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50-722: The IIA offers a variety of investment programs that provide non-dilutive resources for entrepreneurs and companies of all sizes and stages within Israel. Most programs require matching funds from the private sector. Funds and support programs include: Ideation Program (Tnufa), The Startup Fund, the Technological Venture Incubator Program, operating approximately 15 venture incubators across Israel, Technology Transfer Program, Applied Research in Academia Programs, Human Capital for High-Tech Fund, and more. The IIA

100-555: A "one-stop shop" for entrepreneurial support. Within European Union countries, there are different EU and state funded programs that offer support in form of consulting, mentoring, prototype creation, and other services and co-funding for them. In India, the business incubators are promoted in a varied fashion: as technology business incubators (TBI) and as startup incubators—the first deals with technology business (mostly, consultancy and promoting technology related businesses) and

150-441: A business incubation program must apply for admission. Acceptance criteria vary from program to program, but in general only those with feasible business ideas and a workable business plan are admitted. It is this factor that makes it difficult to compare the success rates of incubated companies against general business survival statistics. Although most incubators offer their clients office space and shared administrative services,

200-494: A business. These hurdles include space, funding, legal, accounting, computer services and other prerequisites to running the business. According to the Small Business Administration's website, their mission provides small businesses with four main services. These services are: Among the most common incubator services are: There are a number of business incubators that have focused on particular industries or on

250-450: A company spends in an incubation program can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including the type of business and the entrepreneur's level of business expertise. Life science and other firms with long research and development cycles require more time in an incubation program than manufacturing or service companies that can immediately produce and bring a product or service to market. On average, incubator clients spend 33 months in

300-670: A high-ranking position at a roommate's company. Collectives such as these build on a legacy set forth by Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook. The house featured in the film The Social Network was a hacker's den rented by Zuckerberg that ultimately gave rise to a tech supergiant. This house and the fortune it gave rise to was well-documented in the 2010 film The Social Network . Shekel A shekel or sheqel ( Akkadian : 𒅆𒅗𒇻 , romanized:  šiqlu, siqlu ; Ugaritic : 𐎘𐎖𐎍 , romanized:  ṯiql , Hebrew : שקל , romanized :  šeqel , plural Hebrew: שקלים , romanized:  šəqālim , Phoenician : 𐤔𐤒𐤋 )

350-471: A key purpose of Socrates is to assist government economic planners in addressing the economic and socioeconomic issues (see above) with unprecedented speed, efficiency and agility. Many for-profit or "private" incubation programs were launched in the late 1990s by investors and other for-profit operators seeking to hatch businesses quickly and bring in big payoffs. At the time, NBIA estimated that nearly 30% of all incubation programs were for-profit ventures. In

400-464: A major effort to address the ongoing economic crisis of the US, legislation was introduced to "reconstitute Project Socrates ". The updated version of Socrates supports incubators by enabling users with technology-based facts about the marketplace, competitor maneuvers, potential partners, and technology paths to achieve competitive advantage. Michael Sekora, the original creator and director of Socrates says that

450-643: A particular business model, earning them their own name. More than half of all business incubation programs are "mixed-use" projects, meaning they work with clients from a variety of industries. Technology incubators account for 39% of incubation programs. One example of a specialized type of incubator is a bio incubator . Bioincubators specialize in supporting life science -based startup companies . Entrepreneurs with feasible projects in life sciences are selected and admitted to these programs. Unlike many business assistance programs, business incubators do not serve any and all companies. Entrepreneurs who wish to enter

500-1108: A program. Many incubation programs set graduation requirements by development benchmarks , such as company revenues or staffing levels, rather than time. Business incubation has been identified as a means of meeting a variety of economic and socioeconomic policy needs, which may include job creation, fostering a community's entrepreneurial climate, technology commercialization, diversifying local economies, building or accelerating growth of local industry clusters, business creation and retention, encouraging minority entrepreneurship, identifying potential spin-in or spin-out business opportunities, or community revitalization. About one-third of business incubation programs are sponsored by economic development organizations. Government entities (such as cities or counties) account for 21% of program sponsors. Another 20% are sponsored by academic institutions, including two- and four-year colleges, universities, and technical colleges. In many countries, incubation programs are funded by regional or national governments as part of an overall economic development strategy. In

