75-560: JSS may refer to: Military [ edit ] Joint Security Stations, components of 2007's Operation Imposing Law in Iraq Joint support ship , a multi-role naval vessel Joint Surveillance System , a USAF and FAA system for the atmospheric air defense of North America Protecteur -class auxiliary vessel (previously the Joint Support Ship Project), naval auxiliaries for
150-541: A 16 February 2007, press conference, United States Major General Joseph Fil described the operational design of the Baghdad Security Plan as follows: "This new plan involves three basic parts: clear, control and retain . The first objective within each of the security districts in the Iraqi capital is to clear out extremist elements neighborhood by neighborhood in an effort to protect the population. And after an area
225-632: A Japanese international school in China Jurong Secondary School , a government secondary school in Taman Jurong, Singapore Other [ edit ] Jet Stream International ( airline code : JSS), a Pakistani airline Journal of the Siam Society , a scholarly journal published by the Siam Society in Bangkok "JSS" ( The Walking Dead ) , the second episode of the sixth season of
300-527: A common cause against the Shiite-dominated government in Baghdad and the U.S. occupation. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found the next day, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack the U.S. military calculated that
375-603: A criticism of the President's Address to the Nation by George W. Bush's on 10 January 2007. Edward Wong on 26 November 2006 paraphrased a report from a group of American professors at Stanford University that the insurgency in Iraq amounted to the classic definition of a civil war . An unclassified summary of the 90-page January 2007 National Intelligence Estimate , titled Prospects for Iraq's Stability: A Challenging Road Ahead , states
450-561: A dozen in a Shiite neighborhood and a bomb detonated near the Green Zone killing two and wounded a dozen civilians. On 25 February, the Iraqi military announced that during heavy fighting in Baghdad, 13 Iraqi soldiers, including one officer, and 11 militants were killed and 219 militants were captured. The next day a bomb under a podium where the Sunni Iraqi Vice President was making a speech exploded. The bombing happened in
525-453: A heavy rocket barrage hit the fortified Green Zone killing four Filipino contractors working for the U.S. government. This happened after three straight days of rocket and mortar attacks on the Green Zone. Also, on the same day, Colonel B.D.Farris, commander of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, was wounded by small arms fire and taken out of action while conducting a survey of
600-526: A holy site in Twelver Shi'ism . US President George W. Bush and Iraqi officials accused Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) of orchestrating the bombing. AQI publicly denied any links. The incident set off a wave of attacks on Sunni civilians by Shia militants, followed by attacks on Shia civilians by Sunni militants. The UN Secretary General stated in September 2006 that if patterns of discord and violence continued,
675-508: A mosque suicide bombing. It was thought to be an inside job, like the attempt on the Vice President the previous month. On 24 March, a massive suicide truck bombing completely destroyed a police station killing 33 police officers and wounding 44 others, including 20 policemen, in the Sunni insurgent stronghold of Doura. Heavy fighting continued the next day in the city with another 12 members of
750-428: A political solution was necessary in addition to the enhanced security operation in Iraq, and that the process of establishing peace would take months. On 15 March, the Iraqi military said that since the start of the operation 265 civilians were killed in Baghdad in comparison to 1,440 the month before the start of the operation. Also they stated that there was significant reduction in assassinations and kidnappings, and
825-509: A routine search operation. Apache attack helicopters were called in but most of them had to return to base because the anti-aircraft fire they received was too heavy. In the daylong battle that ensued 4 Iraqi Army soldiers, 14 insurgents and one child were killed, 16 American soldiers were wounded, including one Apache pilot, and three Apache and one Black Hawk helicopter were damaged enough that they had to return to base in mid-battle. Two days later an insurgent suicide truck bomb attack destroyed
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#1732855784507900-405: A target by Al Qaeda Sunnis because of conflicting theological ideas. Some Iraqi service members deserted the military or the police and others refused to serve in hostile areas. For example, some members of one sect refused to serve in neighborhoods dominated by other sects. The ethnic Kurdish soldiers from northern Iraq, who were mostly Sunnis but not Arabs, were also reported to be deserting
