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39-851: Yury Zuev proposed that the term Jalair (~ Yyalair ) could be the Mongolian version of the Turkic name for the dynastic tribe of the Uyghur Khaganate (758-843): Yaglakar clan ~ yağla er (' anointed sovereign', Turkic ya:ğ il ). Yaglakar (Ch. 藥羅葛/药罗葛 Yaoluoge) of the Tiele-Uyghur Toquz Oghuz confederacy. Some scholars hypothesise that the Jalairs were related to the Hunnu empire based in Mongolia (BC209 – AD93) and Mongolian speakers . The Jalair might be

78-675: A block to the Russians to escape paying tribute to the Khalkhas. Smaller Mongol clan fragments also defected north to the protection of Cossack forts. The invasion of Khalkha by Galdan Boshogtu Khan in 1688 stopped Khalkha resistance to the Cossack advance and sent more Mongol refugees fleeing into Russian control. Finally, the Selenge Mongols, cut off by the new border from their Khalkha kinsmen and mixed with displaced Buriats and Khori, gradually accepted

117-852: A body of the Jalair settled in Golden Horde . When Möngke Khan ordered Hulagu (Alaghu) to conquer the Abbasid caliphate , the Ayyubids in Syria and the Mamluks in Egypt in 1252, the Jalairs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kok-Elege participated sieges of Persian and Arab fortresses from 1256 to 1261 and the battle against Berke 's commander Nogai Khan in 1262. Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of

156-564: Is also believed that the Southern Khalkha who now reside in Inner Mongolia were moved south from its original territory Khangai Mountains . To commemorate and signify their origin, every new lunar year all southern Khalkhas perform special Khangai Mountain worshipping ceremonies and they face northwest and pray. This special ceremony is maintained by only southern Khalkhas and no other Southern Mongols have such rituals. Under Dayan Khan ,

195-408: Is the standard written language of Mongolia. The term Халх ("Halh, Khalkha") has always puzzled linguists and historians. One possible interpretation is that it shares the same root as the words xалхавч "shield" and халхлах "to protect; to cover; to shield; to hide; to intercept", although there is no noun or verb xалх that independently exists besides the ethnic group's name. In a similar manner,

234-622: The Dalai Lama 's "Yellow Hat" order, Tsogtu Khong Taiji moved to Qinghai with his subjects sometime after 1624. Ligdan Khan and Tsogtu Khong Taiji were supposed to meet in Qinghai and eventually build a Mongol base that is independent of the Manchu rule which was geographically far from the Manchu emperor's reach. Moreover, it was clear to the two Mongol Khans that Tibetan Dalai Lama 's influence in Mongol affairs

273-795: The Kangxi Emperor of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty against the Zungar leader Galdan in 1688. In 1725 the Yongzheng Emperor gave Tsering independence from the house of Tüsheet Khan , forming the house of Sain Noyon Khan . The Khalkha led the Mongolian independence movement in the 20th century. After enduring countless hardships, they established the independent state of Mongolia in northern Mongolia. The overwhelming majority of Khalkha Mongols now reside in

312-749: The Mughal Empire as officials such as Mirak Bahadur Jalair . Today Jalayir clans are a member of the Senior Jüz tribal union in Kazakhstan , they also are part of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , and Kyrgyzes . From ancient times, Jalair tribe ( Жалайыр in Kazakh Cyrillics, Jalaiyr in Kazakh Latin) is one of the major Kazakh tribes, in Kazakhstan Jalayir population numbers about 700,000, Jalairs belong to

351-624: The "Lower Mongols" or "ДООД МОНГОЛ". Tsogtu Khong Taiji is known as Tsogtu Khan among the Khalkha Mongols in Qinghai. The Khalkha Right Wing Banner: This banner was popularly known as the Darkhan Beili Banner and the ruler of this banner was the descendant of Gersenz Jalair Khan's grandson Bunidari. In 1653 they migrated into Inner Mongolia from the Tusheet Khan Aimak of Outer Mongolia. The Khalkha East Wing Banner: This banner

390-575: The 14 clans of Khalkha tumen and Dayan Khan 's son Gersenji was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid). On the brink of the Manchu defeat of the last Great Khan Ligden , the Jalaid became an ally of the rising Manchu empire Jalairs are part of the Khalkha people of Mongolia . As of October 2024, there were more than 11,000 people with the clan name of Jalayir in Mongolia . In China,

