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16-892: [REDACTED] Look up jvs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. JVS may refer to: Jamaican vomiting sickness JAMMA Video Standard , a standard for arcade machines Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Journal of Vaishnava Studies Journal of Vascular Surgery Josephson voltage standard See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "jvs" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing JVS JV (disambiguation) JSV (disambiguation) SJV (disambiguation) SVJ (disambiguation) VJS (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

32-612: A clinician to refer to a person as having encephalopathy include intellectual disability, irritability, agitation, delirium, confusion, somnolence, stupor, coma and psychosis. As such, describing a person as having a clinical picture of encephalopathy is not a very specific description. When referring to a disease, encephalopathy refers to a wide variety of brain disorders with very different etiologies, prognoses and implications. For example, prion diseases, all of which cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies , are invariably fatal, but other encephalopathies are reversible and can have

48-438: A form of stable dementia . Some encephalopathies can be fatal. Encephalopathy is a difficult term because it can be used to denote either a disease or finding (i.e., an observable sign in a person). When referring to a finding, encephalopathy refers to permanent (or degenerative) brain injury, or a reversible one. It can be due to direct injury to the brain, or illness remote from the brain. The individual findings that cause

64-1080: A muscle or group of muscles) or asterixis ("flapping tremor" of the hand when wrist is extended). Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are loss of cognitive function, subtle personality changes, and an inability to concentrate. Other neurological signs may include dysarthria , hypomimia , problems with movements (they can be clumsy or slow), ataxia , tremor . Other neurological signs may include involuntary grasping and sucking motions, nystagmus (rapid, involuntary eye movement), jactitation (restlessness while in bed), and respiratory abnormalities such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration (cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume), apneustic respirations and post-hypercapnic apnea . Focal neurological deficits are less common. Wernicke encephalopathy can co-occur with Korsakoff alcoholic syndrome , characterized by amnestic-confabulatory syndrome: retrograde amnesia , anterograde amnesia , confabulations (invented memories), poor recall and disorientation. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

80-402: A single disease, but rather to a syndrome of overall brain dysfunction; this syndrome has many possible organic and inorganic causes. There are many types of encephalopathy. Some examples include: Chemotherapy medication, for example, fludarabine can cause a permanent severe global encephalopathy. Ifosfamide can cause a severe encephalopathy (but it can be reversible with stopping use of

96-430: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Encephalopathy Encephalopathy ( / ɛ n ˌ s ɛ f ə ˈ l ɒ p ə θ i / ; from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos )  'brain' and πάθος ( páthos )  'suffering') means any disorder or disease of the brain , especially chronic degenerative conditions. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to

112-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jamaican vomiting sickness Abdominal discomfort begins two to six hours after eating unripe ackee fruit , followed by sudden onset vomiting. In severe cases, profound dehydration, seizures, coma, and death may ensue. Children and those who are malnourished are more susceptible to the disease. When ingested, hypoglycin A

128-429: Is metabolized to produce methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA). MCPA acts to inhibit the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in two ways. First, it interferes with the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria by forming ester linkages with carnitine and coenzyme A (CoA). Also, it inhibits acyl-CoA dehydrogenases , so that only unsaturated fatty acids can be fully oxidized. Fatty acids accumulate in

144-501: Is the most common autoimmune encephalitis. It can cause paranoid and grandiose delusions , agitation, hallucinations (visual and auditory), bizarre behavior, fear, short-term memory loss , and confusion. HIV encephalopathy can lead to dementia . Blood tests , cerebrospinal fluid examination by lumbar puncture (also known as spinal tap), brain imaging studies, electroencephalography (EEG), neuropsychological testing and similar diagnostic studies may be used to differentiate

160-429: The encephalopathy is caused by untreated celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity , the gluten-free diet stops the progression of brain damage and improves the headaches. Treating the underlying cause of the disorder may improve or reverse symptoms. However, in some cases, the encephalopathy may cause permanent structural changes and irreversible damage to the brain. These permanent deficits can be considered

176-615: The consumption of lychee fruit in Muzaffarpur, India . Urinalysis of children affected by the disease has shown all affected have elevated levels of hypoglycin suggesting the same underlying pathophysiology as Jamaican vomiting sickness. The disease appears in the ER episode " Great Expectations ", where the symptoms are recognised by Dr. Mallucci who, it is later revealed, attended medical school in Grenada . This toxicology -related article

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192-643: The drug and starting the use of methylene blue ). Bevacizumab and other anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medication can cause posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state or delirium . Characteristic of the altered mental state is impairment of the cognition, attention, orientation , sleep–wake cycle and consciousness . An altered state of consciousness may range from failure of selective attention to drowsiness. Hypervigilance may be present; with or without: cognitive deficits, headache , epileptic seizures , myoclonus (involuntary twitching of

208-479: The liver glycogen stores are depleted, the body cannot synthesize glucose, and severe hypoglycemia results. Initial symptoms appear after about four hours, and deaths have been reported from 12 to 48 hours following consumption. Supportive care involves carefully metered IV glucose infusion and fluid/electrolyte replacement; mortality was 80% before glucose infusion was introduced in 1954. A similar outbreak of lethal hypoglycemic encephalopathy has been linked to

224-505: The liver in a microvesicular pattern that can be seen on biopsy. In the absence of fatty acid metabolism, the body becomes dependent on glucose and glycogen for energy. Octreotide can be used to reduce the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, thereby preventing severe hypoglycemia . Inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids, however, also depletes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) and acetyl CoA —the latter an activator of pyruvate carboxylase —inhibiting gluconeogenesis . Once

240-402: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title JVS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JVS&oldid=973863459 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

256-737: The various causes of encephalopathy. Diagnosis is frequently clinical. That is, no set of tests give the diagnosis, but the entire presentation of the illness with nonspecific test results informs the experienced clinician of the diagnosis. Treatment varies according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some people. In severe cases, dialysis or organ replacement surgery may be needed. Sympathomimetic drugs can increase motivation , cognition , motor performance and alertness in persons with encephalopathy caused by brain injury , chronic infections, strokes, brain tumors . When

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