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37-581: The Israeli Intelligence Community is made up of Aman (military intelligence), Mossad (overseas intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security). Parliamentary supervision over the intelligence community is undertaken by the Subcommittee for Intelligence and Secret Services, a subcommittee of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee , which supervises the entire Israeli Security Forces . The issue regarding

74-580: A brigadier general , has been detached from Aman since the Yom Kippur War , but remains under its jurisdiction. In April 2000, the Combat Intelligence Collection Corps ( חיל מודיעין השדה ) was founded. Abbreviated as Modash ( מוד״ש ), it is the newest IDF corps, and the IDF's fifth land corps. It was designed to fulfill some of Aman's former combat intelligence functions, and is headed by

111-680: A 977 "country code" (compare the 978 country code (" bookland ") for ISBNs ), followed by the 7 main digits of the ISSN (the check digit is not included), followed by 2 publisher-defined digits, followed by the EAN check digit (which need not match the ISSN check digit). ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris . The International Centre

148-588: A Brigadier General. Although it falls under the operational jurisdiction of the GOC Army Headquarters , it also falls under Aman's professional jurisdiction. During the founding of the state of Israel, the Haganah military organization was primarily responsible for gathering intelligence, or one of its elite units, the Scherut Jediot (secret service), or Shai . Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion commissioned

185-590: A civilian intelligence authority. The commission to investigate the intelligence network following the War in Iraq maintained that, notwithstanding the historical consolidation behind the current IIC structure, and despite the advantages gained by Aman's Research Department and Unit 8200 during many years of service, it is finally time to restructure the IIC in accordance with a proper work distribution, professional designation, as well as

222-991: A correct constitutional and legal frame of reference. The Commission recommended on reforming the current IIC structure, ending up with three or four independent intelligence services, alongside the National Security Council , with the distinction between them being based upon the respective spheres of responsibility of each service: Kahana, Ephraim (2002). "Reorganizing Israel's Intelligence Community". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence . 15 (3): 415–428. doi : 10.1080/08850600290101686 . ISSN   0885-0607 . S2CID   154008409 . Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel) The Israeli Military Intelligence ( Hebrew : אגף המודיעין , romanized :  Agaf ha-Modi'in , lit.   'the Intelligence Section';), often abbreviated to Aman ( Hebrew : אמ״ן ),

259-467: A matter of routine, in order to examine the issues and propose recommendations. These were: The government was tasked with the matter on a number of occasions and arrived at various decisions. The State Comptroller made the issue his agenda and submitted to the Knesset his findings and conclusions. In 1994, the Subcommittee for Intelligence also examined the questions and brought its recommendations before

296-499: A month later, then Binyamin Gibli , then Aman's director, two weeks later. Ultimately, the Head of State Ben-Gurion resigned in 1963 after being worn down by ongoing discussions. Aman consists of the following subordinate and professionally subordinate units: The head of Aman is the senior intelligence officer in the IDF and engages in intelligence decision and policy-making at the same level as

333-423: A system with organizational capacities, resources, and available human resources. As such, Aman has assumed functions which ordinarily would be handled by other intelligence agencies. Accordingly, some critics say, there is a need to reexamine the position and placement assumed by intelligence bodies within the current structure, and transferring certain strategic and political areas and non-military ones, from Aman to

370-632: Is C =5. To calculate the check digit, the following algorithm may be used: 0 ⋅ 8 + 3 ⋅ 7 + 7 ⋅ 6 + 8 ⋅ 5 + 5 ⋅ 4 + 9 ⋅ 3 + 5 ⋅ 2 = 0 + 21 + 42 + 40 + 20 + 27 + 10 = 160 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&0\cdot 8+3\cdot 7+7\cdot 6+8\cdot 5+5\cdot 4+9\cdot 3+5\cdot 2\\&=0+21+42+40+20+27+10\\&=160\;.\end{aligned}}} The remainder of this sum modulo 11

407-476: Is an intergovernmental organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. As defined by ISO 3297:2007 , the "linking ISSN (ISSN-L)" provides a mechanism for collocation or linking among the different media versions of the same continuing resource. The ISSN-L

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444-471: Is not freely available for interrogation on the web, but is available by subscription. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books . An ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to