429-909: The 20th century; unlike the Oirats , who were ruled by Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins , who were ruled by Qasar 's descendants. The two original major Khalkha groups were ruled by the direct male line descendants of Dayan Khan . The Baarin , Khongirad , Jaruud , Bayaud and the O'zeed (Ujeed) became Dayan Khan's fifth son Achibolod's subjects, thus formed the Southern Five Halhs. Seven northern Khalkha otogs: 1) Jalairs , Olkhonud ; 2) Besut, Iljigin ; 3) Gorlos , Keregut; 4) Khuree, Khoroo, Tsookhor; 5) Khukhuid, Khatagin ; 6) Tanghut , Sartuul ; 7) Uriankhai became Dayan Khan's youngest (could be third) son Geresenje's ( Mongolian : Гэрсэне Жалайр Хан ) subjects. Khotogoids are close in culture and language to

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468-775: The Chaladi who were recorded in Chinese sources of 910. The Jalairs revolted against the Khitan rule in 1014. Subsequently, they were suppressed by the Khitans in the next year. After that, the Jalayirs turned to the Mongols and defeated their ruling dynasty Borjigins utterly. Later, the Mongols under Khaidu of the Borjigin, an ancestor of Chinggis Khan, conquered and made them hereditary slaves (Ôtegii boghol) of

507-671: The Dalai Lama. The dGe-lugs-pa hierarch, the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–82), summoned the Oirat Güshi Khan Toro-Baiku, whose 10,000 men in early 1637 crushed Tsogtu’s 30,000 at Ulaan-Khoshuu; Tsogtu Taiji was killed. Today the Oirats of Gushi Khan is also known as the " Upper Mongols " or the "ДЭЭД МОНГОЛ", and they still reside in Qinghai forming 21 banners. The remnants of Tsogtu Khong Taiji's Halhs form only one banner and are known as

546-573: The East Wing Tumet (Monggoljin) Banner, is popularly known as Tanggot Khalkha. This tiny territory, of not more than 19 by 24 kilometres (12 by 15 miles), is said to have a population of about 500 people. There are practically no Chinese, as the surrounding districts are held by Mongols. The tribe, which has a prince of its own, was founded by immigrants from the Jasakto Khan division of Outer Mongolia, who fled to Inner Mongolia and offered submission to

585-675: The Halh had a close connection with the Five Ulus of the Left Wing of the former Yuan dynasty , which was led by the five powerful tribes of Jalayir, Onggirat , Ikires , Uruud and Mangghud . The Five Halh consisted of five tribes called Jarud, Baarin, Onggirat, Bayaud and Öjiyed. They lived around the Shira Mören valley east of the Greater Khingan . They clashed with but were eventually conquered by

624-618: The Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences. He received his Ph.D. in 1967. His PhD thesis "Ancient Turkic genealogical legends as a source on early history of Turkic people " included a number of new discoveries about the socio-political history of the Turks, suggested the etymology of the name of the Ashina tribe, traced the historical past of

663-743: The Jalaids are a clan and a banner in the Jirim and Ordos Leagues, and Chahar of Inner Mongolia . Timur brought 400 Jalair families to Khorasan . They live in Kalat-i-nadiri . Until end of the 19th century, Kalat-i-nadiri had its own hereditary chief of Jalayir tribe, who held the fortress as feudatories of Persia . Under Nader Shah Afshar , Jalayirs rose to power and held important official positions within Persian government and military: Hereditary rulers of Kalat-i-nadiri : There were Jalairs who served in

702-670: The Kazakh Senior Juz , they live mostly in the north, north-east and in the middle part of Kazakhstan, such as Saryarka region, Karagandy province , Akmola province , and east Kazakhstan province . Jalairs also are a part of few Kazakh populations in Uzbekistan and Russia (see the Jalair tribe of Kazakh people - from Misplaced Pages Jalair introduction in Kazakh language ). Yury Zuev Yuri Alexeyevich Zuev or Zuyev ( Russian : Юрий Алексеевич Зуев ; 8 December 1932 – 5 December 2006)

741-571: The Kazakh SSR from most ancient times to the present". The mass of Zuev's work included analysis of the Kazakhstan and Central Asian political history from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, history of ancient and medieval periods, ethnic composition and movement of tribes in the Western Turkic Kaganate , and pre- Mongolian period (10th–12th centuries) history. Zuev wrote about the genesis, ethnic composition and political history of

