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66-518: On October 1, 2008, Victor Company of Japan, Ltd ( JVC ) and Kenwood Corporation signed an agreement to integrate their management through the establishment of a joint holding company (stock transfer). The joint holding company was named JVC Kenwood Holdings, Inc. On Monday, May 31, 2010, JVC Kenwood announced that it would end camcorder production in Japan by March 2011 and shift production overseas to cut losses. On August 1, 2011, JVC Kenwood Holdings, Inc.

132-527: A line of revolutionary direct-drive cassette decks, topped by the DD-9, that provided previously unattainable levels of speed stability. During the 1980s JVC briefly marketed its portable audio equipment similar to the Sony Walkman on the market at the time. The JVC CQ-F2K was released in 1982 and had a detachable radio mounted to the headphones for a compact, wire-free listening experience. JVC had difficulty making

198-581: A similar arrangement with JVCKenwood. In Europe, JVC sells mainly some audio accessories, like headphones, and until recently DIN-type car audio. Also in Europe, JVC is present with camcorders, security cameras, audio systems, and with their emblematic boom box, projectors. JVC TV sets in Europe are manufactured mainly by Turkish manufacturer Vestel but are unavailable in all countries. JVC manufactures original audio equipment to vehicle manufacturers including Datsun , Nissan , Suzuki , and Honda vehicles. JVC

264-687: A space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. It was a commercial success. In 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 (Compatible Discrete Four Channel) or Quadradisc , as it was called by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in the United States. In 1973, the JVC Cutting Center opened (in the USA) to provide mastering for CD-4 discs. The Mark II 1/2 speed system

330-528: A specialized demodulator to decode four fully independent sound channels. This allowed for full channel separation. Such systems could be prone to reduced record life. However, more durable vinyl formulations were quickly developed to work around this problem and nearly all discrete LPs use special vinyl. When discrete quadraphonic LPs are played on conventional stereo record players the entire music program can be heard in stereo. The third major format for four-channel vinyl LPs, known as CD-4 or Quadradisc ,

396-874: A strategic capital alliance with Kenwood and SPARKX Investment, resulting in Matsushita's holding being reduced to approximately 37%. In March 2008, Matsushita (Panasonic) agreed to spin off the company and merge it with Kenwood Electronics, creating JVCKenwood Holdings on October 1, 2008. In April 2008, JVC announced that it was closing its TV plants in East Kilbride ( Scotland ) and Japan. This left it with one plant in Thailand. It stated it would outsource European production to an OEM . JVC TVs for North America are now being manufactured by AmTRAN Video Corporation along with distribution, service, and warranty under license from JVCKenwood. In Europe, Currys plc , owner of Currys , has

462-417: A two-channel transmission medium (usually an LP record) before being decoded to four channels and presented to four speakers. To transmit four individual audio signals in a stereo-compatible manner, there must be four simultaneous linear equations to reproduce the original four audio signals at the output. These systems used matrix decoding technology to recover four channels from the two channels recorded on

528-535: A variety of technical issues and format incompatibilities. Four channel audio formats can be more expensive to produce than standard two-channel stereo. Playback requires additional speakers and amplifier channels. It may also require specially designed decoding equipment. The introduction of home cinema products in the 1990s were first intended for movie sound, but also brought multi-channel music reproduction into popularity again. By this time new digitally based formats had been created. Many four channel recordings from

594-445: A wholly owned subsidiary. On December 10, 2018, JVCKenwood acquired 40% ownership of Tait Communications . In 2020, JVCKenwood Launched its first virtual reality headset for entertainment experiences. In 2023, JVCKenwood streamlined its finance operations by automating processes on a unified Oracle Cloud platform . JVC JVC (short for Japan Victor Company ) was a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood . Founded in 1927 as

660-510: A ⋂ horseshoe topology. However, all these came too late in the game and were too expensive or difficult to procure for public purchase, to rescue matrix quad from obscurity. By the early 2000s more sophisticated "discrete" multichannel systems had mostly replaced matrix technologies, providing a higher level of performance and full channel independence. Today, software can be used to take the place of hardware decoding. Modern software algorithms are capable of more accurate decoding performance than

