The Ironman Germany is a triathlon race, part of the Ironman series. It is owned and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). In 2005, Frankfurt became the new site of the Ironman European Championship.
83-675: The first Ironman race in Germany was held in Roth in 1988. The race began with the swimming portion (3.8 kilometers) in the Main-Danube Canal , part of the Rhine river. Before the race, samples of the water are collected and tested to make sure it is safe to compete in. On race day, the Shipping Authority closes off the river for the day in order to keep the athletes safe from ships and pollution. After
166-603: A syringe and came to his aid as his runner began to struggle. The use of strychnine, at the time, was thought necessary to survive demanding races, according to sports historians Alain Lunzenfichter and historian of sports doping, Dr Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, who said: Hicks was, in the phrase of the time, "between life and death" but recovered, collected his gold medal a few days later, and lived until 1952. Nonetheless, he never again took part in athletics. In 1977 one of East Germany's best sprinters, Renate Neufeld , fled to
249-494: A thymoleptic before being phased out by the appearance of newer agents in the 1950s. Everton , one of the top clubs in the English football league, were champions of the 1962–63 season, and it was done, according to a national newspaper investigation, with the help of Benzedrine. Word spread after Everton's win that the drug had been involved. The newspaper investigated, cited where the reporter believed it had come from, and quoted
332-417: A cycle track. The old canal comes close to the new canal at Pollanten , and from there the two canals flow downstream in parallel, eventually meeting 5km south of Berching . The cross-section of the waterway is normally trapezoidal , with 31 metres (102 ft) width at the bottom, 55 metres (180 ft) width at the water surface, 4 metres (13 ft) of water depth, and a side grade of 1:3. The channel
415-691: A doctor who treated American athletes, went to Vienna with the American weightlifting team. There he met a Russian physician who, over "a few drinks", repeatedly asked "What are you giving your boys?" When Ziegler returned the question, the Russian said that his own athletes were being given testosterone. Returning to America, Ziegler tried low doses of testosterone on himself, on the American trainer Bob Hoffman and on two lifters, Jim Park and Yaz Kuzahara. All gained more weight and strength than any training programme would produce but there were side-effects. Ziegler sought
498-613: A drug that would guarantee them success in sport, but cause them to die after five years. In his research, as in previous research by Mirkin, approximately half the athletes responded that they would take the drug, but modern research by James Connor and co-workers has yielded much lower numbers, with athletes having levels of acceptance of the dilemma that were similar to the general population of Australia. The most common prohibited substances for doping in sport are: Examples of well known stimulants include caffeine , cocaine , amphetamine , modafinil , and ephedrine . Caffeine, although
581-631: A drug without after-effects and hit upon the anabolic steroid methandrostenolone , first made in the US in 1958 by Ciba and marketed as Dianabol (colloquially known as "d-bol"). The results were so impressive that lifters began taking more, and steroids spread to other sports. Paul Lowe , a former running back with the San Diego Chargers American football team, told a California legislative committee on drug abuse in 1970: "We had to take them [steroids] at lunchtime. He [an official] would put them on
664-651: A little saucer and prescribed them for us to take them and if not he would suggest there might be a fine." Olympic statistics show the weight of shot putters increased 14 percent between 1956 and 1972, whereas steeplechasers weight increased 7.6 percent. The gold medalist pentathlete Mary Peters said: "A medical research team in the United States attempted to set up extensive research into the effects of steroids on weightlifters and throwers, only to discover that there were so few who weren't taking them that they couldn't establish any worthwhile comparisons." Brand name Dianabol
747-685: A mixture called "butotens" to greatly improve their physical power at the risk of insanity, which is thought to have been prepared using the Amanita muscaria mushroom. The ancient Olympics in Greece have been alleged to have had forms of doping. In ancient Rome , where chariot racing had become a huge part of their culture, athletes drank herbal infusions to strengthen them before chariot races. From that moment, people started to introduce their specific diets to improve their performance. Lots of athletes were mainly focusing on achieving superiority and winning
