Itatín ( Portuguese : Itatim ) was a 17th century region, corresponding to the western half of the 21st century Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul . The indigenous people ( Indians or Indios ) inhabiting the region gave their name to Itatín. The Itatínes were related to the Guaraní who lived to their south in Paraguay . In 1631, the Jesuit Order of the Roman Catholic church began founding missions in Itatín but the missions failed in 1648 because of slave raids by the Bandeirantes of Brazil and revolts against the Jesuits. Considered part of colonial Paraguay, Itatín was ceded to Brazil in 1750 by the Treaty of Madrid . The name has fallen out of use.
34-581: The Itatín region is roughly 300 km (190 miles) from north to south and the same distance from east to west. It is bordered by the Paraguay River on the west, the Maracaju Mountains on the east, the vast Pantanal wetland to the north, and the Apa River on the south. The climate is tropical and the vegetation ranges from tropical rain forest to savannah grassland. The Itatín was important for
68-405: A Jesuit priest named Jacobo Ransonnier journeyed to Itatín where a small Spanish settlement existed at Santiago de Jerez (near present-day Aquidauana ). The Itatínes were suspicious; they had been raided previously by Bandeirantes, apparently with the assistance of Portuguese priests, or laymen impersonating priests. Neverthess, Ransonnier with other Jesuits succeeded in establishing missions along
102-792: A counter movement, some Mbayá migrated east of the Paraguay River and displaced many of the Itatin. For the next 100 years the expanding Mbayá and their subjects, the Guaná , plus the surviving Itatin, controlled Itatín. Access to the Itatín region was also hindered during the 18th century by the Payagua , a riverine people related to the Mbayá who lived along the Paraguay River. The Payagua fought and won many battles with prospectors attempting to reach gold mines north of Itatín via
136-586: A much-needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for the otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia. It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in Paraguay and Formosa in Argentina. The river is also a source of commerce in the form of fishing, and provides irrigation for agriculture along its route. As such it provides a way of life for a number of poor fishermen who live along its banks and make
170-479: A red dye made from Bixa orellana for body painting . Cotton and feathers, such as toucan , are used for headdresses. Labrets are made from resin. Men typically weave baskets, while women make ceramics. The tribe is also being consulted in interpreting ancient rock art in Amambay. A hill, Jasuka Venda is an important cultural site for Pai Tavyera people that has petroglyphs in the "footstep style." Jasuka Venda
204-643: A trap and executed them, but the Jesuits could not recoup their position in Itatín. In 1648, the prominent Bandeirante Antonio Raposo Tavares completed the destruction of the Jesuit missions and the expulsion of the Spanish from Itatín. Moreover, the Jesuit objective of opening a route from Itatín to Peru failed. Two Jesuits crossed the Paraguay River in 1645 and headed west across the Gran Chaco. They were captured and executed by
238-574: A vast area that includes major portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, parts of Bolivia, and most of the country of Paraguay. Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin, the Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance, second only to the Amazon River in terms of navigable length on the continent. This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor, providing
272-553: Is the world's largest tropical wetland and is largely dependent upon waters provided by the Paraguay River. Owing to its importance as a navigable waterway serving Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, the river has been the focus of commercial and industrial development. In 1997, the governments of the nations of the La Plata Basin proposed a plan under the Hidrovia Inter-Governmental Commission agency to develop
306-697: The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia . The Paraguay's source is south of Diamantino in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. It follows a generally southwesterly course, passing through the Brazilian city of Cáceres . It then turns in a generally southward direction, flowing through the Pantanal wetlands, the city of Corumbá , then running close to
340-724: The Gran Chaco region to Chiquitos in Bolivia and to the Andes , the homeland of the Inca Empire in Peru and Bolivia. The ford was first used by Europeans in 1524 when Aleixo Garcia joined a party of Guaraní journeying westwards to pillage the wealth of the Incas. Jesuits missions in Itatín near the ford had the objectives of facilitating access to their missions in Peru and Bolivia and enabling them to evangelize
374-681: The Guaycurus , probably the people later known as the Mbayá who were becoming nomadic horsemen. Some Itatínes especially the anti-Jesuit shamans had fled the missions and assisted the Guaycurus. Many of the Itatínes and other Guaranì were migrating west during this period, a pull factor being the wealth of the former Inca Empire and a push factor being to escape the Bandeirantes and the Spanish colonists. In 1661, in