550-615: A silver content of 6.87 grams. According to the Jewish historian Josephus , the annual monetary tribute of the half-Shekel to the Temple at Jerusalem was equivalent to two Athenian drachmæ , each Athenian or Attic drachma weighing a little over 4.3 grams. The First Jewish Revolt coinage was issued from AD 66 to 70 amid the First Jewish–Roman War as a means of emphasizing the independence of Judea from Roman rule and replacing

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600-630: A startup company based on an innovative technological concept. In addition to funding, the technological incubator offers a supportive framework for the establishment of a company and development of a concept into a commercial product, providing technological, business and administrative support. Incubators are selected through competitive processes for a license period of up to five years and are spread across Israel in sectors such as Medical Devices , Pharma , Bioconvergence , Agricultural technology , Foodtech , Renewable Energy and more. In any time, there are about 15 active incubators in Israel. Startups in

650-802: A unit of weight). The famous writing on the wall in the Book of Daniel includes a cryptic use of the word in Aramaic: " Mene, mene, teqel, u-farsin ". Shekel came into the English language via the Hebrew Bible , where it is first used in Genesis 23 . The term "shekel" has been used for a unit of weight, around 9.6 or 9.8 grams (0.31 or 0.32 ozt), used in Bronze Age Europe for balance weights and fragments of bronze that may have served as money. The earliest shekels were

700-434: A unit of weight, used as other units such as grams and troy ounces for trading before the advent of coins. The shekel was common among western Semitic speakers . Moabites , Edomites , and Phoenicians used the shekel, although proper coinage developed very late. Carthaginian coinage was based on the shekel and may have preceded its home town of Tyre in issuing proper coins. Coins were used and may have been invented by

750-616: Is also responsible for Iserd management within the European Union framework, as well as international R&D agreements and partnerships with countries such as the USA , Canada , Japan , South Korea , Singapore and more. The IIA promotes diversification of Israeli high-tech in three different verticals – thematic (disciplinary), demographic, and geographic- launching a variety of programs for high-tech employment and entrepreneurship in Israel's periphery and among underrepresented social groups in

800-506: Is an ancient Mesopotamian coin , usually of silver . A shekel was first a unit of weight—very roughly 11 grams (0.35 ozt )—and became currency in ancient Tyre , Carthage and Hasmonean Judea . The word shekel is based on the triliteral Proto-Semitic root ṯql , cognate to the Akkadian šiqlu or siqlu , a unit of weight equivalent to the Sumerian gin2 . Use of the word

850-447: Is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space , and ending with venture capital financing. The National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) defines business incubators as a catalyst tool for either regional or national economic development. NBIA categorizes its members' incubators by

900-427: Is to "aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns." In addition, the charter ensures that small businesses receive a "fair proportion" of any government contracts and sales of surplus property. SBDCs work with any small businesses at any stage of development, and not only with startup companies. Many business incubation programs partner with their local SBDC to create

950-533: Is to assist the advancement of Israel's knowledge-based science and technology industries in order to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship while stimulating economic growth. Legal aspects of agreements which may include R&D funding, as well as royalties, are governed under the Regulatory Framework of the IIA. According to the IIA, 54 percent of Israel's exports are high-tech products and services. In 2022

1000-784: The Jerusalem Technology Park , in the Malha neighborhood in Jerusalem . The Office of the Chief Scientist was established in 1965. It was renamed the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA) in 2016. The main aim of the IIA is to increase economic empowerment within the civilian sector of the Israeli economy. Main activities include the funding of R&D and policy-making within its sphere of influence. The development and prominence of

