Bulgaria. Authoritarian conservative movements were prominent in
1513-560: A visa-free visit to the Four Northern Islands as part of an exchange project, Hodaka Maruyama disrupted a reporter's interview with islanders. He suggested "recapture by war" to resolve the Northern Territories issue. Maruyama refused to accept his resignation notice, and the board of directors subsequently expelled him. Following this, a bipartisan resolution condemning Maruyama's actions was submitted and unanimously passed in
1602-485: Is "resting on an established belief in the sanctity of immemorial traditions and the legitimacy of those exercising authority under them". Alexandre Kojève distinguishes between two different forms of traditional authority: Robert Nisbet acknowledges that the decline of traditional authority in the modern world is partly linked with the retreat of old institutions such as guild , order , parish , and family —institutions that formerly acted as intermediaries between
1691-435: Is a strand in conservatism which reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically and that members within them have obligations towards each other. There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation ( noblesse oblige ) of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society, which is consistent with principles such as duty , organicism , and hierarchy . Its proponents often stress
1780-402: Is less an attempt to uphold old institutions and more "a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back". On another occasion, Robin argues for a more complex relation: Conservatism is a defense of established hierarchies, but it is also fearful of those established hierarchies. It sees in their assuredness of power
1869-460: Is necessary to ensure law and order, and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation. Originally opposed to capitalism and the industrial revolution , the conservative ideology in many countries adopted economic liberalism , especially in the United States where this ideology is known as fiscal conservatism . National conservatism prioritises
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#17328481910961958-410: Is strongly influenced by liberal stances. It incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal economic interventionism , meaning that individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference. However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, liberal conservatives believe that a strong state
2047-572: Is totalitarian, populist, and anti- pluralist , whereas authoritarian conservatism is somewhat pluralist but most of all elitist and anti-populist. He concludes: "The fascist is a nonconservative who takes anti-liberalism to extremes. The right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes." During the Cold War , right-wing military dictatorships were prominent in Latin America, with most nations being under military rule by
2136-556: The Japan Innovation Party . The Japanese name was the same as the Osaka Restoration Association , which was also formed by Hashimoto, but was differentiated by writing "Osaka" in hiragana ( おおさか ) rather than in kanji ( 大阪 ).Hashimoto assumed the role of representative, Matsui was named secretary-general, and 19 Diet members, primarily of Osaka origin and previously ousted from the Restoration Party, joined
2225-532: The Catholic Church , such as had existed in France before the Revolution. Conservatives were also early to embrace nationalism , which was previously associated with liberalism and the Revolution in France. Another early French conservative, François-René de Chateaubriand , espoused a romantic opposition to modernity, contrasting its emptiness with the 'full heart' of traditional faith and loyalty. Elsewhere on
2314-720: The French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the forefathers of conservative thought in the 1790s along with Savoyard statesman Joseph de Maistre . The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of Bourbon Restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution and establish social order. Conservatism has varied considerably as it has adapted itself to existing traditions and national cultures. Thus, conservatives from different parts of
2403-573: The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) on revising the constitution , the party gained conservative support during the 2021 general election, primarily in Osaka. The party represents a form of right-wing populism that opposes the LDP's entrenched control over Japanese politics and bureaucracy, known as the 1955 system . In August 2015, Secretary General Kakizawa Mito endorsed a candidate jointly supported by
2492-627: The Rockingham branch of the Whig party . Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom. Burke's views were a mixture of conservatism and republicanism. He supported the American Revolution of 1775–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution of 1789–1799. He accepted the conservative ideals of private property and the economics of Adam Smith , but he thought that capitalism should remain subordinate to
2581-515: The culture and civilisation in which it appears. In Western culture , depending on the particular nation, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the nuclear family , organised religion , the military , the nation-state , property rights , rule of law , aristocracy , and monarchy . Conservatives tend to favour institutions and practices that enhance social order and historical continuity. Edmund Burke , an 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman who opposed