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#1732848065452408-556: The Miranda River , by gaining the confidence of a local cacique , Nianduabusuvius (Nanduabuçu). Bandeirantes raids continued, however, often with the assistance of Spanish colonists who also desired Indian slave labor. Nainduabusuvius himself was captured in 1642 along with 1,000 Christianized Indians who were taken away to work as slaves in coastal Brazil. In 1644, the Itatínes revolted and threatened and abused several Jesuits. The Jesuits lured Nianduabusuvius' son and two nephews into
442-511: The Pai Tavytera language , which is a Tupi-Guarani language , division Guarani I. The tribe is rapidly adopting the more mainstream Guarani language . The Pai Tavytera are mostly likely the descendants of the Itatin Guaraní . They encountered Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century during the reducciones of eastern Paraguay. Many of them resisted assimilation. Following the violent War of
476-467: The Brazil-Bolivia border for a short distance in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul . From the city of Puerto Bahia Negra, Paraguay, the river forms the border between Paraguay and Brazil, flowing almost due south before the confluence with the Apa River . The Paraguay makes a long, gentle curve to the south-southeast before resuming a more south-southwesterly course, dividing
510-515: The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul . The Pai Tavytera are also known as the Ava, Caaguá, Caingua, Caiwá, Kaa'wa, Kainguá, Kaiowá, Kaiwá, Kayova, Montese, Paï, Paï-Cayuä, Paï-Tavyterä, Paingua, Pan, and Tavytera people. "Paï-Tavytera" is an arbitrary name given to northern Guaraní people of eastern Paraguay. They are closely related to the Guarani-Kaiowá people of Brazil . The Pai Tavytera speak
544-586: The Chiquitos people. Early Spanish explorations of the Itatín were prompted by an objective of finding a route to Peru. In 1609 the Jesuits began establishing missions in the Guayrá region of Brazil, 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Itatín. Slave raids by Bandeirantes from Brazil made those missions untenable. Looking for alternatives the Jesuits moved the Guayrá missions southwest and explored new mission fields. In 1631,
578-803: The Paraguay River. The 21st century survivors of the Itatín people are likely the Guarayos in Bolivia and the Guarani-Kaiowá and Pai Tavytera of Brazil and Paraguay. Paraguay River 4,550 m /s (161,000 cu ft/s) The Paraguay River ( Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani , Rio Paraguai in Portuguese , Río Paraguay in Spanish ) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay and Argentina . It flows about 2,695 kilometres (1,675 mi) from its headwaters in
612-575: The Paraguay, Guaporé and Mamoré all have their source in the same region in central South America. Among the species shared between these are the black phantom tetra , an important fish in the aquarium industry, and the golden dorado , which is important in the fishing industry. [REDACTED] Media related to Río Paraguay at Wikimedia Commons Pai Tavytera The Pai Tavytera are an indigenous people of Paraguay and Brazil . They primarily live in Amambay Department in Paraguay and
646-616: The Triple Alliance in the 1870s, their lands were left alone, except for lumberers and harvesters of yerba mate . In recent years, an influx of settlers have disrupted the Pai Tavyter's hunting lifestyle. The wood altar is the central institution in the religious beliefs of the Pai Tavytera. The altar, called mba’e marangatu in Guaraní is considered a sacred sanctuary and a focal point of
680-482: The community. The altars usually resides in the homes of the spiritual leaders of the Pai Tavytera Indians or important leaders. The altar is a place where the community gathers around for worship or to discuss matters that are important to the community. Altars include wooden rods that represents deities or saints. From those rods hangs a gourd used for baptizing children, and the medicine man 's gourd rattle,
714-406: The country of Paraguay into two distinct halves: the Gran Chaco region to the west, a largely uninhabited semi-arid region; and the eastern forested departments of the country, accounting for some 98% of the country's inhabitants. As such the river is considered perhaps the key geographical feature of the country with which it shares its name. Some 400 kilometres (250 mi) after flowing through
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#1732848065452748-417: The existence of a ford across the Paraguay River about 55 km (34 miles) south of the present day city of Corumbá . Called the Jesuit's Ford ( Paso de las Jesuitas ) the river dropped to a depth of only 2 m (6.6 ft) during the dry season months of November to January. Use of this ford by the Itatínes and other Indians pre-dated the Jesuits. The ford marked the beginning of the easiest route across
782-529: The first recorded European to discover both the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. For hundreds of years, this river has served as the main route of Paraguay to the outside world. Since that time, the river has had its vitality and importance, but is used today for a convoy of barges . The Paraguay River is the primary waterway of the 147,629-square-kilometre (57,000 sq mi) Pantanal wetlands of southern Brazil, northern Paraguay and parts of Bolivia. The Pantanal