726-495: Is a well-known brand among English football fans due to the firm's sponsorship of Arsenal from 1981 to 1999, when Sega took over as Arsenal's sponsors. JVC's 18-year association with Arsenal is one of the longest club-sponsor associations with any professional club football. JVC also sponsored Scottish football club Aberdeen in the late-1980s and early-1990s as well as the FIFA World Cup from 1982 to 2002. JVC also sponsors

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792-399: Is different than for stereo versions of the same recording. Most studio equipment is designed for stereo only, so specialized multichannel mixing consoles and playback systems must be available. For classical music, producers have typically preferred an effect where the orchestra appears in stereo in only the front channels, and the natural reverberation or "echo" of the concert hall is in all

858-450: Is half of the full speed. The slower speed results in significantly poorer sound quality. RCA Records followed, in April 1970, with its announcement of a four-channel version of the 8-track tape , named Quad-8 or Quadraphonic 8-track tape (later shortened to just Q8 ). These eventually appeared in staggered releases (70 Tapes) split by October, November, and December 1970. The format

924-399: Is now called 4.0 surround sound – uses four audio channels in which speakers are positioned at the four corners of a listening space. The system allows for the reproduction of sound signals that are (wholly or in part) independent of one another. Four channel quadraphonic surround sound can be used to recreate the highly realistic effect of a three-dimensional live concert hall experience in

990-711: Is to say, the four channels produced at the final stage were not truly identical to those with which the process had begun. In order for the effect to work as intended a recording engineer needed to be specially trained for working in each of these formats. Special mixing rules for matrix recording minimize the technological limitations inherent in matrix formats and mask or eliminate undesired side effects. The first of these were basic systems with relatively poor performance developed by Electro-Voice ( EV-4/Stereo-4 ) and Dynaco ( Dynaquad (DY) ). A so-called matrix format, it utilized four sound channels which were "encoded" into two stereo album tracks. These were then "decoded" into

1056-553: The High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance , to help establish standards in consumer-electronics interoperability. In 2005, JVC announced their development of the first DVD-RW DL media (the dual-layer version of the rewritable DVD-RW format). In December 2006, Matsushita entered talks with Kenwood and Cerberus Capital Management to sell its stake in JVC. In 2007, Victor Company of Japan Ltd confirmed

1122-615: The Pioneer PX-7, it also carried a sophisticated hardware interface that handled video superimposition and various interactive video processing features. The JVC HC-95 was first sold in Japan, and then Europe , but sales were disappointing. JVC video recorders were marketed by the Ferguson Radio Corporation in the UK, with just cosmetic changes. However, Ferguson needed to find another supplier for its camcorders when JVC produced only

1188-712: The Radio Corporation of America (RCA), purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 and became RCA Victor in Japan, RCA also had acquired the use of Nipper and His Master's Voice logo, but for use in the Western Hemisphere . In 2011, JVC decided to phase out the "Victor" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for its premium audio products, recording studios Victor Studio, and record label JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment . Quadraphonic sound Quadraphonic (or quadrophonic and sometimes quadrasonic ) sound – equivalent to what

1254-509: The SQ system was greatly improved by the introduction of SQ Full Logic decoding in 1975 using the Motorola chips MC1312, MC1314 & MC1315. Both SQ and QS had significant support from major record companies and hardware manufacturers during the 1970s. They also achieved notable sales and market penetration. Unfortunately, due to the similarities in name and technology these could easily be confused by

1320-552: The VHS-C format, rather than video8 . Ferguson was later acquired by Thomson SA , which ended the relationship. JVC later invented hard drive camcorders. In October 2001, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences presented JVC an Emmy Award for "outstanding achievement in technological advancement" for "Pioneering Development of Consumer Camcorders". Annual sponsorships of the world-renowned JVC Tokyo Video Festival and