2670-607: The social transformation of society. In popular usage, reactionism refers to a staunch traditionalist conservative political perspective of a person who supports the status quo and opposes social, political, and economic change. Some adherents of conservatism, rather than opposing change, seek to return to the status quo ante and tend to view the modern world in a negative light, especially concerning mass culture and secularism , although different groups of reactionaries may choose different traditional values to revive. Some political scientists, such as Corey Robin , treat
2759-432: The state of nature for humans was "poor, nasty, brutish, and short", requiring centralised authority with royal sovereignty to guarantee law and order . Edmund Burke , often called the father of modern conservatism, believed that human beings are steeped in original sin and that society therefore needs traditional institutions, such as an established church and a landed aristocracy , in order to function. Despite
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2848-547: The 21st century, the authoritarian style of government experienced a worldwide renaissance with conservative statesmen such as President Vladimir Putin in Russia, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán in Hungary, Prime Minister Narendra Modi in India, and President Donald Trump in the United States. Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that
2937-541: The 26th, Hodaka Maruyama, a member of the House of Representatives, tweeted: "Regardless of Representative Matsui's re-election, we need a summary of the Sakai mayoral election, the House of Representatives election, and the representative election." When Hashimoto called for a representative election, he remarked, "You won because Mr. Matsui is the governor. There's a way to express your desire to be elected. Bokeh!" He also stated, "It's detrimental to my mental health to interact with
3026-412: The 26th, Representative Matsui, reflecting on Baba's comments, stated there was no conflict with the Liberal Democratic Party and dismissed any coalition or cooperation with Jiko. Additionally, Matsui supported Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's re-election in the LDP presidential election, citing the ease of collaboration between national and local governments, especially in combating the new coronavirus. In
3115-536: The 48 seats. The majority of its votes were again centred around Osaka; the party received the most votes in Osaka Prefecture (1,293,626; 34.9%) and was second behind the Liberal Democratic Party in Hyogo Prefecture (470,526; 19.5%). The gain in seats made the party the third-biggest opposition in the National Diet . However, after the election Matsui said the poor showing outside of Kansai was unacceptable for
3204-435: The 6th district, were proportionally reinstated. On the same day as the general election, Matsui announced his retirement from politics at the end of his mayoral term, stating it would be irresponsible to continue as a representative. He confirmed he would step down from his role when his term concludes in January the following year. Party regulations required a decision on holding a representative election within 45 days after
3293-550: The Communist and Democratic parties in the Yamagata mayoral election, revealing internal party conflicts. On August 28, Hashimoto and his advisor Ichiro Matsui left the Restoration Party. The next day, Hashimoto announced his intention to form a new party, which was supported by House of Councillors member Toranosuke Katayama and other Osaka lawmakers. This new party, aimed to be named the "Osaka Restoration Party," initiated negotiations for
3382-491: The Diet delegation were confirmed on the same day. In April 2023, the party made significant gains in local elections , more than doubling its seat totals in various local assemblies to 124. Notably, the party also captured the governorship of Nara prefecture through its candidate Makoto Yamashita . Two weeks later the party's candidate Yumi Hayashi took Wakayama 1st district in a by-election . Defunct Defunct Views on
3471-561: The House of Councillors representatives formed a unified parliamentary faction with the Party of Hope. Consequently, the total number of members reached 15, including Kazuyuki Yamaguchi who had joined the Restoration Party that month, overtaking the Japan Communist Party's 14 members to become the third-largest opposition party. During the 19th unified local elections in April, the Party of Hope
3560-432: The House of Representatives on June 6. In the Tokyo gubernatorial election on July 5, 2020, Taisuke Ono, the former Deputy Governor of Kumamoto Prefecture, was a recommended candidate. Although a relative unknown, he secured 610,000 votes. However, he narrowly missed the threshold to retain his deposit, finishing in fourth place. Concurrently, in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly by-election, official candidates were fielded in
3649-520: The Kita Ward and Ota Ward constituencies, but both were defeated, with two LDP candidates winning the seats. On November 1, 2020, the second referendum on the Osaka Metropolitan Plan, a key policy of Ishin no Kai, was rejected by a majority. That same day, Matsui announced his plan to retire from politics at the end of his mayoral term in April 2023. He also stated his resignation as president of