830-772: A number of fish have spread from the Danube to the Main, and on to the Rhine and Lake Constance . The following list shows some examples: This exchange also works in the opposite direction. Examples include: The construction work was interrupted on 26 March 1979 by a serious accident in the Nuremberg district of Katzwang . A dam broke on the Eibach – Schwanstetten section, which was still under construction but already flooded. About 350,000 cubic metres (12,000,000 cu ft) of water poured through
913-615: A professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. Linford Christie of Great Britain
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#1732844263177996-579: A stimulant, has not been banned by the International Olympic Committee or the World Anti Doping Agency since 2004. It has a positive effect on various physical parameters, most of all endurance, but also on velocity, strength, reaction time and specific actions like throwing performance. Other ways of cheating that change the body without using foreign substances include injecting one's own red blood cells as done with doping at
1079-670: A study commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), actually 44% of them had used them. Nevertheless, only 0.5% of those tested were caught. The entire Russian track and field team was banned from the 2016 Olympic Games, as the Russian State had sponsored and essentially sanctioned their doping program. Goldman's dilemma, or the Goldman dilemma, is a question that was posed to elite athletes by physician, osteopath and publicist Bob Goldman, asking whether they would take
1162-566: A time of 9:03:11.5. In its ten-year span, the record has been broken numerous times. In 2008, Chrissie Wellington , from England broke the record for the women with a time of 8:51:24.7 and in 2009 Timo Bracht , from Germany, with a time of 7:59:15. In 2005, the Ironman European Championship was brought to Frankfurt. As of 2018, the course record for men is 7:41:42, set by the Sebastian Kienle from Germany in 2017, and for women
1245-599: A way of cheating . As stated in the World Anti-Doping Code by WADA, doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations outlined in Article 2.1 through Article 2.11 of the Code. The term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical and is prohibited by most international sports organizations, including
1328-570: A year for the sake of her family. But when her father then lost his job and her sister was expelled from her handball club, she decided to tell her story. East Germany closed itself to the sporting world in May 1965. In 1977 the shot-putter Ilona Slupianek, who weighed 93 kg, failed a test for anabolic steroids at the European Cup meeting in Helsinki and thereafter athletes were tested before they left
1411-552: Is 8:38:44, set by Daniela Ryf from Switzerland in 2018. The championship is an annual accumulation of the best athletes from all around Europe. In order to race in the championship, one of four qualifications must be met. The Ironman lottery system was designed in 1983 by Ironman Cofounder John Collins. His idea was to give all athletes the chance to compete in this monumental race. The lottery system now accepts 100 athletes from all different age groups and 5 physically challenged athletes. If selected, completion of an Ironman series race
1494-478: Is a Waterway Class Vb ; the largest authorised vessel is 190 metres (620 ft) long and 11.45 metres (37.6 ft) wide. The channel in the Kelheim-bound Bamberg lock has a depth of 2.70 metres (8.9 ft). In the few sections with a rectangular profile, the width is usually 43 metres (141 ft) (i.e., the mean between top and bottom widths). The length of the canal is 171 kilometres (106 mi);
1577-852: Is a canal in Bavaria , Germany. Connecting the Main and the Danube rivers across the European Watershed , it runs from Bamberg via Nuremberg to Kelheim . The canal connects the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea , providing a navigable artery between the Rhine delta (at Rotterdam in the Netherlands), and the Danube Delta in south-eastern Romania and south-western Ukraine (or Constanța , through
1660-579: Is a trade name for amphetamine. The Council of Europe says it first appeared in sport at the Berlin Olympics in 1936. It was produced in 1887 and the derivative, Benzedrine, was isolated in the U.S. in 1934 by Gordon Alles . Its perceived effects gave it the street name "speed". British troops used 72 million amphetamine tablets in the Second World War and the RAF got through so many that "Methedrine won
1743-625: Is at the Römerberg square in the historic center of Frankfurt. In 2010 the maximum time was reduced from 16 to 15 hours, in spite of a 5 km extended cycling course. In 2003, the WTC decided to hold their annual race in Frankfurt creating the Opel Ironman Germany Triathlon. Stefan Holzner , from Germany, won with a time of 8:12:29.1 and Nina Kraft , also from Germany, won for the women with
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#17328442631771826-687: Is held annually in July, includes a 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) swim in the Main-Danube Canal at Hilpoltstein . The canal is closed to vessel traffic during the race. An approximately 14-kilometre (8.7 mi)-long section of the marathon route runs along the canal from the Hilpoltstein lock to the Leerstetten lock. Doping in sport In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) by athletes, as
