105-562: Italian Hall was a two-story commercial and recreational building in Calumet, Michigan , built in 1908 and demolished in 1984. Two prior buildings known popularly as "Italian Hall" had stood on the site. The first floor housed commercial space with a large hall on the second floor. The building served as headquarters for the Società Mutua Beneficenza Italiana (Italian Mutual Benefit Society) and hosted community events. The hall
210-586: A brilliant mariner, exploited and enslaved the indigenous population. Spelman College historian Howard Zinn described some of the details in his book, A People's History of the United States , of how Columbus personally ordered the enslavement and mutilation of the native Arawak people in a bid to repay his investors. Journalist and media critic Norman Solomon reflects, in Columbus Day: A Clash of Myth and History , that many people choose to hold on to
315-472: A celebration of the native races and cultures and their resistance to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. In the United States, Día de la Raza has served as a time of mobilization for panethnic Latino activists, particularly since the 1960s. Since then, La Raza has served as a periodic rallying cry for Hispanic activists. The first Hispanic March on Washington occurred on Columbus Day in 1996. The name
420-476: A city holiday in 2018. Various tribal governments in Oklahoma designate the day as Native American Day, or name it after their own tribe. In 2017, the city council of Akron, Ohio , became split along racial lines with the decision to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples' Day, creating pushback from the city's Italian-American community. In 2018, a compromise was reached, with the city council voting to name
525-471: A congressional investigation in 1914. It is a common misconception that the disaster was caused by inward-opening doors; they in fact opened outward. The idea that the doors opened inward, introduced in the 1950s by Harry Benedict, was pervasive enough to be included on the Michigan State Historic Site marker. Woody Guthrie later wrote a song about the disaster titled " 1913 Massacre ". After
630-448: A national holiday. In 1987 the name was changed again to Fiesta Nacional and October 12 became one of two national celebrations, along with Constitution Day on December 6, as part of a compromise between conservatives, who wanted to emphasize the status of the monarchy and Spain's history, and Republicans, who wanted to commemorate Spain's burgeoning democracy with an official holiday. Since 2000, October 12 has also been Spain's Day of
735-456: A patriot and leader in the struggle for independence who had indigenous ancestors. Colombia , whose name originated from Columbus himself, celebrates El día de la Raza y de la Hispanidad (meaning "Day of the Race and Hispanicity"), and is taken as an opportunity to celebrate the encounter of "the two worlds" and to reflect on the richness that the racial diversity has brought to the culture. In 2021
840-657: A population of 25,991. However, in 1913, Red Jacket suffered from the Copper Country Strike of 1913–1914 , and the population began to decline. In the same year, the town was the site of the Italian Hall Disaster . Striking miners and their families were gathered on Christmas Eve for a party in Italian Hall , when the cry of "fire" precipitated a stampede that crushed or suffocated seventy-three victims, over half of them children under ten years old. The identity of
945-470: A positive event and who never adopted mechanisms to enhance human rights". The holiday is no longer celebrated officially. In Mexico, the date was known as Columbus Day or Day of the Race. On December 18, 2020, by decree of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador , the name of October 12 was changed to "Day of the Pluricultural Nation". The statue of Columbus along Mexico City's Paseo de la Reforma
1050-454: A spot closer to the street. Installation of the monument was originally planned for November 2017, but brown-colored defects were found in the stone and it was rejected. A new stone was ordered, with installation expected in May 2018. The memorial was in place by August 2018 with a dedication ceremony on December 24, 2018 - the 105th anniversary of the disaster. The stone was sourced from India and lists
1155-426: A statute stating: "The President is requested to issue each year a proclamation (1) designating October 12 as Columbus Day; (2) calling on United States government officials to display the flag of the United States on all government buildings on Columbus Day; and (3) inviting the people of the United States to observe Columbus Day, in schools and churches, or other suitable places, with appropriate ceremonies that express
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#17328550142791260-430: A tug of war event where the losers take a dive into an inflatable pool filled with ketchup . The Calumet Theatre is a theater and opera house which opened in 1900. In 1898, the copper mining industry was booming, and the town had an enormous surplus in its treasury. The town council decided to spend some of the surplus on a theater. The theater hosted a large number of famous actors, musicians, and opera singers. With
1365-944: Is not an official holiday. Iowa and Nevada do not celebrate Columbus Day as an official holiday, but the states' respective governors are "authorized and requested" by statute to proclaim the day each year. Several states have removed the day as a paid holiday for state government workers, while maintaining it either as a day of recognition, or as a legal holiday for other purposes, including California and Texas. The practice of U.S. cities eschewing Columbus Day to celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day began in 1992 with Berkeley, California . The list of cities that have followed suit as of 2018 includes Austin , Boise , Cincinnati , Denver , Los Angeles , Mankato , Philadelphia , Portland , San Francisco , Santa Fe , Seattle , Saint Paul , Phoenix , Tacoma , and "dozens of others". Columbus, Ohio , has chosen to honor veterans instead of Christopher Columbus, and removed Columbus Day as