1386-726: The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as Victor Company of Japan, Ltd. ( 日本ビクター株式会社 , Nihon Bikutā kabushiki gaisha ) , the company was best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System ( VHS ) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under

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1452-685: The "Victor" name with the His Master's Voice logo. However, the company used the name JVC or Nivico in the past for export; this was due to differing ownership of the His Master's Voice logo and the ownership of the "Victor" name from successors of the Victor Talking Machine Company . In 2011, the Victor brand for electronics in Japan was replaced by the global JVC brand. However, the previous "Victor" name and logo are retained by JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment , and are used as JVCKenwood's luxury HiFi marque. JVC

1518-611: The "away" shirts of the Australian A-League club, Sydney FC , and Dutch race driver Christijan Albers . JVC has also been a sponsor of a massively multiplayer online game called Rise: The Vieneo Province since 2003. JVC is generally known within Japan by the Victor brand, preceded by the His Master's Voice (HMV) logo featuring the dog Nipper . Because of a conflict in trademarks between HMV, RCA, and Victor, HMV and RCA are not allowed to use Nipper in Japan. At one time,

1584-461: The 1970s have been reissued in modern surround sound systems such as Super Audio CD , DTS , Dolby Digital , DVD-Audio and Blu-ray . Multichannel home audio reproduction has experienced a revival since 2000 and new four channel recordings have also been released to the public since this time. A quadraphonic system will reproduce right front, right rear, left front, and left rear audio signals in four separate speakers. The reproduction capability of

1650-515: The 1970s this station broadcast a signal which could be tuned as two separate stations with conventional stereo receivers. San Francisco classical music station KKHI-FM broadcast the San Francisco Opera in "compatible" (that is, matrix-encoded) quadraphonic format during the 1970s, as did Chicago station WFMT 's live "Chicago Lyric Opera" broadcasts. KRMH -FM ("Good Karma Radio")(San Marcos/Austin, Texas) broadcast in "Quad Stereo" in

1716-439: The 1970s used "matrix" technologies to encode and decode four channels of audio information in a 2-channel medium, usually an LP. The poor decoding performance of early matrix formats was the main reason they disappeared once improved matrix systems arrived. The later matrix systems were based on work by Peter Scheiber . His basic formula used 90° phase-shift circuitry to enable enhanced 4–2–4 matrix systems to be developed, of which

1782-404: The 1970s, particularly among car audio enthusiasts. In the 1970s specialized hardware systems were marketed by major electronic manufacturers to the public for decoding 4-channel recordings. These decoders were often sold as separate electronic components. Decoders were also available as built in features of some audio receivers or amplifiers sold during the 1970s. Many quadraphonic recordings in

1848-717: The 3060, creating the world's first boombox with radio, cassette and TV. In 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300 , and was introduced by the president of JVC at the Okura Hotel in Tokyo on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara , Tokyo, Japan on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as

1914-631: The HR-3300U in the United States, and HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom. In the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US$ 1,060. Sony , which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the main competitor for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war . The Betamax cassette

1980-624: The JVC Jazz Festival have helped attract the attention of more customers. JVC has been a worldwide football (soccer) supporter since 1982, having a former kit sponsorship with Arsenal and continuing its role as an official partner of 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan. JVC made headlines as the first-ever corporate partner of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. JVC has recently forged corporate partnerships with ESPN Zone and Foxploration. In 2005, JVC joined HANA ,

2046-496: The United States. Such machines appeared in some European electronic-music studios by 1954. Early attempts to reproduce four channel sound for home playback began with audio laboratory engineers in the late 1960s. Producer Thomas Mowrey, initially working at the Eastman School of Music , was one of the pioneers of classical quadraphonic recording. He later made quadraphonic productions for Deutsche Grammophon and other labels in

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2112-449: The acquisition by RCA, JVC began producing radios , and in 1939, Japan's first locally-made television . In 1943, amidst the hostilities between the United States and Japan during World War II , JVC seceded from RCA Victor , retaining the 'Victor' and "His Master's Voice" trademarks for use in Japan only. After the war, JVC resumed distribution of RCA Victor recordings in Japan until RCA established its separate distribution in Japan during