780-512: The Khalkha Mongols. There were also numerous direct descendants of Genghis Khan who had formed the ruling class of the Khalkha Mongols prior to the 20th century, but they were and still also regarded as Khalkha Mongols rather than belonging to a special unit. The Thirteen Khalkhas of the Far North are the major subethnic group of the independent state of Mongolia. They number 2,659,985 (83.8% of Mongolia's population). The Khalkha or Halh dialect

819-687: The Khalkha were organized as one of three tümen of the Left Wing. Dayan Khan installed the fifth son Alchu Bolad and the eleventh son Geresenje on the Khalkha. The former became the founder of the Five Halh of Southern Mongolia and the latter became the founder of the Seven Halh of the Northern Mongolia. They were called Inner Khalkha and Outer Khalkha respectively, by the Manchus . Some scholars consider that

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858-771: The Manchus in 1662, during the wars between the Northern (Khalkha) and Western (Ulot) Mongols. During the rise of Genghis Khan in the 12th to 13th centuries, neither the Selenge valley in today's southern Buriatia or the Aga steppe had at this time any connection with the Buriats; these were the lands of the Merkid tribe and the Mongol tribe proper. Starting 1628 with the Russian Conquest and Buriat Migration,

897-749: The Mongols around 1060. The Jalair tribesmen were an important force in the Khamag Mongol confederation in the 12th century and later Chinggis Khan's rise to power. The Jalairs such as Mukhulai helped Genghis Khan to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion of Khorazm in 1219–1223, Muqali campaigned in North China as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceroy. The Jalairs served under Great Khans as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalair Moqe noyan to his son Chagatai Khan in Turkestan . And

936-716: The Russian designation as Buriat. These groups are: Descendants of Okhin Taij (grandson of Khalkha's Tsogtu Khan); Khatagin; Atagan; Ashabagad; Sartuul; Tavnanguud; Yungsiebu; O'zeed; Uuld; Tsongool. The Tsongool subclans are as follows: 1. Uriankhad, 2. Bolingud, 3. Baatud, 4. Ashibagad, 5. Avgachuud, 6. Sharnuud, 7. Nomkhod, 8. Khamnigan, 9. Arshaantan, 10. Khorchid, 11. Naimantan, 12. Yunshööbü, 13. Khotgoid, 14. Eljiged, 15. Örlüüd, 16. Tavnanguud, 17. Orongoi, 18. Tsookhor, 19. Sartuul, 20. Sharaid, 21. Temdegten. Mongolian academician, writer, and scholar Byambyn Renchin ( Mongolian : Бямбын Ренчин )

975-574: The Selenge Valley, as before, was inhabited by Mongol clans under the rule of the Khalkha khans. By 1652 the Khalkha khans were protesting the Russian incursions into Transbaikalia, and from 1666 on Khalkha raiding parties reached as far as Bratsk, Ilimsk, Yeravninsk, and Nerchinsk, while the khans besieged the forts on the Selenge. At the same time, however, the Khoris along the Uda River in 1647 surrendered as

1014-602: The Turkic tribes in the Chinese genealogical legends, and suggested a hypothesis about an ethnic triumvirate of Ashina-Ashide- Basmyl . The main finding of his thesis was the etymology of the name of the Kagan tribe Ashina. Zuev was a collaborator in important editions of the USSR history: "Historical Atlas of the USSR peoples", "Historical atlas of the Kazakh SSR", and five-volume edition "History of

1053-399: The Türgesh Kaganate. After the fall of the USSR, Zuev was able to publish a number of works on ancient and medieval history of nomadic peoples of the Central Asia and Kazakhstan. These include "Sarmato-Alans of Aral (Yancai\Abzoya)" (1995), "Ancient Turkic social terminology in the Chinese texts of the 8th century" (1998), "Creation of Türgesh Kaganate: history and tradition" (1996), "Forms of

1092-407: The control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the Barlas in the centre, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the Dughlats in the east. Meanwhile, Hasan Buzurg established Jalayirid Dynasty and tried to reunite Turco-Mongol states in the name of his puppet khans in Iraq and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after

1131-477: The death of Il-khan Arpa Ke'un in 1336. When Tamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of Ahmad (1383–1410), Central Asian Jalairs were one of main clans in both Timurid Empire and Moghulistan . The Jalairids in Persia were finally overthrown by Kara Koyunlu Turks in 1432. But the Jalayirs in Central Asia were active for two more centuries. In the 16th century, the Jalairs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of