1470-518: Is notorious as the site of a disaster in 1913 in which over 70 people died after a false cry of "fire" at a Christmas party. Since demolition, the site has served as a memorial park. The property is a Michigan State Historic Site and the building was formerly on the National Register of Historic Places . Italian Hall was designed in the Romanesque Revival style. It was located in
1575-458: Is now Calumet was settled in 1864, originally under the name of Red Jacket , for a Native American Chief of the Seneca tribe . Until 1895 the name "Calumet" was used by the nearby town of Laurium , Michigan ; present-day Calumet was not legally named so until 1929. Red Jacket grew due to the copper mines in the area. It was incorporated as a town in 1867. The copper mines were particularly rich;
1680-530: Is observed a week earlier.) For the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1892, following lynchings in New Orleans , where a mob had murdered 11 Italian immigrants, President Benjamin Harrison declared Columbus Day as a one-time national celebration. The proclamation was part of a wider effort after the lynching incident to placate Italian Americans and ease diplomatic tensions with Italy. During
1785-520: Is served by Calumet High School , whose teams are known as the "Copper Kings". St. Paul the Apostle Church, formerly known as St. Joseph's Catholic Church, was formed in 1889 by Slovenian immigrants who came to the Calumet area to work in the booming copper mines. The first church that they built burnt down in 1902, but the church was rebuilt in sandstone by 1908. The church "rises authoritatively over
1890-495: The Red Jacket Jamboree , an old-time radio variety show heard on Michigan public radio stations including Interlochen Public Radio and WNMU Public Radio 90. Every two years there is an all-school reunion for the graduates of Calumet High School. Many activities occur at this time, including a classic car show and parade. Pasty Fest is a one-day event that takes place every summer downtown Calumet. The event celebrates
1995-475: The Great Depression , almost all mines were shut down. As a result, many miners and their families left to find work. In 1950, the population of Calumet was 1,256 people. Small-time mining continued in the area, particularly during World War II , until it was shut down completely by a labor strike in 1968. In 1984, Calumet's name was borrowed by Hollywood. Calumet was moved from Michigan to Colorado, where it
2100-622: The Italian-American community's annual Columbus Day Parade, which was established by Nicola Larco in 1868, while New York City boasts the largest, with over 35,000 marchers and one million viewers around 2010. As in the mainland United States, Columbus Day is a legal holiday in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico . In the United States Virgin Islands , the day is celebrated as both Columbus Day and "Puerto Rico Friendship Day". Virginia also celebrates two legal holidays on
2205-479: The Keweenaw National Historical Park are located inside the village limits, mostly covering the intricate complex of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company's main operations. Houghton County Memorial Airport (KCMX), largely in nearby Oneco, serves Calumet, Houghton County and the surrounding communities. Calumet was host to a number of railroad routes, including: One of the biggest parts of
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#17328550142792310-628: The Ku Klux Klan and the Women of the Ku Klux Klan , opposed celebrations of Columbus or monuments about him because they thought that it increased Catholic influence in the United States, which was largely a Protestant country. In the summer of 1990, 350 representatives from American Indian groups from all over the hemisphere met in Quito , Ecuador, at the first Intercontinental Gathering of Indigenous People in
2415-593: The Little Italys around the world. The first Columbus Day celebration took place on October 12, 1792, when the Columbian Order of New York, better known as Tammany Hall , held an event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the historic landing. The Columbus Obelisk in Baltimore was erected in 1792. Many Italian Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage and not of Columbus himself, and
2520-569: The North Atlantic Ocean to America. The expedition consisted of three Stinson Reliant SR-9s borrowed from the Cuban Air Force – named Santa María , Niña and Pinta after the vessels commanded by Columbus – and a Curtiss Wright CW-19R from the Dominican military aviation named Colon after Columbus. On December 15, after visiting a majority of South America, their flight to
2625-496: The religious festivity of La Virgen del Pilar . Since 2009, Peru has celebrated Día de los pueblos originarios y el diálogo intercultural ("Indigenous Peoples and Intercultural Dialogue Day"). Belize and Uruguay celebrate it as Pan American Day and Día de las Américas ("Day of the Americas"). The day is also commemorated in Italy, as Giornata Nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo or Festa Nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo , and in
2730-477: The 12 of October was declared a one-time national day in commemoration of the 4th centenary of the Discovery of America and the perpetuation of the festivity was then first considered. The Spanish government suggested other nations (Hispanic American countries, Italy and the United States of America) to join the celebration, which was followed with enthusiasm by them, with a few exceptions. The Discovery of America and