1050-624: The Land of Israel , but also to Jews living outside the Land of Israel. Archaeological excavations conducted at Horvat 'Ethri in Israel from 1999 to 2001 by Boaz Zissu and Amir Ganor of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) have yielded important finds, the most-prized of which being a half-Shekel coin minted in the 2nd century CE, upon which are embossed the words "Half-Shekel" in paleo-Hebrew ( Hebrew : חצי השקל ). The same coin possesses

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1100-562: The Tyrian shekel with its image of a foreign god which had previously been minted to pay the temple tax. The Bar Kochba shekel was issued from AD 132 to 135 amid the Bar Kokhba revolt for similar reasons. The Punic or Carthaginian shekel was typically around 7.2 grams in silver and 7.5 grams in gold (suggesting an exchange rate of 12:1). It was apparently first developed in Sicily during

1150-510: The World Bank . The first high-tech incubator located in Silicon Valley was Catalyst Technologies started by Nolan Bushnell after he left Atari . "My idea was that I would fund [the businesses] with a key," says Bushnell. "And the key would fit a lock in a building. In the building would be a desk and chair, and down the hall would be a Xerox machine. They would sign their name 35 times and

1200-502: The four canonical gospels are those who exchanged worshippers' baser common currency for such shekels. The “ 30 pieces of silver ” paid by the chief priests to Judas Iscariot in exchange for his betrayal of Jesus may be a reference to the Tyrian shekel. The shekel ( sheqel in direct transcription) replaced the Israeli pound ( Hebrew : לִירָה , lira ) in 1980. Its currency symbol

1250-536: The tribes of Israel ), suggesting that there were other common measures of a shekel in use, or at least that the Temple authorities defined a standard for the shekel to be used for Temple purposes. According to Levitical law , whenever a census of the Israelites was to be conducted, every person that was counted was required to pay the half-shekel for his atonement ( Exodus 30:11–16 ). The Aramaic tekel , similar to

1300-450: The ADT ( Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Innovations-, Technologie-, und Gründerzentren e.V. ). San Francisco and Silicon Valley are home to 'founder houses.' These involve a collective of founders sharing an apartment or house while working to get their companies off the ground. Similar to tech/hacker houses in the same area, the founders collaborate to promote one another's success while enjoying

1350-996: The European Commission in 2002 identified around 900 incubation environments in Western Europe. As of October 2006, there were more than 1,400 incubators in North America, up from only 12 in 1980. Her Majesty's Treasury identified around 25 incubation environments in the UK in 1997; by 2005, UKBI identified around 270 incubation environments across the country. In 2005 alone, North American incubation programs assisted more than 27,000 companies that provided employment for more than 100,000 workers and generated annual revenues of $ 17 billion. Incubation activity has not been limited to developed countries; incubation environments are now being implemented in developing countries and raising interest for financial support from organizations such as UNIDO and

1400-617: The Hebrew shekel , used during the feast of Belshazzar according to the Book of Daniel and defined as weighed, shares a common root with the word shekel and may even additionally attest to its original usage as a weight. During the Second Temple period , it was customary among Jews to annually offer the half-Shekel into the Temple treasury, for the upkeep and maintenance of the Temple precincts, as also used in purchasing public animal offerings. This practice not only applied to Jews living in

1450-537: The IIA led a delegation of Israeli startups fighting the Climate crisis , to the UN Climate Conference at Sharm el-Sheikh ( COP27 ). In October 2023, the IIA announced a 400m NIS matching fund for startup companies encountering difficulties because of the outbreak of 2023 Israel–Hamas war . The Technological Incubators Program was established in 1991 and is designed for entrepreneurs, interested in establishing

1500-521: The Incubators Program typically receive a joint public-private investment of up to 5 million Shekels (Approximately 1.5M USD) for their first stages of development. The Yozma Program started in 1993 and small government incentives induced a thriving venture capital scene in Israel. The Magnet Program was established in 1994, and manages the partnership between academic and commercial R&D programs. Significant activities include facilitation of