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3738-476: The Standing Board of Directors meeting held on November 30, Baba was officially appointed as the co-chair. Additionally, Fumitake Fujita, a member of the House of Representatives, and Shun Otokita, a member of the House of Councillors, were appointed as the chairman of the general affairs committee. Hirofumi Yanagigase, also a member of the House of Councillors, was named the secretary-general. The appointments for
3827-492: The Tokyo Citizens First Association and tendered his resignation. Consequently, he was expelled from the party on the same day. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election on July 2, despite full support from Matsui and Osaka Mayor Hirofumi Yoshimura, only one of the four official candidates secured a seat, leaving the party's seat count unchanged from before the election. On September 30, the "Party of Hope"
3916-497: The Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election scheduled for that summer. However, after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike and the Tokyo Citizens First Association declared they would not collaborate and would instead run independently, post-election cooperation was considered. On February 6, Yutaka Hasegawa, a former Fuji TV announcer, joined the party. On January 28, he was named the branch chief for the Chiba 1st district and declared his candidacy for
4005-478: The United Kingdom with exponents such as Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin , Neville Chamberlain , Winston Churchill , and Harold Macmillan . In 19th-century Germany , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adopted a set of social programs, known as state socialism , which included insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity, and old age. The goal of this conservative state-building strategy
4094-524: The amendment to Article 9 of the Japanese constitution , which prohibits Japan from possessing an offensive military, however it has pledged to partake in debate. Economically, the party supports increased economic liberalisation, including deregulation of the labour market and the streamlining of bureaucratic structure and optional separate surnames for married couples. The party has recently been described as centrist and moderate , being perceived as such by
4183-524: The class basis of right-wing extremist politics in the 1920–1960 era. He reports: Conservative or rightist extremist movements have arisen at different periods in modern history, ranging from the Horthyites in Hungary, the Christian Social Party of Dollfuss in Austria, Der Stahlhelm and other nationalists in pre-Hitler Germany, and Salazar in Portugal, to the pre-1966 Gaullist movements and
4272-498: The conservative social ethic and that the business class should be subordinate to aristocracy. He insisted on standards of honour derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition and saw the aristocracy as the nation's natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive. He favoured an established church, but allowed for
4361-596: The continent, German thinkers Justus Möser and Friedrich von Gentz criticised the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen that came of the Revolution. Opposition was also expressed by German idealists such as Adam Müller and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , the latter inspiring both leftist and rightist followers. Both Burke and Maistre were critical of democracy in general, though their reasons differed. Maistre
4450-458: The defence of national and cultural identity , often based on a theory of the family as a model for the state . National conservatism is orientated towards upholding national sovereignty , which includes limited immigration and a strong national defence. In Europe, national conservatives are usually eurosceptics . Yoram Hazony has argued for national conservatism in his work The Virtue of Nationalism (2018). Paternalistic conservatism
4539-529: The established institutions of their time. According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959: "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself." Conservatism is often used as a generic term to describe
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#17328481910964628-560: The execution of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and other top-ranking Romanian fascists. The exiled German Emperor Wilhelm II was an enemy of Adolf Hitler and stated that Nazism made him ashamed to be a German for the first time in his life. The Catholic seminarian António de Oliveira Salazar , who was Portugal's dictator for 40 years, denounced fascism and Nazism as a "pagan Caesarism " that did not recognise legal, religious, or moral limits. Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset has examined
4717-646: The formation. The "Osaka Restoration Association" was officially announced on November 2. The first major election contested by the party was the July 2016 House of Councillors election . The party performed well in the Kansai region, winning two of four seats in the Osaka at-large district and one of three seats in the Hyogo at-large district . In the national PR block the party finished fifth with 5,153,584 votes (9.2%), which meant it won 4 of