2835-536: The 1913 disaster, Italian Hall remained in use for about 50 years. In 1975, historian Kevin Harrington compiled a report on Italian Hall as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey , in which the building was recorded as vacant. The building was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on June 6, 1977, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1980. In 1980,
2940-446: The 400 block of Seventh Street between Elm and Pine Streets in Calumet. It was situated on lot 9, block 31 of the original plat , measuring 58 by 118 feet (18 by 36 m) like all others in block 31. The two-story building faced east and was rectangular, about 58 by 100 feet (18 by 30 m). The walls were constructed of brick and rubble masonry. The façade was divided into seven bays, each with an arched window on
3045-646: The 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, the Columbus Lighthouse , in Santo Domingo Este was inaugurated. The monument is both a mausoleum and a museum showcasing objects including a boat from Cuba and Colombian jewelry. Constructed of concrete , the monument is 680 feet (210 m) long. Its architecture is cross-shaped and represents the Christianization of the Americas. According to Dominican authorities, Columbus' remains are sheltered at
3150-562: The Americas, to mobilize against the 500th anniversary (quin-centennial) celebration of Columbus Day planned for 1992. The following summer, in Davis, California , more than a hundred Native Americans gathered for a follow-up meeting to the Quito conference. They declared October 12, 1992, to be "International Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People ". More recently, mainly since the 1990s, more people oppose Columbus's and other Europeans' actions against
3255-748: The Armed Forces , celebrated each year with a military parade in Madrid . The holiday is widely celebrated in Spain with official and cultural events throughout the country. Shops and businesses are closed as with other bank holidays. The observation is enhanced with the feast day of Our Lady of the Pillar ( Fiestas del Pilar ), the so-called Mother of Hispanidad , and of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura (Santa María de Guadalupe) (appointed Queen of Hispanicity in 1928 by
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3360-524: The Boston-based Calumet and Hecla Mining Company produced more than half of the United States' copper from 1871 through 1880. In addition to copper mining and smelting, the region also supported the dairy industry and truck farming . Many immigrants (from Poland and other countries) settled there in the late 19th century. By 1900, Red Jacket had a population of 4,668, and Calumet Township , which contained Red Jacket and nearby mining towns, had
3465-573: The Calumet area were forced to merge because of the low number of parishioners and economic constraints. This included St. Anne's (the French church), St. John's (the Croatian church), St. Mary's (the Italian church), and St. Joseph's. The combined parish is housed in the old St. Joseph's building, and has changed its name to St. Paul the Apostle Church. Today, they have a large and active congregation, which pays for
3570-467: The Costa Rican labor law, the holiday is observed on October 12. Should this date coincide with a Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday, the employer shall agree that said holiday be postponed to the following Monday. In 2020, Costa Ricans eliminated this holiday, which was under debate in years prior. Hence, in exchange Costa Rica now celebrates the 'Military Abolition Day' on December 1. In June 1915,
3675-574: The Hispanicity has been celebrated as a national day since 1918 under different names like "Día de la Hispanidad" or "Dia de la Raza", due to changes of political regimes in the 20th century. The national day emphasises Spain's ties with the Hispanidad , the international Hispanic community and Spanish legacy to the world. In 1981 a royal decree established the Fiesta Nacional y Día de la Hispanidad as
3780-737: The Ministry of Culture changed the name of the holiday to ‘Día de la Diversidad Étnica y Cultural de la Nación Colombiana (meaning "Day of Ethnical and Cultural Diversity of the Colombian nation"). In Peru, it was known as Día del descubrimiento de América ("Day of the discovery of America"). Since 2009, it has been celebrated as Día de los pueblos originarios y el diálogo intercultural (Indigenous Peoples and Intercultural Dialogue Day). Between 1921 and 2002, Venezuela celebrated Día de la Raza along with many other Latin American nations. The original holiday
3885-477: The National Columbus Day Committee, which lobbied to make Columbus Day a federal holiday. These efforts were successful and legislation to create Columbus Day as a federal holiday was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on June 28, 1968, to be effective beginning in 1971. Since 1971, when Columbus Day became an officially recognized federal holiday in the United States, it has been observed on
3990-556: The New World initiated the colonization of the Americas by Spain, followed in the ensuing centuries by other European powers, as well as the transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and technology between the New and Old Worlds , an event referred to by some late 20th‐century historians as the Columbian exchange . The landing is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States, but