481-472: Is one of a serial's existing ISSNs, so does not change the use or assignment of "ordinary" ISSNs; it is based on the ISSN of the first published medium version of the publication. If the print and online versions of the publication are published at the same time, the ISSN of the print version is chosen as the basis of the ISSN-L . With ISSN-L is possible to designate one single ISSN for all those media versions of

518-548: Is one of the main entities and the largest component of the Israeli Intelligence Community , along with Mossad and Shin Bet . It includes the cyber warfare branch Unit 8200 , the human intelligence Unit 504 , the secret technology Unit 81 , and the training course Havatzalot Program . Its special operations unit is General Staff Reconnaissance Unit ( Sayeret Matkal ). The IDF's Intelligence Corps ( חיל המודיעין ), abbreviated as Haman ( חמ״ן ) and headed by

555-462: Is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the same content is published in more than one media type , a different ISSN is assigned to each media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media . The ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN ( p-ISSN ) and electronic ISSN ( e-ISSN ). Consequently, as defined in ISO 3297:2007, every serial in

592-650: Is the central, overarching military intelligence body of the Israel Defense Forces . Aman was created in 1950, when the Intelligence Department was spun off from the IDF's General Staff . The Intelligence Department was composed largely of former members of the Haganah Intelligence Service. Aman is an independent service, and not part of the ground forces , Navy or the Air Force . It

629-490: Is then calculated: 160 11 = 14  remainder  6 = 14 + 6 11 {\displaystyle {\frac {160}{11}}=14{\mbox{ remainder }}6=14+{\frac {6}{11}}} If there is no remainder, the check digit is 0; otherwise the remainder is subtracted from 11. If the result is less than 10, it yields the check digit: 11 − 6 = 5 . {\displaystyle 11-6=5\;.} Thus, in this example,

666-584: The digital object identifier (DOI), an ISSN-independent initiative, consolidated in the 2000s. Only later, in 2007, ISSN-L was defined in the new ISSN standard (ISO 3297:2007) as an "ISSN designated by the ISSN Network to enable collocation or versions of a continuing resource linking among the different media". An ISSN can be encoded as a uniform resource name (URN) by prefixing it with " urn:ISSN: ". For example, Rail could be referred to as " urn:ISSN:0953-4563 ". URN namespaces are case-sensitive, and

703-401: The print and electronic media versions of a serial need separate ISSNs, and CD-ROM versions and web versions require different ISSNs. However, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats (e.g. PDF and HTML ) of the same online serial. This "media-oriented identification" of serials made sense in the 1970s. In the 1990s and onward, with personal computers, better screens, and

740-656: The publisher or its location . For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change. Since the ISSN applies to an entire serial, other identifiers have been built on top of it to allow references to specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable components (like the table of contents ): the Publisher Item Identifier (PII) and the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI). Separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media (except reproduction microforms ). Thus,

777-596: The 1980s, the Lakam lost much of its previous importance. One of the biggest defeats of the Israeli secret services was caused by the Aman in the 1950s. Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon had to resign as part of the so-called Lavon affair . Aman-led " Operation Susannah " was intended to attack western facilities in Egypt by Israeli agents and saboteurs. The aim was to disrupt the good ties between

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814-656: The IDF's military attaché in Washington, D.C. , was a combat pilot, former head of the air force's Air Intelligence Directorate , and Halutz's deputy. Yadlin was appointed as Aman Director in January 2006, with Zeevi-Farkash having served an extended term. In November 2010, Yadlin was replaced by Major General Aviv Kochavi. ISSN (identifier) The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) international standard in 1971 and published as ISO 3297 in 1975. ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9

851-508: The IIC destined Aman with a range of activities and tasks that are conventionally outside the realm of military intelligence in the West, such as the responsibility for intelligence research in political matters and other markedly non-military affairs. This largely followed from the reliance by the State of Israel during its first years on the IDF as an anchor and mechanism to fulfill national tasks, it being

888-597: The ISSN namespace is all caps. If the checksum digit is "X" then it is always encoded in uppercase in a URN. The URNs are content-oriented , but ISSN is media-oriented: A unique URN for serials simplifies the search, recovery and delivery of data for various services including, in particular, search systems and knowledge databases . ISSN-L (see Linking ISSN above) was created to fill this gap. The two standard categories of media in which serials are most available are print and electronic . In metadata contexts (e.g., JATS ), these may have standard labels. p-ISSN