4806-550: The government has a role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or practices. A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social mores , often by opposing what they consider radical policies or social engineering . Some social-conservative stances are the following: Traditionalist conservatism, also known as classical conservatism, emphasises the need for the principles of natural law , transcendent moral order, tradition , hierarchy , organicism , agrarianism , classicism , and high culture as well as
4895-535: The importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty, supporting limited redistribution of wealth along with government regulation of markets in the interests of both consumers and producers. Paternalistic conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's " One Nation " Toryism . There have been a variety of one-nation conservative governments in
4984-454: The intersecting spheres of loyalty . Some traditionalists have embraced the labels reactionary and counter-revolutionary , defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the Enlightenment . Having a hierarchical view of society, many traditionalist conservatives, including a few notable Americans such as Ralph Adams Cram , William S. Lind , and Charles A. Coulombe , defend
5073-399: The lack of a universal definition, certain themes can be recognised as common across conservative thought. According to Michael Oakeshott : To be conservative […] is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the sufficient to the superabundant, the convenient to
5162-487: The middle of the 1970s. One example of this was General Augusto Pinochet , who ruled over Chile from 1973 to 1990. According to Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , military dictatorships arise in democratic systems in order to stop leftist parties from becoming totalitarian. The most recent instance occurred in Bolivia in 2024, when General Juan José Zúñiga staged a coup in order to overthrow the far-left president Luis Arce . In
5251-414: The monarchical political structure as the most natural and beneficial social arrangement. Conservative parties vary widely from country to country in the goals they wish to achieve. Both conservative and classical liberal parties tend to favour private ownership of property, in opposition to communist , socialist , and green parties, which favour communal ownership or laws regulating responsibility on
5340-402: The monarchists in contemporary France and Italy. The right extremists are conservative, not revolutionary. They seek to change political institutions in order to preserve or restore cultural and economic ones, while extremists of the centre [fascists/Nazis] and left [communists/anarchists] seek to use political means for cultural and social revolution. The ideal of the right extremist is not
5429-507: The next House of Representatives election. The party convention, traditionally held in Osaka, took place in Tokyo for the first time on March 25, in anticipation of the Tokyo Assembly election in July of the same year. During this convention, six official candidates and Ishin's manifesto for the Tokyo Assembly election were unveiled. On June 22, Vice President Kimi Watanabe expressed support for
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#17328481910965518-399: The part of property owners. Where conservatives and liberals differ is primarily on social issues, where conservatives tend to reject behaviour that does not conform to some social norm . Modern conservative parties often define themselves by their opposition to liberal or socialist parties. The United States usage of the term conservative is unique to that country, where its first modern usage
5607-543: The party secured only three seats, all from single-member districts in Osaka Prefecture, and faced challenges in its stronghold, ultimately obtaining 11 seats, including eight proportional representation seats, down from 14 in the previous election. The absence of Hashimoto, the former representative, the unsuccessful alliance with the Party of Hope, and the rise of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan were cited as contributing factors to this outcome. On
5696-487: The party's appeal nationwide, especially after mixed results in the election, with wins in the Osaka-Hyogo constituency but losses elsewhere. By the end of July, a survey among Diet members and local affiliates offered three naming options: "Japan Restoration Party," "Restoration Party," and variations including 'Restoration.' The "Japan Restoration Association" emerged as the favored choice among legislators. On August 23, at
5785-487: The perfect, present laughter to utopian bliss. Such traditionalism may be a reflection of trust in time-tested methods of social organisation, giving 'votes to the dead'. Traditions may also be steeped in a sense of identity . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism, some left-wing political theorists like Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defence of social and economic inequality . From this perspective, conservatism
5874-661: The political position of the Japan Innovation Party have been varied. While it has been described as being neoconservative , and right-wing populist by its opponents, the party itself commits to social liberalism , reformism , regionalism and 'self-sustainability' in its party constitution. The party supports the amendment of the Japanese constitution , including the installation of a constitutional court , mandated free education, and increased devolution. The party has not made an official stance on either supporting or opposing