4095-810: The Peruvian capital Lima was hampered by an unexpected sandstorm. Two planes ( Colon and La Pinta ) were forced to land in Pisco and Niña disappeared in the storm. The Santa Maria was the only plane to reach Lima as planned, landing at Las Palmas on the day of the storm. After extensive searches, Niña radioed their whereabouts after their radio was damaged in the storm. The aircraft restrategized in Las Palmas, and on December 29 their expedition took off from El Techo airport in Bogotá en route to El Guabito airport in Cali . Later that day,
4200-635: The Presbyterian church are still standing today but are not in use. As of the census of 2010, there were 726 people, 376 households, and 161 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,630.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,401.6/km ). There were 512 housing units at an average density of 2,560.0 per square mile (988.4/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 96.8% White , 0.4% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.3% from other races , and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.5% of
4305-401: The United States, ranging from large-scale parades and events to complete nonobservance. Most states do not celebrate Columbus Day as an official state holiday. Some mark it as a "Day of Observance" or "Recognition”. Most states that celebrate Columbus Day will close state services, while others operate as normal. San Francisco claims the nation's oldest continuously existing celebration with
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4410-560: The Vatican) from Guadalupe , Caceres , whose Monastery was the venue in June 1492 for the decisive meeting between the Catholic Monarchs and Columbus to start organizing the travel and where the latter came back in 1493, right after returning from his first voyage, to thank Her for his success. For years after the first Columbus Day celebration in 1892, opposition to Columbus Day recognized
4515-424: The age of 18 living with them, 19.9% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.6% were non-families. 58.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.85 and the average family size was 3.12. In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under
4620-464: The age of 18, 24.8% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males. The median income for a household in the village was $ 17,404, and the median income for a family was $ 22,750. Males had a median income of $ 21,667 versus $ 18,125 for females. The per capita income for
4725-556: The anniversary in 1892, teachers, preachers, poets, and politicians used rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These rituals took themes such as citizenship boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation, and the celebration of social progress , included among them was the Pledge of Allegiance by Francis Bellamy . In 1934, as a result of lobbying by the Knights of Columbus and New York City Italian leader Generoso Pope , Congress passed
4830-597: The anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . He went ashore at Guanahaní , an island in the Bahamas , on October 12, 1492 [OS]. On his return in 1493, he moved his coastal base of operations 70 miles east to the island of Hispaniola , what is now the Dominican Republic and established the settlement of La Isabela , the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Americas. Columbus ( Italian : Cristoforo Colombo [kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo] )
4935-524: The building received threats of condemnation from the village for its unsafe condition and its owner, Helen Smith, was incapable of maintaining it. The Friends of the Italian Hall organized to preserve the building; however, they conceded it was not possible when the cost to do so was estimated at $ 500,000. Italian Hall was demolished in October 1984. The Friends group proposed that a memorial be made incorporating
5040-421: The closing of the mines, the theater became a movie theater and fell into general disrepair for many years. In 1975, the town began a large project to repair and restore the theater, which is now used for many local and touring productions. The theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1971, and is also a Michigan State Historic Site. The Theatre was the original recording venue of
5145-435: The cornice had been removed and the southernmost arched window boarded up. In addition, a passage had been opened between the two halves of the basement and the first floor had been remodeled several times. The benevolent society Società Mutua Beneficenza Italiana organized in 1875 and was incorporated under state law in 1889. The organization's hall was nearly completed when it collapsed in 1890 in heavy winds. In 1891, it
5250-463: The crew flew into an unexpected storm over the Valley of Cauca. With minimal visibility and poor navigation, Niña , La Pinta , and Santa Maria crashed into high mountains, while Colon , unaware of the other aircraft, flew over the storm and safely made it to Panama City. The plane is preserved today as remembrance of the bravery of the crew and Christopher Columbus's journey. In 1992, in remembrance of
5355-482: The crush of people. The precise number of dead has never been fully determined, but more than seventy died, mostly children. The disaster was reported in such newspapers as The New York Times , the Boston Daily Globe , The Atlanta Constitution , The Evening Independent of St. Petersburg, Florida, and The Toronto World . No culprit was identified, despite a coroner's inquest held a few days afterward and
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#17328550142795460-548: The day was celebrated in New York City on October 12, 1866. The day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first-generation American, in Denver. The first statewide holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F. McDonald in 1905, and it was made a statutory holiday in 1907. (Colorado replaced Columbus Day with Frances Xavier Cabrini Day in 2020, though that holiday