2178-461: The audible range and uses the difference channels to separate rear audio information from the main channels. Because the CD-4 system maintains four independent signals throughout the process it can accurately reconstruct the intended four channel sound field. UD-4/UMX was developed by Nippon/Columbia ( Denon ). This is a hybrid discrete/matrix system. Only 35 to 40 items are encoded in this format and it

2244-595: The channels at a time. The last release in the quadraphonic 8-track format was in 1978, although most had stopped appearing by the end of 1976. There were some experiments done with radio broadcasts (e.g., a Cliff Richard concert by the BBC , whose earliest quadraphonic broadcast was in July 1974 ), but they were short-lived. One of the longest-lived radio broadcasts was WQSR -FM "Quad 102½" in Sarasota, Florida . Throughout most of

2310-516: The company used the Nivico name (for " Nippon Victor Company") overseas, before rebranding to JVC , which stands for Japan's Victor Company . Therefore, the Victor and JVC-Victor web sites looked quite different. Conversely, the HMV store chain exists in Japan (though no longer owned by HMV Group ), but it cannot use the His Master's Voice motto or logo; its logo is a stylized image of a gramophone only. After

2376-520: The earlier hardware technologies. All of the multichannel audio systems in common use today are digital systems. Digital multichannel audio has been available for the home since the introduction of surround sound movies in the 1990s using Dolby Digital and DTS. The most common digital media capable of reproducing surround sound music today are Super Audio CD, DVD, and Blu-ray, all of which are capable of playing high-resolution audio with multiple channels. The audio mixing process for four channel sound

2442-507: The early 1970s, but many of these were released only as stereo recordings. A small number of quadraphonic recordings were introduced to the American consumer market by Vanguard Records in June 1969 on reel-to-reel tape. The most popular medium used to market recordings to the public during the 1970s was the vinyl LP phonograph record . Quadraphonic recordings on 8-track tape were also popular in

2508-461: The format completely in 2002. One reason for the market penetration of VHS in the UK were the sales of blank tapes by JVC UK Ltd to major Hollywood studios. This launched the nascent home video rental market , which was hardly touched by Sony at the time. This ability to take movies home helped the sale of the VHS hardware immensely. Added to this JVC stated in a promotional tape presented by BBC TV legend Cliff Michelmore , that "You'll be able to buy

2574-401: The home. It can also be used to enhance the listener experience beyond the directional limitations of ordinary two channel stereo sound. Quadraphonic audio was the earliest consumer product in surround sound. Since it was introduced to the public in the early 1970s many thousands of quadraphonic recordings have been made. Quadraphonic sound was a commercial failure when first introduced due to

2640-594: The late 1960s. Today, the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment . In 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation . Panasonic released its ownership in 2007. In the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico (Nippon Victor Corporation) brand for Delmonico's line of console televisions and stereos. In 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere , a portable cathode-ray tube (CRT) television inside

2706-436: The listener. Quadraphonic audio reproduction on vinyl phonograph records was problematic. As technologies advanced rapidly during the 1970s several different solutions were proposed to reproduce four channel sound from LPs. Some of these systems were much more successful than others. The simplest systems were "derived" (2–2–4) formats. These were soon followed by much more sophisticated "matrix" (4–2–4) formats, and finally, by

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2772-410: The main channels. The difference signals are encoded in ultrasonic carrier frequencies in the range of 30 kHz, which is above the audible range. CD-4 requires a specialized phono cartridge with a "Shibata" stylus to read these additional high frequencies. The combined signals are then sent to a special demodulator for four channel decoding. The demodulator converts the ultrasonic signals back into

2838-445: The most advanced "discrete" (4–4–4) formats. Derived (2–2–4) formats are simple and inexpensive electronic solutions that add or extract rear "ambience" or "reverberation" sound channels from stereo records i.e., studio reverb, audience applause, etc. There is no precise placement of individual instruments in the rear channels. With matrix formats four channels are converted (encoded) down to two channels. These are then passed through