1550-526: The OCS was further strengthened by the development of the venture capital industry within Israel in the 1990s. The mission of the IIA has been defined through the country's "Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development—1984" (The R&D Law) and its operations are facilitated through Israel's R&D Fund, as well as a variety of international programs, agreements and collaborations. Its mission

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1600-554: The Persian period would have required at least 22 shekels of income per year. Exodus 30:24 notes that the measures of the ingredients for the holy anointing oil were to be calculated using the Shekel of the Sanctuary (see also Exodus 38:24–26 , and similarly at Numbers 3:47 for payment for the redemption of 273 first-born males and at Numbers 7:12–88 for the offerings of the leaders of

1650-571: The United States, however, most incubation programs are independent, community-based and resourced projects. The U.S. Economic Development Administration is a frequent source of funds for developing incubation programs, but once a program is open and operational it typically receives no federal funding; few states offer centralized incubator funding. Rents and/or client fees account for 59% of incubator revenues, followed by service contracts or grants (18%) and cash operating subsidies (15%). As part of

1700-580: The ancient world range widely. The Code of Hammurabi (circa 1800 BC) sets the value of unskilled labour at approximately ten shekels per year of work, confirmed in Israelite law by comparing Deut 15:18 with Exod 21:32 . Later, records within the Achaemenid Empire (539–333 BC) give ranges from a minimum of two shekels per month for unskilled labour, to as high as seven to ten shekels per month in some records. A subsistence wage for an urban household during

1750-403: The company would be incorporated." All the details would be handled: "They'd have a health care plan, their payroll system would be in place, and the books would be set up. So in 15 minutes, they would be in business working on the project." Since startup companies lack many resources, experience and networks, incubators provide services which helps them get through initial hurdles in starting up

1800-581: The early Anatolian traders who stamped their marks to avoid weighing each time used. Herodotus states that the first coinage was issued by Croesus , King of Lydia , spreading to the golden Daric (worth 20 sigloi or shekel), issued by the Achaemenid Empire and the silver Athenian obol and drachma . Early coins were money stamped with an official seal to certify their weight. Silver ingots, some with markings were issued. Later authorities decided who designed coins. As with many ancient units,

1850-471: The financial benefits of co-living in one of the most expensive regions of the country. These collectives are typically located in San Francisco or near to Stanford University's campus. Many of the founders have dropped out of Stanford University to pursue their careers– in fact, there is a more than a 1 in 10 chance that billion-dollar startups have one or more founders who attended Stanford. In addition to

1900-428: The financial incentives of co-living, founders share investor recommendations, funding strategies, VC contacts, and other elements critical to a startup company's success in its early days. These set-ups allow for largely virtual work, eliminating the burden on new founders to find a physical space for their company. Due to the collaborative nature of these spaces, residents who have failed companies often pivot to taking

1950-595: The following five incubator types: academic institutions ; non-profit development corporations ; for-profit property development ventures; venture capital firms , and a combination of the above. Business incubators differ from research and technology parks in their dedication to startup and early-stage companies. Research and technology parks, on the other hand, tend to be large-scale projects that house everything from corporate, government, or university labs to very small companies. Most research and technology parks do not offer business assistance services, which are

2000-476: The hallmark of a business incubation program. However, many research and technology parks house incubation programs. Incubators also differ from the U.S. Small Business Administration's Small Business Development Centers (and similar business support programs) in that they serve only selected clients. Congress created the Small Business Administration in the Small Business Act of July 30, 1953. Its purpose

2050-715: The heart of a true business incubation program is the services it provides to startup companies. More than half of incubation programs surveyed by the National Business Incubation Association in 2006 reported that they also served affiliate or virtual clients. These companies do not reside in the incubator facility. Affiliate clients may be home-based businesses or early-stage companies that have their own premises but can benefit from incubator services. Virtual clients may be too remote from an incubation facility to participate on site, and so receive counseling and other assistance electronically. The amount of time