5565-509: The day, Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, which honors the final victory at the Siege of Yorktown in the Revolutionary War . Despite Columbus Day being a national holiday and a celebration of Italian heritage, the celebration of Columbus Day in the United States began to decline at the end of the 20th century, although Americans continue to celebrate it. The District of Columbia and
5670-446: The doors opened inward. In 2017, work began to add a monument at the site listing the names of the people who died in the 1913 disaster. Black granite was selected for the 8.5 by 4.5 ft (2.6 by 1.4 m) monument because of its durability compared to other colors of granite or a memorial made of glass. The monument would be located where the MSHS marker stood, so the marker was moved to
5775-468: The doorway, and it was set aside from demolition. On October 1, 1987, a Michigan State Historic Site informational marker was erected on the site. Italian Hall was removed from the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1988. The 75th anniversary of the disaster, in 1988, spurred action regarding the site. In 1989, the site of the former building was made into a memorial park and the doorway
5880-422: The end of the year. At the time of the 1913 disaster, the southern space was occupied by a saloon owned by Dominic Vairo; the original tenants are unknown. At the south end of the building's front was a doorway, framed by brick pilasters, with capitals and imposts supporting an arched overdoor all made of Jacobsville Sandstone . This doorway opened to a foyer with access to the saloon on its right. Straight ahead
5985-565: The exterior doors from the base of the stairway are on display at the Coppertown USA Museum in Calumet. As of 2012, one of the stairway's steps is displayed in the visitor center of the KNHP in Calumet. Because of arguments presented in Steve Lehto's Death's Door , the MSHS marker was modified in June 2013 to omit any mention of the doors or the direction they opened; it previously claimed that
6090-621: The first Monday of October as North American First People's Day while keeping Columbus Day, and in 2020, Columbus Day was renamed Italian-American Heritage and Culture Day. The date Columbus arrived in the Americas is celebrated in some countries of Latin America. The most common name for the celebration in Spanish (including some Latin American communities in the United States) is the Día de la Raza ("day of
6195-582: The first cathedral in the Western Hemisphere. The Day of the Race was established in Argentina in 1916 by a decree of President Hipólito Yrigoyen . The name was changed to "Day of Respect of Cultural Diversity" by a presidential decree in 2010 issued by President Cristina Kirchner . The statue of Columbus was removed from its original position near the Casa Rosada and replaced by one of Juana Azurduy ,
6300-478: The food culture of not only Calumet, but the entire Copper Country , is the pasty . This was a main part of copper miners' diets. A pasty is a mixture of meat, potatoes, rutabaga, carrots and onions wrapped in a crust made of flour and lard. Traditionally Cornish, they have even sparked local events such as the Pasty Fest, where there are eating contests (with consumption of pasties, of course), games, events, and even
6405-510: The greatest waves of genocide of the American Indians known in history. A second strain of criticism of Columbus Day focuses on the character of Columbus himself. In time for the 2004 observation of the day, the final volume of a compendium of Columbus-era documents was published by the University of California, Los Angeles ' Medieval and Renaissance Center. It stated that Columbus, while
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#17328550142796510-426: The holiday. The traditional date of the holiday also adjoins the anniversary of the United States Navy (founded October 13, 1775), and thus both occasions are customarily observed by the Navy and the Marine Corps with either a 72- or 96-hour liberty period. The observance on the second Monday in October means it coincides with the Canadian holiday of Thanksgiving . Actual observance varies in different parts of
6615-613: The indigenous populations of the Americas. This opposition was initially led by Native Americans and was expanded upon by left-wing political parties. Various holidays commemorating Columbus have now been abolished, with various Latin American countries altering the holidays to now recognise indigenous populations. Two surveys, conducted in 2013 and 2015 by Rasmussen Reports , found 26% to 38% of American adults are not in favor of celebrating Columbus Day. A similar survey by Catholic Marist Polls showed 26% opposition There are many interrelated strands of criticism. One refers primarily to
6720-428: The lighthouse. Spanish authorities proved through DNA tests that remains in the Cathedral of Seville were his and Dominican authorities have not allowed the same, so whether the sets are related remains unknown. Since the 18th century, many Italian communities in the Americas have observed the Discovery of the New World as a celebration of their heritage, despite Italy not existing as a unified country when Columbus
6825-409: The middle of the lot. The doorway is adorned with brass plaques contributed by those who donated to the effort to create the memorial. The Michigan State Historic Site marker details the 1913 disaster on one side and the building's history on the other. There was a stone marker bearing a photograph of Italian Hall. In the rear, a Michigan Women's Hall of Fame marker about Anna Clemenc once stood, but it