975-401: Is cleared, we’re moving to what we call the control operation. Together with our Iraqi counterparts, we’ll maintain a full-time presence on the streets, and we’ll do this by building and maintaining joint security stations throughout the city. This effort to re-establish the joint security stations is well under way. The number of stations in each district will be determined by the commanders on
1050-532: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Operation Imposing Law#Joint Security Stations Invasion (2003) Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006) Civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2008–2011) Operation Imposing Law , also known as Operation Law and Order ( Arabic : عملية القانون والنظام , romanized : amaliat al-qaanoon wa an-nazaam ), Operation Fardh al-Qanoon ( Arabic : فرض القانون ) or Baghdad Security Plan (BSP),
1125-423: Is in despair. Life in many of the urban areas is now desperate. A handful of foreign fighter (500+)—and a couple thousand Al Qaeda operatives incite open factional struggle through suicide bombings which target Shia holy places and innocent civilians. ... The police force is feared as a Shia militia in uniform which is responsible for thousands of extra-judicial killings. Events: General: Films to preserve
1200-585: Is the main permissive cause of civil war. A poll of over 5,000 Iraqi nationals found that 27% of polled Iraqi residents agreed that Iraq was in a civil war, while 61% thought Iraq was not. Two similar polls of Americans conducted in 2006 found that between 65% and 85% believed Iraq was in a civil war. In the United States, the term has been politicized. Deputy leader of the United States Senate , Dick Durbin , referred to "this civil war in Iraq" in
1275-654: The 23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings killed at least 215 people and injured hundreds more in the Sadr City district of Baghdad, sparking reprisal attacks, and the 3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing killed at least 135 and injured more than 300. The co-ordinated 2 March 2004 Iraq Ashura bombings (including car bombs , suicide bombers and mortar , grenade and rocket attacks) killed at least 178 people and injured at least 500. Since August 2003, suicide car bombs were increasingly used as weapons by Sunni militants, primarily al-Qaeda extremists. The car bombs, known in
1350-541: The Doura district in the south, where car-bombs were set off in their advance. In two incidents, car-bombs blew up as U.S. and Iraqi patrols passed and there were at least four civilian casualties. The operation began with very little resistance, and was hailed by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki as a "brilliant success." There was a steep decline in violence during the first few days, but American generals were more cautious about making judgments on its success early on, stating that
1425-547: The Mansour district while Adil Abdul-Mahdi was talking to municipal officials. The bomb missed him by a minute as he had just finished the speech and left the podium. The explosion left Abdul-Mahdi injured and at least ten people dead. On 3 March, insurgents captured Iraqi Lieutenant General Thamer Sultan. Sultan was working as an adviser to the Iraqi Defence Minister, and he himself was considered to take up that post in
1500-637: The Sunni Awakening and the U.S. troop surge , violence declined dramatically. However, an insurgency by ISI continued to plague Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal in late 2011. In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor to Islamic State of Iraq, launched a major military offensive against the Iraq government and declared a self-proclaimed worldwide Islamic caliphate . This led to another full-scale war from 2013 to 2017, in which
1575-482: The 2006–07 period of sectarian violence. On 22 February 2006, a highly provocative explosion took place at the al-Askari Mosque in the Iraqi city of Samarra , one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda in Iraq . With the explicit strategic goal of triggering a "sectarian war", Al-Zarqawi hoped that through such a sectarian conflict he could rally Iraq's Sunnis behind
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#17328557845071650-483: The Army and police forces in the whole country. However, over 1,000 suspected insurgents were captured and many weapons caches were discovered. The government stated that tens of thousands of Iraqis were returning to Baghdad and their old neighborhoods because the security situation had improved and the rate of families leaving the city also dropped from 350 to 25 families per day. But according to an article published by Newsweek,