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2100-765: The later deals with promoting startups (with more emphasis on establishing new companies, scaling the businesses, prototyping, patenting, and so forth). The formal concept of business incubation began in the US in 1959 when Joseph L. Mancuso opened the Batavia Industrial Center in a Batavia, New York , warehouse. Incubation expanded in the U.S. in the 1980s and spread to the UK and Europe through various related forms (e.g. innovation centres, pépinières d'entreprises, technopoles/science parks). The U.S.-based International Business Innovation Association estimates that there are about 7,000 incubators worldwide. A study funded by

2150-694: The mid-4th century BC. It was associated with the payment of Carthage's mercenary armies and was repeatedly devalued over the course of each of the Punic Wars . The amount and quality of this currency however increased as a result of the Carthaginian Empire's expansion into Spain under the Barcid dynasty before the Second Punic War and recovery under Hannibal before the Third Punic War . Throughout, it

2200-524: The shekel had a variety of values depending on the era, government and region; weights between 7 and 17 grams and values of 11, 14, and 17 grams are common. A two-shekel weight recently recovered near the temple area in Jerusalem and dated to the period of the First Temple weighs 23 grams, giving a weight of 11.5 grams per shekel in Israel during the monarchy. When used to pay labourers, recorded wages in

2250-464: The tech sector, such as women, Israeli Arabs and Ultra-Orthodox Jews (Haredim), as well as training programs in advanced and emerging technological fields that require talented human capital . Until 2016, the IIA was known as the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) ( Hebrew : המדען הראשי , romanized :  Ha-madʿan ha-rashi ) of Israel 's Ministry of Economy . The IIA offices are located in

2300-649: The transfer of knowledge between academia and commercial R&D companies. Under the auspices of the Magnet Program, the Nofar program was established to provide support and funding to applied research in fields such as biotechnology , nanotechnology and more. The following is a list of Chief Scientists of the Ministry of Economy (1965-2016). The following is a list of CEOs of the Israel Innovation Authority (since 2016). Business incubator A business incubator

2350-1140: The wake of the dot-com bust , however, many of those programs closed. In NBIA's 2002 State of the Business Incubation survey, only 16% of responding incubators were for-profit programs. By the 2006 SOI, just 6% of respondents were for-profit. Although some incubation programs (regardless of nonprofit or for-profit status) take equity in client companies, most do not. Only 25% of incubation programs report that they take equity in some or all of their clients. Incubators often aggregate themselves into networks which are used to share good practices and new methodologies. Europe's European Business and Innovation Centre Network ("EBN") association federates more than 250 European Business and Innovation Centres (EU|BICs) throughout Europe. France has its own national network of technopoles , pre-incubators, and EU|BICs, called RETIS Innovation. This network focuses on internationalizing startups. Of 1000 incubators across Europe, 500 are situated in Germany. Many of them are organized federally within

2400-443: Was ⟨ [REDACTED] ⟩ , although it was more commonly notated as ש or IS . It was subdivided into 100 new agorot (אגורות חדשות). It was replaced in 1985 by the new shekel , due to hyperinflation . Its currency symbol is ⟨  ₪  ⟩ , although it is often notated as ש״ח or NIS . It is subdivided into 100 agorot . Both Israeli shekels are solely units of fiat currency , and not related to

2450-611: Was first attested in c.  2150 BC under the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad , and later in c.  1700 BC in the Code of Hammurabi . The Hebrew reflex of the root šql is found in the Hebrew words for "to weigh" ( shaqal ), "weight" ( mishqal ) and "consideration" ( shiqqul ). It is cognate to the Aramaic root tql and the Arabic root ṯql ( ث ق ل , in words such as thiqāl "weight", thāqil "heavy" or mithqal ,

2500-572: Was more common for Carthage's holdings in North Africa to employ bronze or no coinage except when paying mercenary armies and for most of the coins to circulate in Iberia, Sardinia, and Sicily. The Tyrian shekel began to be issued c.  300 BC . Owing to the relative purity of its silver, it became the preferred medium of payment for the Temple tax in Jerusalem , despite its royal and pagan imagery. The money changers expelled by Jesus in

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