6930-714: The myths instead of reality in the events surrounding Columbus. He disputes the idea that the Spaniards' arrival was beneficial towards the Indians by quoting History of the Indies by the Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas , who observed the region where Columbus was governor. Las Casas writes that the Spaniards were driven by "insatiable greed" as they killed and tortured native populations with "the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty" and laments that "my eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write". (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to
7035-455: The name varies internationally. In some Latin American countries, October 12 is known as Día de la Raza or "Day of the Race". This was the case for Mexico , until it renamed it to "Day of the Pluricultural Nation" (still called Dia de la Raza locally). Some countries such as Spain refer to the holiday as the Day of Hispanicity or Día de la Hispanidad and is also Spain's National Day or Fiesta Nacional de España , where it coincides with
7140-426: The names and ages of the 73 who died. Calumet, Michigan Calumet ( / ˌ k æ lj u ˈ m ɛ t / KAL -yuu- MET or locally / ˌ k æ lj ə ˈ m ɛ t / KAL -yə- MET ) is a village in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . The village is located within Calumet Township , Houghton County , and had a population of 621 at the 2020 census . Calumet
7245-478: The nation and countries of America in Cuba on October 12 commemorating Christopher Columbus's voyage to the New World. Federico Laredo Brú spoke about Columbus's impact on the land and the future of its settlement. He ended his speech with venerating Christopher Columbus's efforts to colonize and establish settlements along the new front and the pride of one's nation. He added " Por mi raza hablo mi espiritu ," which translates to "For my race my spirit called," to support
7350-438: The ocean liner SS Cristoforo Colombo . The first celebration of the Discovery of the Américas by Columbus in Spain was as early as 1642 when the city of Zaragoza designated the Virgen del Pilar ( Our Lady of the Pillar ) as symbol of the Hispanidad (Hispanicity) on the date of the Spanish expedition's arrival to the New World. This holiday was declared a religious feast day throughout the Spanish Empire in 1730. In 1892,
7455-400: The official holiday of ' Fiesta de la Raza' was established, with October 12 being the date of the national holiday. Presently, since October 12, 2021, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador abolished the previous national Fiesta de la Raza holiday, " [to] vindicate the origin and identity of indigenous peoples who were forgotten by previous governments, who for decades celebrated Race Day as
7560-462: The pasty, which was brought over by Cornish miners in the mid 1800s. The meat and vegetable "pie" became a staple for miners throughout the Upper Peninsula. The event includes a parade, street fair, live music, a pasty eating contest and a competition among restaurants for the best pasty. Public education in Calumet is served by Public Schools of Calumet-Laurium-Keweenaw . High school education
7665-401: The person(s) who started the stampede has never been determined. Folk singer Woody Guthrie 's 1945 song, " 1913 Massacre ", is based on this event. Loss of wartime demand caused the copper price to drop following World War I . With the decreased demand for copper, thousands left Red Jacket in the 1920s, many moving to Detroit , Michigan , where the automobile industry was booming. During
7770-471: The political infrastructure at the time. In December 1937, Cuban president Federico Laredo Brú and Dominican Republic president Rafael Trujillo ordered a crew of aviators to travel through Latin America collecting funds from large capital cities for a monumental light house in the Dominican Republic. The exploration Escuadrilla Binacional Pro Faro de Colón was inspired by Columbus's journey across
7875-444: The population. There were 376 households, out of which 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.4% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 57.2% were non-families. 48.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
7980-667: The public sentiment befitting the anniversary of the discovery of America." President Franklin Delano Roosevelt responded by making such a proclamation. This proclamation did not lead to the modern federal holiday; it was similar to language regarding Thomas Jefferson's birthday and Gold Star Mothers Day. In 1941, Italian Americans were interned and lost rights as " enemy aliens " due to a belief they would be loyal to Italy and not America in World War II; in 1942, Franklin Roosevelt had
8085-695: The race" or the "day of the [Hispanic] people"), commemorating the first encounters of Europeans and the Native Americans . The day was first celebrated in Argentina in 1917, in Venezuela and Colombia in 1921, in Chile in 1922, and in Mexico, it was first celebrated in 1928. The day was also celebrated under this title in Spain until 1957, when it was changed to the Día de la Hispanidad ("Hispanicity Day"), and in Venezuela, it
8190-543: The removal of the designation of Italian Americans as "enemy aliens" announced on Columbus Day along with a plan to offer citizenship to 200,000 elderly Italians living in the United States who had been unable to acquire citizenship due to a literacy requirement, but the implementation of the announcement was not completed until those interned in camps were released after Italy's surrender to the Allies on September 8, 1943. In 1966, Mariano A. Lucca, from Buffalo, New York , founded
8295-406: The second Monday in October, as commemorated by annual Presidential proclamation noting Columbus' achievements. It is generally observed by banks, the bond market , the U.S. Postal Service , other federal agencies, most state government offices, many businesses, and most school districts. Some businesses and some stock exchanges remain open, and some states and municipalities abstain from observing