816-495: The fish species in the river are characiforms (tetras and allies) and siluriforms (catfish). Several of these migrate up the Paraguay River to spawn, including Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans . Unsurprisingly many species in the river are essentially of Paraná River Basin origin, but the fauna also has a connection with two Amazonian rivers, the Guaporé and Mamoré . While flowing in different directions,
850-516: The flood season in the Paraguay River (measured at Corumbá ) is delayed 4–6 months compared to the peak of the rainy season due to the slow passage of water through the Pantanal wetlands. There are significant temperature variations depending on the season. During the low-water season, the water of the Paraguay River is relatively warm (typically above 27 °C or 81 °F) and clouded ( Secchi depth typically less than 32 cm or 13 in), but in
884-493: The flood season it is colder (typically 18–26.3 °C or 64.4–79.3 °F) and clearer (Secchi depth typically 26–130 cm or 10–51 in). The upper part of the Paraguay River is warmer than the lower and generally its temperature does not fall below 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), although some upper Paraguay tributaries may fall below this. The Paraguay River ecoregion has high species richness with about 350 fish species, including more than 80 endemics . About 80% of
918-411: The inflow of Bermejo, but rises to about 600 milligrams per litre (2.2 × 10 lb/cu in) after. Directly after the inflow of Bermejo River, the pH of the Paraguay River may reach up to 8.2. The typical pH of the Paraguay River is 5.8—7.4 in the upper part (defined as the section before the inflow of the first non-Pantanal tributary , the Apa River ) and 6.3—7.9 in the lower part. The peak of
952-440: The majority of their income selling fish in local markets, as well as supplying a major source of sustenance for their families. This has created issues in large cities such as Asunción, where poverty-stricken farmers from the country's interior have populated the river's banks in search of an easier lifestyle. Seasonal flooding of the river's banks sometimes forces many thousands of displaced residents to seek temporary shelter until
986-716: The middle of Paraguay, at the confluence with the Pilcomayo River and passing the Paraguayan capital city, Asunción , the river forms the border with Argentina, flowing generally south-southwesterly for another 275 kilometres (171 mi) before it reaches its end, joining with the Paraná River. The Paraguay River is the second major river of the Rio de la Plata Basin , after the Paraná River. The Paraguay's drainage basin , about 1,095,000 square kilometres (423,000 sq mi), covers
1020-707: The most important item for the spiritual healer to start his prayer that is a song and a dance to communicate with the spirits. Part of the altar is a taquara bamboo staff, a woman's musical instrument that gives rhythm to the rituals. In the sub-tropical environment of eastern Paraguay, Pai Tavyter practice swidden agriculture. Their primary crop is maize , supplemented with manioc . They also cultivate citrus trees, bananas, cotton, pineapples, rice, soybeans, and medicinal plants. Chickens, pigs, cattle, horses, and donkeys are popular farm animals. Pai Tavytera people are known for making necklaces made from carved wood and colorful seeds of different fruits. They use urucú ,
1054-456: The project will have a disastrous effect on the local ecology, as well as the potential economic gains, continues to this day. The Paraguay River basin includes several distinctive habitats, ranging from very clear waters such as Rio da Prata ( pt ) near Bonito in the upper part to the sediment-rich Bermejo River in the lower part. The suspended load of the Paraguay River is about 100 milligrams per litre (3.6 × 10 lb/cu in) before
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1088-521: The proposed river engineering of the Paraguay would have a devastating impact on the Pantanal wetlands. An effort by the Rios Vivos coalition to educate people on the effects of the project was successful in delaying the project, and the nations involved agreed to reformulate their plan. The final plan is still uncertain, along with the effect it will have on the Pantanal and the ecology of the entire Río de la Plata basin. The controversy over whether or not
1122-512: The rivers into an industrial waterway system to help reduce the costs of exporting goods from the area, in particular the soybean crop that the area has embraced. The plan entailed constructing more hydroelectric dams along some of the waterways, along with a massive effort to restructure the navigable waterways—most notably the Paraguay River—through dredging of the waterway, rock removal and channel restructuring. Studies indicated that
1156-415: The waters recede from their homes. The Paraguayan military has been forced to dedicate land on one of its reserves in the capital to emergency housing for these displaced citizens. The river is a tourist attraction for its beauty. The original inhabitants of the upper Paraguay River were the Guarani peoples . The Paraguay River was explored in the 16th century by Sebastian Cabot , who at that time became
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