1170-557: The ethno-social organization of Central Asia nomadic peoples in antiquity and Middle Ages: pied horde, centuria ( comparative  – typological study)" (1998), "Kypchak Urbe-khan in epos and history" (2001), "Manichaeism and Talas (interpretation of Ancient Turkic inscriptions )" (2002). Zuev's 70th birthday in 2002 coincided with the publication of his lifetime work, a monograph "Early Turks: Sketches of history and ideology", followed by "A Strongest Tribe" (2004) and "Seyanto Kaganate and Kimeks (Central Asian Turkic ethnogeography in

1209-405: The mainstays of Confucian influence in Kublaid Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). The Jalairs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans in Iran . In Il-khanate , Jalair Buqa revolted against Tekuder Khan and installed Hulagu's grandson Arghun in 1284. But his coup was revealed and executed by his protégé later. After the death of Qazan Khan (r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under

Jalairs - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-432: The middle of the 7th century)" (2004). His bibliography comprises approximately 40 major works. Khalkha The Khalkha ( / ˈ k æ l k ə , ˈ k ɑː l k ə / ; Mongolian : Халх ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ [ˈχa̠ɬχ] ) have been the largest subgroup of the Mongols in modern Mongolia since the 15th century. The Khalkha, together with Chahars , Ordos and Tumed , were directly ruled by Borjigin khans until

1287-512: The modern state of Mongolia. However, there are four small banners in China: two in Inner Mongolia; one in Qinghai ; and one in Rehe . There are also several groups among the Buriats in Russia, however, they no longer retain the Khalkha self-identity, culture, and language. The Halh Mongols in Qinghai, China and the ones among the Buryats in Russia were subjects to Khalkha's Tsogtu Khan and his sons. The Choghtu Khong Tayiji 's Khalkhas (1 banner): Poet, supporter of Ligdan Khan , and opponent of

1326-480: The rising Manchus. The Five Khalkha except for the Jarud and the Baarin were organized into the Eight Banners . Khalkha Left Banner of Juu Uda League and Khalkha Right Banner of Ulaanchab League were offshoots of the Seven Khalkha. The Seven Khalkha were involved in regular fights against the Oyirad in the west. Geresenje's descendants formed the houses of Tüsheet Khan , Zasagt Khan and Setsen Khan . They preserved their independence until they had to seek help from

1365-433: The sub-ethnic groups within the Khalkha Unit have been historically recorded in books, journals, and documents as "Sartuul Khalkha", "Tanghut Khalkha" etc. Even the word order in the phrases Southern Five Khalkha and Northern Thirteen Khalkha implies that the word Халх correlates to the units within the Southern and Northern tribal federations, but it does not stand for the group as a whole. Lastly, Mongolians have always linked

1404-430: The term Халх to the name of the Khalkhyn Gol . Dayan Khan created the Khalkha Tumen out of Mongols residing in the territory of present-day central Mongolia and northern part of Inner Mongolia . In Mongolian historical sources such as Erdeniin Erih ("The Beads of Jewel") it clearly stated how the Khalkha Tumen was created and where these people resided at the time of its creation. The statement goes as follows: It

1443-405: Was a Russian -born Kazakh sinologist and turkologist . Zuev was born in the Siberian city of Tümen in a white-collar family. Zuev studied at the Leningrad State University and majored in the historical studies of the Eastern Asian countries, successfully learning Classical Chinese , Middle Chinese , and modern Chinese . In 1955, Zuev received a B.A. diploma and was sent to work in

1482-434: Was increasing. So the two decided to end the influence of Dalai Lama and the "Yellow Hat" order by supporting the "Red Hat" order. However, majority of Ligdan Khan's subjects and soldiers died because of smallpox on the way to Qinghai. After Ligdan's death, Tsogtu Taiji began attacking dGe-lugs-pa monasteries. When Tsogtu sent 10,000 men under his son Arslang against the Dalai Lama in Lhasa, Arslang switched sides and supported

1521-455: Was popularly known as the "Chokhor Halh" and the ruler of this banner was the descendant of Gombo-Ilden, the fifth generation grandson to Gersenz Jalair Khan. They fled from the Zasakto Khan Aimak of Outer Mongolia to Inner Mongolia in 1664. Its boundaries as given by the Mongol Pastures run 125 by 230 "li", or about 66 by 122 kilometres (41 by 76 miles). The Tanggot Khalkha Banner: This Banner formerly subordinated for administrative purposes to

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