8400-409: The second floor. On the main wall was a cast metal cornice , bearing the words Societa Mutua Beneficenza Italiana , supported at either end by pilasters topped with Doric capitals . There were three chimneys, two along the north wall and one about midway on the south. The roof, supported by I-beams spanning the width of the building, sloped from the front and rear to a low point about a third of
8505-488: The southern wall was a viewing gallery overlooking the hall. The hall also had two fire escapes. The hall was used for the society's activities and was rented out to the community; six or seven organizations met regularly in Italian Hall circa 1914. The two storefronts were eliminated, most likely in either 1961 or 1966, and replaced by a single entrance at the center of the first floor. In the approximate center of each former storefront were irregular octagonal windows. By 1975,
8610-550: The states of Colorado , Hawaii , Alaska , Vermont , South Dakota , New Mexico , Maine , Minnesota , and parts of California , including, for example, Los Angeles County , do not recognize it and have each replaced it with celebrations of Indigenous Peoples' Day (in Hawaii, "Discoverers' Day", in South Dakota, "Native American Day" ) or other holidays. In the states of Delaware , Oregon and Washington , Columbus Day
8715-577: The statue had stood was renamed in 2008 "Indigenous Resistance Walk". Later, a statue of an indigenous leader, Guaicaipuro , was erected on the plinth. On September 21, 1994, Costa Rica changed the official holiday from Día de la Raza to Día del Encuentro de las Culturas (Day of the Encounter of Cultures) to recognize the mix of European, Native American (autochthonous populations), African and Asian cultures that constitute modern Costa Rican (and Latin American ) culture and ethnicity. In accordance to
8820-524: The suffering inflicted on American Indians with westward expansion. It also originated from anti-immigrant nativist Know Nothing political movement, who sought to eliminate its celebration because of its association with immigrants from the Catholic countries of Ireland and Italy, and the American Catholic fraternal organization, the Knights of Columbus . Some anti-Catholics , notably including
8925-522: The treatment of the indigenous populations during the European colonization of the Americas , which followed Columbus's discovery . Some groups, such as the American Indian Movement , have argued that the ongoing actions and injustices against Native Americans are masked by Columbus myths and celebrations. American anthropologist Jack Weatherford says that on Columbus Day, Americans celebrate
9030-400: The upkeep of the church. The city, at one time, Calumet had six active Lutheran churches (two of which were Laestadian ), three Methodist churches, as well as an Episcopal, Congregationalist, Baptist and Presbyterian church. Today, only one Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal church remain open. Additionally, another Baptist church has opened. Two of the former Lutheran churches and
9135-425: The village like a cathedral of medieval Europe." When the church was completed, the cost of construction was an amazing $ 100,000. It is constructed of local Jacobsville sandstone , and features beautiful stained glass windows, a custom-built 19’ by 18’ pipe organ, and a beautifully painted interior. The interior of the church remains virtually unchanged architecturally. In 1966, four of the five Catholic churches in
9240-474: The village was $ 12,111. About 29.0% of families and 35.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 50.5% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over. Some of the notable attractions in the village include: Columbus Day Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States , which officially celebrates
9345-665: The village. The population density was 4,524.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,746.8/km ). There were 491 housing units at an average density of 2,527.1 per square mile (975.7/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 98.98% White , 0.23% from other races , and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 35.7% were of Finnish , 10.3% German , 9.3% Irish , 7.1% United States or American, 7.0% French and 6.5% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000 . 95.7% spoke English , 3.0% Spanish and 1.2% Finnish as their first language. There were 387 households, out of which 20.2% had children under
9450-452: The way from the rear. The first and second floors both had tin ceilings . When built, the first floor consisted of two shop spaces with stock rooms and living spaces at the rear. The store fronts each had a centered, recessed entrance flanked by windows. Each shop had access to separate halves of the basement. On April 5, 1913, the northern space was let to The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company and remained in that use through at least
9555-439: Was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age in the village was 40.4 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 879 people, 387 households, and 136 families residing in
9660-411: Was a set of double doors separating it from a 5.75-foot-wide staircase (1.75 m) that led up to an 8-by-10-foot (2.4 by 3.0 m) vestibule that opened to the hall on the second floor 38 feet (12 m) from the front of the building. The hall measured 78 by 38 feet (24 by 12 m). At the rear was a 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) stage, beneath which was a kitchen and to one side was a barroom. Along
