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50-1077: James Marshall may refer to: James W. Marshall (1810–1885), discovered gold in California in 1848 Sir James Marshall (judge) (1829–1889), British colonial judge James G. Marshall (politician) (c. 1852–1891), Mississippi legislator James G. Marshall (industrialist) , American industrialist and inventor James Marshall (VC) (1887–1918), Victoria Cross recipient James Marshall (director) (born 1962), American television producer and director James Marshall (author) (1942–1992), American author of children's books James Marshall (footballer, born 1890) (1890–1958), Scottish footballer (Bradford City) James Marshall (footballer, born 1908) (1908–1977), Scottish footballer (Rangers, Arsenal, national team) James Marshall (actor) (born 1967), American actor James Marshall (cricketer) (born 1979), New Zealand cricketer James Waddell Marshall (1845–1925), businessman of South Australia James Marshall & Co. ,
100-875: A pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..." Carpentry
150-506: A carpenter begins as an apprentice , then becomes a journeyman , and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges. Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyperson status by paying
200-492: A college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyperson, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires
250-952: A department store in Adelaide, South Australia James Marshall (minister) (1796–1855), Scottish minister, of the Church of Scotland, and from 1841 of the Church of England James Marshall (politician) (1843–1912), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council James Marshall (rugby union) (born 1988), New Zealand rugby player James Duard Marshall (1914-2010), American painter James William Marshall (1822–1910), US Postmaster General James William Marshall (politician) (1844–1911), US congressman from Virginia James Garth Marshall (1802–1873), Member of Parliament for Leeds James Alexander Marshall (1888–1977), Canadian federal politician James C. Marshall (1897–1977), American military engineer, first head of
300-448: A different shape, but not broken. I then collected four or five pieces and went up to Mr. Scott (who was working at the carpenter's bench making the mill wheel) with the pieces in my hand and said, "I have found it." "What is it?" inquired Scott. "Gold," I answered. "Oh! no," replied Scott, "That can't be." I said,--"I know it to be nothing else." The metal was confirmed to be gold after members of Marshall's crew performed tests on
350-595: A fictional character played by Harrison Ford in the 1997 film Air Force One See also [ edit ] Jim Marshall (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Marshall&oldid=1218803149 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
400-535: A formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing . Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills. In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at
450-593: A journeyperson carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyperson status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyperson carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has
500-538: A language that they can understand." Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails. Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for
550-632: A still-surviving house on approximately five acres of land. James left New Jersey in 1834 and headed west. After spending time in Indiana and Illinois , he settled in Missouri (in an area created by the Platte Purchase ) in 1844, and began farming along the Missouri River . It was there that he contracted malaria , a common affliction in the area. On the advice of his doctor, Marshall left Missouri in
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#1732858051250600-625: A written test and having minimum levels of insurance. Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields. Sometimes these programs are called pre- apprenticeship training. In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE) in Mathematics , English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this
650-772: Is a form carpenter . Along with stone, wood is among the oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age . Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic, and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany , dating from about 7,000 years ago in
700-417: Is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification. There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in
750-477: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages James W. Marshall James Wilson Marshall (October 8, 1810 – August 10, 1885) was an American carpenter and sawmill operator, who on January 24, 1848, reported the finding of gold at Coloma, California , a small settlement on the American River about 36 miles northeast of Sacramento . His discovery
800-686: Is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act. OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At
850-658: Is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier (later, charpentier ) which is derived from the Latin carpentarius [artifex] , "(maker) of a carriage ." The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of "builder") was wright (from the Old English wryhta , cognate with work ), which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright . In the UK , carpentry
900-527: Is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and timber framed buildings , i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however,
950-628: The Mexican–American War began in May 1846. Marshall volunteered and served under Captain John C. Frémont 's California Battalion during the Bear Flag Revolt . When he left the battalion and returned to his ranch in early 1847, he found that all his cattle had either strayed or been stolen. With his sole source of income gone, Marshall lost his land. Marshall soon entered into a partnership with Sutter for
1000-510: The Mormon Battalion on their way to Salt Lake City, Utah . Construction continued into January 1848, when it was discovered that the tailrace portion of the mill (the ditch that drained water away from the waterwheel) was too narrow and shallow for the volume of water needed to operate the saw. Marshall decided to use the natural force of the river to excavate and enlarge the tailrace. This could only be done at night, so as not to endanger
1050-575: The Native Sons of the Golden West successfully advocated the idea of a monument to the State Legislature, which appropriated a total of $ 9,000 (~$ 278,590 in 2023) for the construction of a monument and tomb which can be seen today, the first such monument erected in California. A statue of Marshall stands on top of the monument, pointing to the spot where he made his discovery in 1848. The monument
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#17328580512501100-590: The stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails . These technologies combined with
1150-498: The 1860s with a vineyard that he started. That venture ended in failure towards the end of the decade, due mostly to higher taxes and increased competition. He returned to prospecting in the hopes of finding success. He became a partner in a gold mine near Kelsey, California but the mine yielded nothing and left Marshall practically bankrupt. The California State Legislature awarded him a two-year pension in 1872 in recognition of his role in an important era in California history. It
1200-922: The Manhattan Engineer District James S. Marshall (1819–1892), mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin James K. Marshall (1839–1863), Confederate Army officer during the American Civil War James H. Marshall (1931–2007), American administrator, president of Hofstra University James Markham Marshall (1764–1848), United States federal judge James Marshall (political adviser) , British political advisor James Marshall (producer) , British television producer James Keith Marshall (1817–1862), Virginia planter and politician James Thompson Marshall (1854–1931), English railway and mechanical engineer Dalek (artist) (born 1968), real name James Marshall, American artist President James Marshall ,