5963-480: The previous election, securing 8.05 million votes and seats in 10 out of 11 national blocks, excluding Hokkaido. Remarkably, in the proportional representation stronghold, the party secured 10 seats, the highest among the 28 available, outperforming the LDP's 8 seats. Due to the lack of proportionally restored members from Osaka Prefecture, candidates from other prefectures were eligible for proportional revival. Consequently, all candidates from Hyogo Prefecture, except for
6052-489: The recent general election, the party significantly increased its representation from 11 to 41 seats. In its stronghold of Osaka Prefecture, the party's candidates won in all but four of the 15 single-member districts, which were ceded to Komeito. Outside of the Osaka-Hyogo 6th district, the party also performed well in the Hanshin area. Nationally, the party improved its proportional representation vote tally by nearly 5 million from
6141-572: The regional "Osaka Ishin no Kai", appointing Hirofumi Yoshimura as his successor. As for "Ishin no Kai" the national political party, he expressed a desire to consider his role separately from the Osaka Ishin no Kai and indicated he would continue in his position for the time being. In the Hokkaido 2nd district by-election on April 25, 2021, following Takamori Yoshikawa's resignation from the Liberal Democratic Party, former provincial councilor Izumi Yamazaki
6230-827: The role of religion in public life. Christian democracy is a moderately conservative centre-right ideology inspired by Christian social teaching . It originated as a reaction against the industrialisation and urbanisation associated with laissez-faire -capitalism . In post-war Europe, Christian-democratic parties dominated politics in several nations—the Christian People's Party in Belgium, CDU and CSU in Germany, Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil in Ireland, and Christian Democracy in Italy. Many post-war Europeans saw Christian democracy as
6319-460: The same era as fascism , with which it sometimes clashed. Although both ideologies shared core values such as nationalism and had common enemies such as communism , there was nonetheless a contrast between the traditionalist and elitist nature of authoritarian conservatism and the revolutionary and populist nature of fascism—thus it was common for authoritarian conservative regimes to suppress rising fascist and Nazi movements. The hostility between
6408-516: The social hierarchy, which includes factors such as age, experience, and wisdom. Conservatives often glorify hierarchies, as demonstrated in an aphorism by conservative philosopher Nicolás Gómez Dávila : "Hierarchies are celestial. In hell all are equal." The word hierarchy has religious roots and translates to 'rule of a high priest.' Authority is a core tenet of conservatism. More specifically, conservatives tend to believe in traditional authority . According to Max Weber , this form of authority
6497-434: The source of corruption, decadence and decline. Ruling regimes require some kind of irritant, a grain of sand in the oyster, to reactivate their latent powers, to exercise their atrophied muscles, to make their pearls. In Conservatism: A Rediscovery (2022), political philosopher Yoram Hazony argues that, in a traditional conservative community, members have importance and influence to the degree they are honoured within
6586-479: The state and the individual. Hannah Arendt argues that the modern world suffers an existential crisis with a "dramatic breakdown of all traditional authorities," which are needed for the continuity of an established civilisation. Edmund Burke has been widely regarded as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism. He served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to
6675-755: The term has been used to describe a wide range of views . Conservatism may be either libertarian or authoritarian , populist or elitist , progressive or reactionary , moderate or extreme . Scholars have tried to define conservatism as a set of beliefs or principles. Andrew Heywood argues that the five central beliefs of conservatism are tradition, human imperfection, organic society, authority/hierarchy, and property. Russell Kirk developed five canons of conservatism in The Conservative Mind (1953): Some political scientists, such as Samuel P. Huntington , have seen conservatism as situational. Under this definition, conservatives are seen as defending
6764-475: The two ideologies is highlighted by the struggle for power in Austria, which was marked by the assassination of the ultra-Catholic dictator Engelbert Dollfuss by Austrian Nazis . Likewise, Croatian fascists assassinated King Alexander I of Yugoslavia . In Romania, as the fascist Iron Guard was gaining popularity and Nazi Germany was making advances on the European political stage, King Carol II ordered
6853-455: The value of those teachings, at other times by having those teachings influence laws. In most democracies, political conservatism seeks to uphold traditional family structures and social values. Religious conservatives typically oppose abortion, LGBT behaviour (or, in certain cases, identity), drug use, and sexual activity outside of marriage. In some cases, conservative values are grounded in religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to increase