9765-668: Was an Italian explorer from Genoa who led a Spanish maritime expedition to cross the Atlantic Ocean in search of an alternative route to the Far East . Columbus believed he sailed his crew to the East Indies, but Europeans realized years later that his voyages landed them in the New World . His first voyage to the New World was made on the Spanish ships Niña , Pinta , and Santa María and took about three months. The crew's arrival in
9870-504: Was arranged by Anna Clemenc and the Women's Auxiliary of the WFM and held at Italian Hall. About 500 children and 175 parents were in attendance in the second-floor hall. In late afternoon, the children were lined up to receive presents when the cry of "fire" was heard. Even though there was no fire, they rushed down the staircase in an attempt to escape and those at the bottom suffocated under
9975-696: Was born, and despite his public renunciation of his Genovese nationality to swear allegiance to the King of Spain . In Italy, Columbus Day has been officially celebrated since 2004. It is officially named Giornata nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo ("National Christopher Columbus Day"). The "Lega Navale Italiana" has created a Regata di Colombo ("Columbus Regatta ") as a celebration of the Columbus achievement. Italians have celebrated Christopher Columbus ( Italian : Cristoforo Colombo [kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo] ) naming after him many civilian and military ships, like
10080-408: Was celebrated under this title until 2002, when it was changed to the Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance). Originally conceived of as a celebration of Hispanic influence in the Americas, as evidenced by the complementary celebrations in Spain and Latin America, Día de la Raza has come to be seen by nationalist activists throughout Latin America as a counter to Columbus Day –
10185-532: Was dedicated on Columbus Day , 1908. The dedication speech was written by James MacNaughton , the general manager of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company , but, due to a family death, he could not attend and it was read by someone else. In July 1913, a strike was called by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in the Copper Country . On December 24, 1913, a Christmas party for the children of strikers
10290-699: Was invaded by Soviet paratroopers in the original Red Dawn film. Producer and screenwriter Kevin Reynolds was a seasonal resident of the Keweenaw Peninsula. According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 0.20 square miles (0.52 km ), all of it land. Calumet is at an elevation of 1,209 feet (369 m) above sea level. The village of Calumet sits on 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of underground mine shafts, drifts and stopes, empty for many decades. Large portions of
10395-598: Was officially established in 1921 under President Juan Vicente Gómez . In 2002, under President Hugo Chávez , the holiday was changed to Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the Indigenous peoples' resistance to European settlement. On October 12, 2004, a crowd of progovernment activists toppled a statue of Christopher Columbus by Rafael de la Cova in Caracas . The activists also sprayed allusive graffiti over its pedestal. The walk where
10500-571: Was once the center of Michigan's copper mining industry . The village is home to a unit of Keweenaw National Historical Park , and also includes the Calumet Downtown Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Most of the village itself is also included within the Calumet Historic District , a larger area which is NRHP-listed and which is a National Historic Landmark District. What
10605-422: Was re-erected on the property. Volunteer labor to create the park was provided by local union members. In 2004, the doorway underwent repairs which included the installation of a copper cap on the arch. As of 2011, the park is owned by the village of Calumet and maintained by the Keweenaw National Historical Park (KNHP). As of 2010, the park consisted primarily of the doorway arch and a few historic markers set in
10710-507: Was rebuilt as a large wooden building with two storefronts on the first floor and a hall on the second. This building burned down on January 1, 1908, without causing any injuries or fatalities. All these prior buildings on the site have been popularly known as "Italian Hall". The most recent Italian Hall was constructed in 1908 at a cost of $ 25,000 to serve as the society's headquarters. It was designed by architect Paul Humphrey Macneil and built by P. J. Donahue as general contractor. The building
10815-475: Was removed and replaced with a replica of The Young Woman of Amajac , a sculpture depicting an Indigenous woman . Only a handful of Caribbean countries observe holidays related to Columbus Day. In Belize, October 12 is celebrated as Day of the Americas or Pan American Day . In the Bahamas , it was formerly known as Discovery Day , until 2001 when it was replaced by National Heroes Day . In 1937, Cuban President Federico Laredo Brú (1936–1940) spoke to
10920-463: Was removed at some point. There are also brick paths, concrete benches, shrubbery, and a flagpole on the site. There have been plans for further interpretative exhibits on the site up to the addition of a museum and theater, though plans for the latter have not panned out. In late 2012, Michigan Technological University students began surveying the site for archaeological remains with the intent to improve landscaping and site interpretation. As of 2010,
11025-476: Was used by the largest Hispanic social justice organization in the nation, UnidosUS , which was known as the National Council of La Raza from 1968 to 2017. On October 10, 1992, Pope John Paul II visited the Dominican Republic to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas and the arrival of Christianity in the " New World ". His visit ended with a mass in the nation's cathedral ,
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