2904-401: The original four sound channels. But with poor decode performance, these systems failed to match the accuracy or channel independence of later matrix formats. The original systems (DY and EV-4) suffered from low front left-right separation (around 12 dB) and a poor rear left-right separation of 2 dB. The decoders were designed more to give an effect rather than accurate decoding, which

2970-558: The original four sound channels. The QS system debuted in the United States in March 1971 and was improved by their Vario-Matrix system in 1973. The second, SQ , was developed and marketed by Columbia Records and Sony and entered the US market in April 1971. The SQ format was also used by companies such as EMI in Great Britain, who pressed several SQ album releases. The sound separation of

3036-495: The products successful, and a few years later stopped making them. In Japan, JVC marketed the products under the name "Victor". In 1986, JVC released the HC-95, a personal computer with a 3.58 MHz Zilog Z80A processor, 64 KB RAM, running on MSX Basic 2.0. It included two 3.5" floppy disk drives and conformed to the graphics specification of the MSX-2 standard. However, like

3102-415: The public. Discrete reproduction describes a quadraphonic system in which all four channels are fully independent of each other. As its name suggests, with discrete formats the original four audio channels are passed through a four-channel transmission medium and presented to a four-channel reproduction system and fed to four speakers. This is defined as a 4–4–4 system. Discrete phonograph systems use

3168-516: The rear channels that are of equal importance to the front channels. It can expand on the listener's sense of direction and spaciousness in a way similar to what happened when recording engineers introduced stereo recording. In some four channel recordings sounds move in full rotation around the listener. Mixing engineers can also aim for a hybrid effect between styles. While quadraphonic effects have sometimes been considered artificial, musical enjoyment can be dramatically enhanced by more fully involving

3234-450: The rear speakers should be of the same quality or almost the same quality as the front speakers; ideally, a quadraphonic system uses four identical speakers. The first machines used for 4-channel sound recording were analog reel-to-reel tape recorders. These were developed for use by audio engineers in professional studios during the 1950s in Germany by Telefunken and also by Ampex in

3300-411: The record. Matrix systems can have a significant level of channel independence but not full channel separation. Matrix quadraphonic recordings can be played in two channels on conventional stereo record players. There are varying levels of stereo and mono compatibility in these systems. The term compatible indicates that: This 4:2:4 process could not be accomplished without some information loss. That

3366-456: The sort of films the BBC and ITV will never show you, for whatever reason". The adult movie industry adopted VHS as their common format and with a certain level of software availability, hardware sales grew. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc (CED), but the discs were grooveless with

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3432-513: The speakers. Some live concert recordings of popular music have also been mixed this way. Classical recordings rarely place primary or solo instruments in the rear channels, though it is done occasionally. A few classical recordings have been made from a perspective in which the listener seems to be seated in the middle of the orchestra. One example is the 1973 Columbia Masterworks recording of Béla Bartók 's Concerto for Orchestra , conducted by Pierre Boulez . The original four channel recording

3498-484: The stylus being guided by servo signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable , but JVC used caddy-housed discs when the system was marketed. Development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market. In 1981, JVC introduced

3564-407: The tape running in the same direction. Pre-recorded four channel reel-to-reel tapes were recorded at 7 1 ⁄ 2 inches per second (IPS), which is the fastest speed used for consumer grade reel-to-reel machines. By comparison stereo pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes have 2 different programs with each running the opposite direction. Many stereo tapes were recorded at only 3 3 ⁄ 4 IPS, which

3630-413: The two main leaders were Columbia 's SQ and Sansui 's QS systems. The three most popular quadraphonic LP formats in the 1970s were SQ (Stereo Quadraphonic) , QS (Regular Matrix) and CD-4 (Compatible Discrete 4) / Quadradisc . The Japanese governing body and audio hardware manufacturers defined standards for quadraphonic sound. RM ( Regular Matrix ) was used a synonym for QS, QM ( Quadraphonic Matrix