925-451: The ISSN system is also assigned a linking ISSN ( ISSN-L ), typically the same as the ISSN assigned to the serial in its first published medium, which links together all ISSNs assigned to the serial in every medium. An ISSN is an eight-digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers. The last digit, which may be zero through nine or an X, is a check digit , so the ISSN is uniquely represented by its first seven digits. Formally,

962-467: The Prime Minister. The division of labour among the intelligence arms, Aman, Shabak, and Mossad, in the current structure of the IIC, is usually established upon a geographical basis. There are interfacing and overlapping segments, often rather wide, among the organizations. The level of coordination and inter-regional cooperation has suffered in the past from fundamental shortcomings, which has hindered

999-623: The Shai in the late 1940s to create a secret service structure for Israel. Shai member Re’uwen Schiloach established it based on four independent services: Aman and Schin Bet, the foreign intelligence service Machleket Hacheker, and the Institute for Illegal Immigration Mossad le-Alija Bet (defunct in March 1952). In mid-1949 Shiloah created the Committee of Secret Service chiefs as a super-ordinate body. From 1963

1036-616: The United States and the Egyptian head of state, Gamal Abdel Nasser . Egypt’s State Security interrogated the perpetrators and were given sensitive information from the Israeli Military Intelligence. The US should believe that the Egyptian state is powerless against religious organizations. Egypt managed to uncover the agent circle. Ten members were sentenced in a show trial in January 1955, two of them to death. Lavon resigned

1073-475: The Web, it makes sense to consider only content , independent of media. This "content-oriented identification" of serials was a repressed demand during a decade, but no ISSN update or initiative occurred. A natural extension for ISSN, the unique-identification of the articles in the serials, was the main demand application. An alternative serials' contents model arrived with the indecs Content Model and its application,

1110-456: The check digit C is 5. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by their position in the number, counting from the right. (If the check digit is X, add 10 to the sum.) The remainder of the sum modulo 11 must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, based on the above algorithm. ISSNs can be encoded in EAN-13 bar codes with

1147-409: The effectiveness of intelligence work on several fronts. The organizations repressed the necessity for the mutual sharing of intelligence information and in synchronizing some activities. There are still open-ended issues remaining to be discussed, including disputed ones, as to the division of jurisdictions and inter-regional sectoral boundaries. In a document known as the " Magna Carta ," the heads of

Israeli Intelligence Community - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-405: The general form of the ISSN (also named "ISSN structure" or "ISSN syntax") can be expressed as follows: where N is in the set { 0,1,2,...,9 }, a decimal digit character, and C is in { 0,1,2,...,9,X }; or by a Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) regular expression : For example, the ISSN of the journal Hearing Research , is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, that

1221-663: The heads of the Shabak and the Mossad : together, they form the three highest-ranking, co-equal heads of the Israeli Intelligence Community , focusing on the military, domestic (including the Palestinian territories ), and foreign intelligence fronts respectively. In June 2005, then-IDF's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Dan Halutz , in a move viewed as surprising, announced that Major General Aharon Zeevi-Farkash would be replaced by Major General Amos Yadlin . Yadlin, who had been serving as

1258-455: The international secret service was officially called "Institute for Intelligence Service and Special Tasks" (ha-Mosad le-Modi'in u-le-Tafkidim Mejuhadim), short Mossad . An offshoot of the Department of Defense was the lesser-known Lakam technology intelligence agency. The existence of which was long considered a state secret. It was used to obtain scientific and technological information. In

1295-408: The suitable structure of the IIC, and questions as to dividing responsibilities and jurisdictions between Aman, Shabak, and Mossad, as well as the format of work for the three in relation to prime ministers and ministers, all of these became agenda issues many times in the past. Various commissions and individual inspectors were appointed throughout the years, whether due to traumatic experiences or as

1332-459: The three services continue their attempt to arrive at agreements regarding these. The Intelligence Subcommittee follows this discourse and examines the steps required to practically settle key areas of dispute. If needed, the Subcommittee could become actively involved in the matter so as to ensure appropriate and reasonable standards for overall intelligence work in Israel. The historical development of

1369-625: The title. The use of ISSN-L facilitates search, retrieval and delivery across all media versions for services like OpenURL , library catalogues , search engines or knowledge bases . The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, the ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), otherwise known as the ISSN Register . At the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. The Register

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