1725-521: The Iraqi Security Forces and Provincial Police. In some cases, Combat Outposts (COP) were enlarged to become JSS. On 12 April 2007, MG William Caldwell IV announced that fifty-four of the 75 outposts and stations were operating in the capital, and the number could rise to 102. JSS were set up in the following neighborhoods: On the second day of the operation U.S. and Iraqi forces pushed deeper into Sunni militant strongholds in Baghdad, mainly
1800-711: The Iraqi security forces and 125 coalition soldiers, all American except three, were killed in heavy fighting throughout the country. Iraqi civil war (2006%E2%80%932008) Short-term Iraqi government and allied victory [REDACTED] Mahdi Army [REDACTED] Al-Qaeda and allies : [REDACTED] Mujahideen Shura Council (until October 2006) [REDACTED] Ansar al-Sunna [REDACTED] Islamic Army in Iraq Sunni tribes Other Sunni insurgent groups Invasion (2003) Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006) Civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2008–2011) The Iraqi civil war
1875-414: The Iraqi security forces killed and 26 more wounded, 6 insurgents were killed. On 24 March, also, heavy mortar and rocket attacks opened up on the heavily fortified Green Zone. These attacks were some of the most sustained attacks on the Green Zone during the war. By 29 March, one American soldier and one American contractor were killed in the shelling and another 15 people were wounded, some seriously. By
1950-472: The Iraqi state was in danger of breaking up. On 10 January 2007, Bush said that "80% of Iraq's sectarian violence occurs within 30 miles (48 km) of the capital. This violence is splitting Baghdad into sectarian enclaves, and shakes the confidence of all Iraqis." By late 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate described the conflict as having elements of a civil war . In 2008, during
2025-668: The Mahdi Army and held three ministries, quit the government on orders from al-Sadr, in response to growing insecurity in Baghdad and the refusal of al-Maliki's government to set a timetable for the American military withdrawal. The Maliki government said that this will not bring down the government and new replacements would be appointed who would work to unify the Iraqi people. On 18 April, five massive car bombs , including two suicide bombers, exploded in mostly Shiite neighborhoods of Baghdad killing 198 people and wounding 251 others. The deadliest
2100-477: The Pentagon issued an order that an extra 2,200 military police be sent to Baghdad because of the growing number of captured insurgents. The same day a suicide bomber attacked a police checkpoint in southern Baghdad killing 12 police commandos and 10 civilians. On 8 March, General David Petraeus stated that: "There is no military solution to a problem like that in Iraq, to the insurgency of Iraq." He went on to say that
2175-646: The Royal Canadian Navy Organizations and corporations [ edit ] Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy , a political party in the Indian state of Kerala Japan Statistical Society , a learned society in Japan Jönköpings SS , a Swedish swimming club Joyson Safety Systems , an American automotive safety systems company Schools [ edit ] James Striar School of General Jewish Studies Japanese School of Suzhou ,
2250-451: The U.S. invasion and the fall of Hussein, thousands of Sunnis were left without jobs, leading them to join the insurgency. Control of oil was also a factor, thanks to non-existent legislation on the dispersal of oil revenues. The use of the term "civil war" has been controversial, with a number of commentators preferring the term "civil conflict". A weak state, defined as lacking legitimacy, capacity and effective and functional institutions,
2325-495: The UN said that despite the initial drop in violence civilian deaths and violence in Baghdad had not dropped. By the end of April more than 300 members of the Iraqi security forces, around 100 U.S. soldiers and around a dozen British servicemen were reported to have been killed in the whole country during that month. On 2 May 2007 another U.S. military brigade with around 3,700 soldiers arrived in Baghdad as reinforcements. On 3 May 2007
JSS - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-445: The army to avoid the civil strife in Baghdad. The deserting soldiers left behind weapons, uniforms and warehouses full of heavy weaponry. Before the fall of Mosul, the ISF was losing 300 soldiers a day to desertions and deaths. For more information on events in a specific year, see the associated timeline page. Each theory summarizes and illuminates a certain set of causes that triggered