3696-485: Was almost identical in appearance to stereo 8-tracks, except for a small sensing notch in the upper left corner of the cartridge. This signaled a quadraphonic 8-track player to combine the odd tracks as audio channels for program 1, and the even tracks as channels for program 2. The format was not backward-compatible with stereo or mono players; although quadraphonic players would play stereo 8-tracks, playing quadraphonic tapes on stereo players resulted in hearing only one-half

3762-637: Was devised by the Japanese JVC Corporation along with its US counterpart RCA Records . This quadraphonic format was first marketed in the United States in May 1972. A fully discrete system, it eschewed matrix technologies in favor of a method similar to the encoding of stereo FM broadcasts. With stereo records, the system uses 2 main left and right audio channels, and this is what allows CD-4 to maintain compatibility with conventional stereo playback. CD-4 also adds 2 additional "difference" audio channels to

3828-411: Was founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited, a subsidiary of the United States' leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, New Jersey . In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased Victor and its foreign subsidiaries, including the Japan operations. In the late 1920s, JVC produced only phonographs and records; following

3894-458: Was intended by the producer or recording engineer. Improved systems based on Peter Scheiber 's work on utilizing 90-degree phase-shift circuitry came later, namely the QS and SQ systems. The first of these, known as QS , was developed by Sansui Electric . A so-called matrix format, it utilized four sound channels, which were "encoded" into two stereo album tracks. These were then "decoded" into

3960-454: Was mainly due to limitations in both systems. Since both systems were very closely related mathematically, users only needed one decoder of either system to playback albums of both systems. The differences between the early and late matrix systems were so vast, it made decoding DY/EV-4 with either SQ or QS decoders with accuracy impossible; the results often being a "smeared" or poorly defined sound stage, which could be vastly different from what

4026-764: Was marketed only in the UK, Europe, and Japan. The short-lived system suffered from incompatibility with regular stereo playback due to phase differences between the left and right channels. UD-4 was less critical in its setup than CD-4 because the carriers did not have to handle frequencies as high as those found in the CD-4 system. Quadraphonic systems based on tape were also introduced, based on new equipment capable of playing four discrete channels. These recordings are all discrete 4–4–4 recordings released in reel-to-reel and 8-track cartridge formats. Specially designed four channel machines were required to play these recordings. They are not compatible with stereo players. In these systems all four available tracks were recorded on

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4092-486: Was released on matrix LP and 8-track tape, and reissued on the Super Audio CD format by Dutton Vocalion in 2018. Notes supplied with the recording indicate the direction from which each group of instruments can be heard. Pop, rock and jazz music producers have tended to employ a mixing style with a relatively high degree of musical separation between the four channels. This type of recording may place musical sounds in

4158-428: Was renamed to JVCKenwood Corporation and an absorption-type merger was finalized for the JVC and Kenwood subsidiaries, which occurred two months later. The absorption merger ended the separated operation of two companies. On March 25, 2014, JVCKenwood acquired 100% ownership of EF Johnson Technologies , in order to "increase its P25 North American public safety and professional LMR system market share". EF Johnson became

4224-488: Was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988. However, Sony stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market in 1993; they stopped production of

4290-688: Was used for Stereo-4 and Dynaquad ) and QX ( QuadXtra , based on D.H. Cooper "Dual-Triphonic") for UD4 . With Scheiber and Martin Willcocks, Jim Fosgate developed the Tate II 101 SQ decoder, which produced a very accurate sound field by using gain riding and the Haas effect to mask decoding artifacts. It used custom, hand-assembled and ‑calibrated circuitry with components sorted to 1%, for exact performance. Sansui's QSD-series decoders and QRX-series receivers were very good, even synthesizing left-right stereo into

4356-468: Was used until mid-1975 when it was replaced with the Mark III 1/2 speed system. In 1978, Mobile Fidelity began using the JVC Cutting Center to 1/2 speed master Stereo/Mono discs. In 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3-inch (7.6 cm) black-and-white CRT. One year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette recorder, as

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