6942-544: The voter base, according to recent public opinion polls. The party was also referred to as libertarian . The party manifesto for the 2022 Japanese Councillors election , dubbed "維新八策2022", containing 402 individual policy proposals, and included the following pledges: (Source:) Conservative Conservatism is a cultural , social , and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions , customs , and values . The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to
7031-550: The words reactionary and conservative as synonyms. Others, such as Mark Lilla , argue that reactionism and conservatism are distinct worldviews. Francis Wilson defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict". Some reactionaries favour a return to the status quo ante , the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society. An early example of
7120-414: The world, each upholding their respective traditions, may disagree on a wide range of issues. One of the three major ideologies along with liberalism and socialism , conservatism is the dominant ideology in many nations across the world, including Hungary , India , Iran , Israel , Italy , Japan , Poland , Russia , Singapore , and South Korea . Historically associated with right-wing politics ,
7209-528: Was defended. Muneo Suzuki, leader of the Hokkaido Restoration Party, supported the defense, stating "a conservative centrist receptacle is necessary" after the Liberal Democratic Party's defeat. However, Kenko Matsuki was elected, with Yamazaki finishing third and Yoshiko Tsuruha, an independent, as the runner-up. In the Takarazuka mayoral election in Hyogo Prefecture on April 11, 2021, Takashi Kado,
7298-406: Was established with Matsui as its representative. Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike announced a strategic partnership between this new party and her own for the 48th House of Representatives general election scheduled for October 22 of that year. In Osaka Prefecture, the Party of Hope did not field any candidates, while in Tokyo, the Ishin withdrew its candidates. During the general election on October 22,
7387-497: Was joined by New Party Daichi in Hokkaido and Tax Reduction Japan in Aichi Prefecture. In Osaka Prefecture, the stronghold, Governor Matsui was elected as the mayor of Osaka, while Mayor Yoshimura won the gubernatorial election, both securing large margins over their opponents. The Osaka Prefectural Assembly and City Council saw an increase in seats, yet the party failed to win any prefectural elections outside its base, highlighting
7476-464: Was pessimistic about humans being able to follow rules, while Burke was sceptical about humans' innate ability to make rules. For Maistre, rules had a divine origin, while Burke believed they arose from custom. The lack of custom for Burke, and the lack of divine guidance for Maistre, meant that people would act in terrible ways. Both also believed that liberty of the wrong kind led to bewilderment and political breakdown. Their ideas would together flow into
7565-771: Was progressive conservative, and he described himself as a believer in progressive conservatism. President Dwight D. Eisenhower also declared himself an advocate of progressive conservatism. In Canada , a variety of conservative governments have been part of the Red Tory tradition, with Canada's former major conservative party being named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen , R. B. Bennett , John Diefenbaker , Joe Clark , Brian Mulroney , and Kim Campbell led Red Tory federal governments. Reactionary conservatism, also known as reactionism, opposes policies for
7654-417: Was scheduled for November according to the party statute. The convention's agenda included a policy decision on whether to conduct a representative election. On November 25, following the general election results, an extraordinary party congress took place. The majority voted against holding a representative election, and Ichiro Matsui was confirmed to continue in his representation role. On January 23, 2019,
7743-414: Was secured, leading Matsui to comment on the difficulty of elections in Tokyo. On August 22, Secretary-General Baba discussed the government's framework on a TV program, hinting at potential cooperation with the ruling party after the upcoming general election of the House of Representatives. He suggested that if allowed to pursue their desired policies, various forms of collaboration could be considered. On
7832-473: Was the representative, five members of the House of Councillors executive faction voluntarily left the parliamentary faction on October 16 as a counteraction to their expulsion. These members then reformed the "Restoration Party (House of Councillors)" faction. On October 31, Hashimoto, along with Osaka governor Ichirō Matsui , convened in Osaka City to establish Initiatives from Osaka ( おおさか維新の会 , Ōsaka Ishin no Kai ) after they and their supporters left
7921-536: Was to make ordinary Germans, not just the Junker aristocracy, more loyal to state and Emperor . Chancellor Leo von Caprivi promoted a conservative agenda called the "New Course". In the United States, President Theodore Roosevelt has been identified as the main exponent of progressive conservatism. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand". The Republican administration of President William Howard Taft
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