2475-559: The average homicide rate in Baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. Dozens of Iraqi mosques were afterwards attacked or taken over by the sectarian forces. For example, a Sunni mosque was burnt in the southern Iraqi town of Haswa on 25 March 2007, in revenge for the destruction of a Shi'a mosque in the town the previous day. In several cases, Christian churches were also attacked by the extremists. Later, another al-Askari bombing took place in June 2007. Iraq's Christian minority also became
2550-636: The barrier being built around a Sunni neighborhood on 1 May. From 1 May 2007 to 11 May 2007 a total of 234 bodies were dumped around Baghdad, up 70.8 percent from the 137 bodies dumped around the capital during the first 11 days of April. It clearly showed that the Mahdi Army and the Shia death squads were back in action after the self-imposed ceasefire they went into with the start of the operation back in February. On 18 May 2007 U.S. forces were involved in clashes in northern Baghdad in which they killed Azhar al-Dulaimi,
2625-418: The blast. As the offensive entered its second month, on 12 April reports indicated that 1,586 civilians were killed in Baghdad since the start of the offensive which represented a sharp drop from the 2,871 civilians who died violently in the capital during the two months that preceded the security crackdown. However, various reports over the next twelve days indicated another rise in sectarian killings, beside
2700-422: The coming months. Sultan, a Sunni, was a general during Saddam's era. He was rescued the next day when Iraqi agents stormed a house in western Baghdad where he was being held and four of his captors were arrested. On 4 March, U.S. and Iraqi forces entered Sadr City , the primary stronghold of the Mahdi Army. On 5 March, a suicide bomber killed 38 and wounded 105 civilians at a Baghdad book market. On 7 March,
2775-473: The daily car bombings that have been taking a heavy toll on civilians since the start of the operation, with more than 540 civilians being killed in Baghdad. Deaths outside of Baghdad increased as militants were flushed out of the city, with 1,504 civilians deaths reported compared with 1,009 deaths during the two months preceding the operation. Overall, the total reported civilian dead in Iraq decreased by about 20%. On 16 April, cabinet members, who belonged to
2850-494: The deadliest day since The Associated Press began recording daily nationwide deaths in May 2005. The Department of Defense said the following, "It's been a very bad day in Iraq, obviously, with the number of casualties that have taken place. ... But we've always said that there are going to be good days and bad days ahead. With respect to casualties, this had been a very bad day," according to their spokesman, Bryan Whitman . On 25 April,
2925-888: The end of 2008, where the civil war had ended, there was evidence of a decrease in civilian casualties, and likewise in ethno-sectarian casualties. The commanding general of the Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I) , Raymond Odierno, testified before the House Armed Services Committee in September 2009 that overall attacks had decreased 85% in the last two years from 4064 in August 2007 to 594 in August. 2009: with 563 attacks in September (through September 28). Bomb attacks aimed at civilians usually targeted crowded places such as marketplaces and mosques in Shi'a cities and districts. The bombings, which were sometimes co-ordinated, often inflicted extreme casualties. For example,
3000-457: The end of March, despite claims by the Iraqi government that the situation was improving in Baghdad and the rest of the country as a result of the operation, Sunni insurgents continued to inflict massive casualties on Iraqi security forces and civilians, as well as U.S. forces with a constant rate of three soldiers dying per day for the past six months. During the month of March, more than 2,400 civilians were killed as well as more than 300 members of
3075-446: The execution were distributed for propaganda purposes. The bodies were usually dumped on a roadside or in other places, several at a time. There were also several relatively large-scale massacres , like the Hay al Jihad massacre in which some 40 Sunnis were killed in a response to the car bombing which killed a dozen Shi'a. The death squads were often disgruntled Shi'a, including members of
JSS - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-480: The first days of the operation and another three are besieged by insurgents. On 21 March the Washington Post reported on the precarious conditions of many of the new outposts. The subsequent day several artillery rounds were fired into Al Malaki's office nearly striking the prime minister and the U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon . On 23 March, the deputy prime minister Salam al-Zubaie was seriously injured in