1250-563: The United Kingdom as the "heavier and stronger" work distinguished from a joiner "...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter..." although the "...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined." Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker . The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials . Someone who builds custom concrete formwork
1300-514: The United States, that is, members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America , are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyperson status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeypersons based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education. Professional status as
1350-410: The apprenticeship, they are known as journeyperson carpenters. Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyperson traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeypeople are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in
1400-465: The area, as California was still a Mexican possession in 1845. Sutter hired Marshall to assist with work at the sawmill, and around the fort (carpentry, primarily). He also helped Marshall to buy two leagues of land on the north side of Butte Creek (a tributary of the Sacramento River ) and provided him with cattle. It was here that Marshall began his second stint as a farmer. Soon after this,
1450-490: The completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination. After working as a journeyperson for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, Iceland and Japan , this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in
1500-473: The construction of a sawmill . Marshall was to oversee the construction and operation of the mill , and would in return receive a portion of the lumber. After scouting nearby areas for a suitable location, he eventually decided upon Coloma , located roughly 40 miles (64 km) upstream of Sutter's Fort on the American River . He proposed his plan to Sutter, and construction began in late August. His crew consisted mainly of local Native Americans and veterans of
1550-424: The craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter. Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting , scaffolding , bench joinery , maintenance and system installation. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing , or sawing with
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1600-404: The early Neolithic period . Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius ' ten books collectively titled De architectura , which discuss some carpentry. It was only with
1650-513: The end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called timber framing . Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally four years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Switzerland , Australia and South Africa . It is also common that
1700-575: The family homestead in Hopewell Township, New Jersey (then part of Hunterdon County, New Jersey , currently part of Mercer County ) on October 8, 1810. The family homestead was known as the Round Mountain Farm and is still known as Marshalls Corner . He was the oldest of four children, and the only male. In 1816, the Marshall family relocated to nearby Lambertville , where Philip constructed
1750-424: The finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until
1800-463: The gold and told Marshall that it was "of the finest quality, of at least 23 karat [96% pure]". News of the discovery soon reached around the world. The immediate impact on Marshall was negative. His sawmill failed when all the able-bodied men in the area abandoned everything to search for gold. Before long, arriving hordes of prospectors forced him off his land. Marshall soon left the area. Marshall returned to Coloma in 1857 and found some success in
1850-550: The hopes of improving his health. He joined an emigrant train heading west and arrived in Oregon 's Willamette Valley in the spring of 1845. He left Oregon in June 1845 and headed south along the Siskiyou Trail into California, eventually reaching Sutter's Fort , California, an agricultural settlement , in mid-July. John Sutter, the founder of Sutter's Fort, was also the alcalde of
1900-835: The invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing. The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce screws . In the 20th century, portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use. For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry . Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training
1950-564: The invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built-in 782, Greensted Church in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and
2000-633: The lives of the men working on the mill during the day. Every morning Marshall examined the results of the previous night's excavation. On the morning of January 24, 1848, Marshall was examining the channel below the mill when he noticed some shiny flecks in the channel bed. As later recounted by Marshall: I picked up one or two pieces and examined them attentively; and having some general knowledge of minerals, I could not call to mind more than two which in any way resembled this, iron, very bright and brittle; and gold, bright, yet malleable . I then tried it between two rocks, and found that it could be beaten into
2050-573: The metal—boiling it in lye soap and hammering it to test its malleability. Marshall, still concerned with the completion of the sawmill, permitted his crew to search for gold during their free time. By the time Marshall returned to Sutter's Fort, four days later, the war had ended and California was about to fall under American possession subsequent to the signing of the Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. Marshall shared his discovery with Sutter, who performed further tests on
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2100-921: The next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade. In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S. appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR. Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from
2150-459: The off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as joinery . Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering . Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to
2200-489: The same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled." The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in
2250-440: The skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places. Carpentry covers various services, such as furniture design and construction, door and window installation or repair, flooring installation, trim and molding installation, custom woodworking, stair construction, structural framing, wood structure and furniture repair, and restoration. The word "carpenter"
2300-441: The union entry fee and obtaining a journeyperson's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreperson will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level. Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing
2350-430: The use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work. Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyperson carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over
2400-624: Was rededicated October 8, 2010, by the Native Sons of the Golden West, Georgetown Parlor #91 in honor of the 200th Anniversary of James W. Marshall's birth. Carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings , ships , timber bridges , concrete formwork , etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes
2450-448: Was renewed in 1874 and 1876 but lapsed in 1878. Marshall, penniless, eventually ended up in a small cabin. Marshall died in Kelsey on August 10, 1885. In 1886, the members of the Native Sons of the Golden West , Placerville Parlor #9 felt that the "Discoverer of Gold" deserved a monument to mark his final resting place. In May 1890, five years after Marshall's death, Placerville Parlor #9 of
2500-520: Was the impetus for the California Gold Rush . The mill property was owned by Johann (John) Sutter who employed Marshall to build his mill . The wave of gold seekers turned everyone's attention away from the mill which eventually fell into disrepair and was never used as intended. Neither Marshall nor Sutter ever profited from the gold find. James Wilson Marshall, of English descent, was born to Philip Marshall and Sarah Wilson (married 1808) at
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