3225-466: The first nine days of April, 22 American soldiers were killed in fighting in and around Baghdad alone. In the whole country 43 American and 6 British soldiers were killed in the first nine days of April at a rate of around 5 soldiers per day. 10 April saw some of the most intense street fighting of the operation when U.S. and Iraqi troops encountered heavily armed Iraqi insurgents in the Fadhil district during
3300-448: The following regarding the use of the term "civil war": Retired United States Army General Barry McCaffrey issued a report on 26 March 2007, after a trip and analysis of the situation in Iraq. The report labeled the situation a "low-grade civil war". In page 3 of the report, he writes that: Iraq is ripped by a low-grade civil war which has worsened to catastrophic levels with as many as 3000 citizens murdered per month. The population
3375-580: The government declared victory. In October 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Iraqi government estimated that more than 370,000 Iraqis had been displaced since 2006, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1.6 million. By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate to about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number estimated abroad
3450-479: The ground who control that area. An area moves into the retain phase when the Iraqi security forces are fully responsible for the day-to-day security mission. At this point, coalition forces begin to move out of the neighborhood and into locations where they can respond to requests for assistance as needed. During these three phrases, efforts will be ongoing to stimulate local economies by creating employment opportunities, initiating reconstruction projects and improving
3525-441: The high level of violence in Iraq despite a drop in the overall death toll in Baghdad during the U.S.-Iraqi security sweep that had entered its eighth week. The month of April saw more intense fighting between U.S. forces and insurgents in and around Baghdad. The rebel cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called on his Mahdi Army to stop attacking the Iraqi security forces and redouble their efforts to attack American and other foreign forces. In
3600-497: The infrastructure. These efforts will be spearheaded by neighborhood advisory councils, district advisory councils and the government of Iraq." The nine Baghdad security districts corresponded to Baghdad administrative districts and were named as follows: Adhamiyah , Karkh , Karadah (Kharadah), Kadhimyah , Mansour , Sadr City (Thawr), Al Rashid , Rusafa and Tisa Nissan (9 Nissan). The Joint Security Sites (JSS, also known as Joint Security Stations) were occupied by both
3675-522: The main bridge in north Baghdad's Waziriyah district . The bridge spanning over the Tigris River had been the primary transit point for United States vehicles operating in north Baghdad. On the same day insurgents managed to penetrate the extensive security and fortifications of U.S.-protected Green Zone and detonate a suicide bomb in the Iraqi parliament. The resulting blast killed one member of parliament, with seven more lawmakers being seriously wounded by
3750-605: The mastermind behind the Karbala raid in which five U.S. soldiers were killed by Iraqi insurgent commandos, four of which were first captured and then later executed. By the end of May, 155 civilians were reported killed in the country during the whole month, 30 percent more than in April, around the same number as in March and an increase against 1,911 killed in January. Also more than 335 members of
3825-448: The military as vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), emerged as one of the militants' most effective weapons, directed not only against civilian targets but also against Iraqi police stations and recruiting centers. These vehicle IEDs were often driven by the extremists from foreign Muslim countries with a history of militancy , such as Saudi Arabia, Algeria , Egypt , and Pakistan . Multiple suicide bombings had roughly
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#17328557845073900-408: The mortar attacks were down by 50 percent but roadside and car bombings remain at a high level. The Iraqi military said that "the statistics are key indications that the security crackdown is bearing fruit". By 17 March a total of 15 joint US-Iraqi security stations were set up in Baghdad. Another 15 were planned to be built. Of the 15 that were built one was almost destroyed in an insurgent attack in
3975-522: The plan was a critical period for the U.S. presence in Iraq. In mid-October 2006, al-Qaeda announced the creation of Islamic state of Iraq (ISI), replacing the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) and its al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). On 10 February 2007, General David Petraeus replaced General Casey as the commander of Multi National Force-Iraq and Admiral William Fallon replaced General Abizaid as CENTCOM Commander on 16 March 2007. The operation
4050-478: The post-apocalyptic horror television series Junior Solar Sprint , a competitive program for 5th-to-8th-grade students to create a small solar-powered vehicle Network Security Services for Java (JSS), a component of the Network Security Services collection of cryptographic computer libraries See also [ edit ] JS (disambiguation) JS2 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
4125-521: The pro-Iranian Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, was accused of being behind the killings. Iraq Body Count project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals. Such killings occurred much more frequently during
4200-423: The reinforcements were in place at this time. The U.S. command had stated that killings from death squads were going down notwithstanding the continued bombings. By the end of March, a total of 2,762 Iraqi civilians and policemen were killed, a small 3.6% decrease on the monthly death toll from before the crackdown, when 2,864 were killed. U.S. military spokesman Maj. Gen. William Caldwell expressed disappointment at
4275-410: The results will be seen over the course of months. On 17 February, Iraqi Army spokesman Qasim al-Musawi announced that attacks and killings in Baghdad had already declined by 80%. He also added that the Baghdad morgue usually received 40-50 bodies per day but had received only 20 in the past 48 hours. On 18 February, car bombings in a crowded market killed 63, which was the first major bombing since
4350-565: The same day the Prime Minister gave the statement, insurgents stormed a checkpoint near Baghdad International Airport , killing eight policemen. Also, two suicide bombers struck in Baghdad, one in the southern part killing one person and another outside the SCIRI compound killing three. The next day a female bomber killed at least 41 and wounded 50 at Baghdad's Mustansiriyah University , while several Katyusha rockets simultaneously killed at least
4425-441: The same target distribution as single blasts: about three-quarters of single and multiple blasts were sent against Iraqi targets. Death squad -style killings in Iraq took place in a variety of ways. Kidnapping , followed by often extreme torture (such as drilling holes in people's feet with drills ) and execution-style killings , sometimes public (in some cases, beheadings ), emerged as another tactic. In some cases, tapes of
4500-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title JSS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSS&oldid=1243130213 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4575-446: The sectarian civil war in Iraq since 2006. Iraq was already a weak state before the invasion in 2003, with multiple economic sanctions that affected the capacity of the Iraqi state. The Hussein regime lacked legitimacy as the people did not perceive it as a legitimate ruler at the time of the U.S. invasion. The key factor evidencing the lack of Iraqi state capacity is the inability to provide security for its inhabitants. The failure of
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#17328557845074650-514: The security forces, who killed Sunnis in revenge attacks they blamed the insurgency against the Shi'a-dominated government. Allegations of the existence of the death squads, made up of Shiites, and their role in executions of Sunnis, began to be promulgated when Bayan Jabr took over the Interior Ministry, although there was no exact proof. On top of that the Badr Brigade, a military wing of
4725-549: The security plan went in place. The insurgent counterattack continued the next day as bombs continued to go off in Baghdad and a U.S. post was destroyed by a bombing which killed two troops and wounded 29. On 24 February, the Iraqi Prime Minister stated that 400 militants were killed in the operation which was contradictory to the statement given two days before by a senior Iraqi Brigadier, General Qassim Atta al-Mussawi, who said 42 militants were killed and 246 captured. On
4800-451: The situation on the ground was different: only a handful of Iraqi families had returned to their homes, and most of them had only done so because of payments from the Iraqi government. According to the Newsweek article, the government offered a bounty of 250,000 dinars to each family that returned to its home, and they also paid a small benefit to families who were displaced. Only about 40% of
4875-471: The state was a morisco to trigger the civil war, after the invasion by the US government lawlessness was present which triggered a security vacuum. The sectarian security dilemma was triggered by the security vacuum of the collapse of the state and the subsequent period of violence after the al-Askari mosque bombing. Economic and political problems undermined the Iraqi state, stemming from previous wars in which Iraq
4950-540: The toppling of Saddam Hussein, such as the Badr Organization . Others were created since the state collapse, the largest and most uniform of which was the Mahdi Army established by Muqtada al-Sadr and believed to have around 50,000 fighters. Attacks on non-military and civilian targets began in August 2003 as an attempt to sow chaos and sectarian discord. Iraqi casualties increased over the next several years. By
5025-523: Was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections ) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million. The Red Cross stated in 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation was among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources. According to the Failed States Index , produced by Foreign Policy and the Fund for Peace , Iraq
5100-588: Was a joint Coalition - Iraqi security plan conducted throughout Baghdad . Under the Surge plan developed in late 2006 , Baghdad was to be divided into nine zones, with Iraqi and American soldiers working side by side to clear each sector of Shiite militias and Sunni insurgents and establish Joint Security Stations so that reconstruction programs could begin in safety. The U.S. military commander in Iraq, David Petraeus , went so far as to say Iraq would be "doomed" if this plan failed. Numerous members of Congress stated
5175-456: Was an armed conflict from 2006 to 2008 between various sectarian Shia and Sunni armed groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Mahdi Army , in addition to the Iraqi government alongside American-led coalition forces . In February 2006, the insurgency against the coalition and government escalated into a sectarian civil war after the bombing of Al-Askari Shrine , considered
5250-492: Was billed as a major neighborhood-to-neighborhood sweep to quell sectarian violence in the city of 6 million. In conducting the Baghdad Security Plan (BSP) (Fardh al-Qanoon in Arabic), coalition forces "erected security walls around public gathering spots like markets, rounded up weapons caches, and detained suspected Sunni insurgents and Shiite death squads" and set up "'joint security sites' and even smaller 'combat outposts'." In
5325-545: Was in the mainly Shiite Sadriyah neighborhood in an attack on a market, which had already been hit by car bombs in previous attacks, where 140 people were killed and 148 were wounded. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the arrest of the Iraqi army colonel who was in charge of security in the area around the Sadriyah market . On the national level the Associated Press reported nearly 240 confirmed civilian fatalities making it
5400-453: Was involved. The sectarian basis of Hussein's regime delimited the conflict that was taking place between Sunnis, Shiites and Kurds, which meant that poor leadership had incurred in triggering the civil war. The economy is a key factor in understanding the development of the sectarian conflict that occurred. The Sunnis, compared to other ethnic groups, had more purchasing power due to higher job preferences and wages during Hussein's rule. With
5475-560: Was led by Iraqi General Abboud Qanbar , a veteran of the Iran-Iraq and Gulf wars. General Qanbar was a compromise choice because General Mohan al-Furayji , the first choice of the Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki , to head the operation, was rejected by the U.S. Army. On the first day of the operation new checkpoints were erected and increased vehicle inspections and foot patrols were reported in some neighborhoods. The operation
5550-475: Was one of the world's top 5 unstable states from 2005 to 2008. A multitude of groups formed the Iraqi insurgency, which arose in a piecemeal fashion as a reaction to local events, notably the realisation of the U.S. military's inability to control Iraq. Beginning in 2005 the insurgent forces coalesced around several main factions, including the Islamic Army in Iraq and Ansar al-Sunna . Religious justification
5625-721: Was used to support the political actions of these groups, as well as a marked adherence to Salafism , branding those against the jihad as non-believers. This approach played a role in the rise of sectarian violence. The U.S. military also believed that between 5 and 10% of insurgent forces were non-Iraqi Arabs. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) and groups associated with it steadily became a brutal and wasteful foreign occupation force, engaging Yemeni, Saudi, Moroccan, Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese foreign fighters. Independent Shi'a militias identified themselves around sectarian ideology and possessed various levels of influence and power. Some militias were founded in exile and returned to Iraq only after
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