1909-491: Is important that tests are conducted by independent organizations that treat each athlete equally, indifferent of fame or nationality. A famous case of AAS use in a competition was Canadian Ben Johnson 's victory in the 100 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics . He subsequently failed the drug test when stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using the steroid as well as Dianabol , testosterone, Furazabol , and human growth hormone amongst other things. Johnson
1992-509: Is no longer part of the Ironman series. Since 2005, the Ironman European Championship is held annually in Frankfurt and more than half a million spectators gather to watch the race every year. The race starts in two different waves, the first wave consists of 100 elite level athletes and the second start consists of the remaining athletes. An average of 2500 people compete per year. The first part of
2075-611: Is no longer produced but the drug methandrostenolone itself is still made in many countries and other, similar drugs are made elsewhere. The use of anabolic steroids is now banned by all major sporting bodies, including the ATP , WTA , ITF , International Olympic Committee , FIFA , UEFA , all major professional golf tours , the National Hockey League , Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association ,
2158-532: Is required one year prior to the championship race. In 2002, the Ironman Auction allowed people to bid on six spots in the championship race. Each week one slot is posted with a starting bid of $ 10,000. Over the past 11 years, the auction has raised over $ 2 million. One hundred percent of the proceeds go to different charities and organizations supported by the Ironman Foundation. The charities supported by
2241-3222: Is taking any illegal or legal substance to improve your mental health. The survey found that 13% physically doped, 15% cognitively doped, and 20% used both. Main-Donau-Kanal 49°11′30″N 11°15′3″E / 49.19167°N 11.25083°E / 49.19167; 11.25083 ( Rhine–Main–Danube Canal ) 49°54′28″N 10°51′22″E / 49.90785°N 10.85608°E / 49.90785; 10.85608 ( Hafen Bamberg ) 49°52′50″N 10°54′29″E / 49.88067°N 10.90796°E / 49.88067; 10.90796 ( Bamberg lock ) 49°50′18″N 10°57′22″E / 49.83847°N 10.95619°E / 49.83847; 10.95619 ( Strullendorf lock ) 49°44′41″N 11°02′51″E / 49.74461°N 11.04753°E / 49.74461; 11.04753 ( Forchheim lock ) 49°41′10″N 11°02′20″E / 49.68601°N 11.03893°E / 49.68601; 11.03893 ( Hausen lock ) 49°37′25″N 10°58′49″E / 49.62371°N 10.98035°E / 49.62371; 10.98035 ( Erlangen lock ) 49°33′23″N 10°58′12″E / 49.55640°N 10.97002°E / 49.55640; 10.97002 ( Kriegenbrunn lock ) 49°24′56″N 11°03′25″E / 49.41557°N 11.05696°E / 49.41557; 11.05696 ( Nürnberg lock ) 49°23′30″N 11°03′52″E / 49.39177°N 11.06448°E / 49.39177; 11.06448 ( Hafen Nürnberg ) 49°23′08″N 11°03′52″E / 49.38559°N 11.06440°E / 49.38559; 11.06440 ( Eibach lock ) 49°17′31″N 11°06′42″E / 49.29206°N 11.11177°E / 49.29206; 11.11177 ( Leerstetten lock ) 49°12′40″N 11°10′35″E / 49.21103°N 11.17646°E / 49.21103; 11.17646 ( Eckersmühlen lock ) 49°11′40″N 11°13′30″E / 49.19453°N 11.22501°E / 49.19453; 11.22501 ( Hilpoltstein lock ) 49°09′07″N 11°26′11″E / 49.15195°N 11.43652°E / 49.15195; 11.43652 ( Bachhausen lock ) 49°05′28″N 11°26′38″E / 49.09100°N 11.44397°E / 49.09100; 11.44397 ( Berching lock ) 49°01′57″N 11°33′41″E / 49.03263°N 11.56133°E / 49.03263; 11.56133 ( Dietfurt lock ) 48°58′29″N 11°41′16″E / 48.97482°N 11.68766°E / 48.97482; 11.68766 ( Riedenburg lock ) 48°55′27″N 11°51′05″E / 48.92418°N 11.85145°E / 48.92418; 11.85145 ( Kelheim lock ) 48°54′37″N 11°54′16″E / 48.91034°N 11.90454°E / 48.91034; 11.90454 ( Altmühl mouth ) Download coordinates as: The Rhine–Main–Danube Canal ( German : Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal ; also called Main-Danube Canal , RMD Canal or Europa Canal ),
2324-399: Is to use new designer stimulants, which have not previously been officially prohibited, but have similar chemical structures or biological effects. Designer stimulants that attracted media attention in 2010 included mephedrone , ephedrone , and fluoroamphetamines , which have chemical structures and effects similar to ephedrine and amphetamine . These "de facto experiments investigating
2407-692: The Altmühl at Dietfurt is a drop of 51 metres (167 ft) through three locks. The further difference in elevation of 17 metres (56 ft) along the Altmühl, with two more locks, makes a total of 68 metres (223 ft) for the south ramp. This means that the Danube end of the canal is 107.3 metres (352 ft) above the level of the Main end. Along the course of the canal there are 16 locks with lifting heights of up to 25 meters (81 ft). The 16 locks are managed from four remote control centres (Neuses since 2007, Kriegenbrunn , Hilpoltstein, and Dietfurt from
2490-723: The Danube–Black Sea Canal ). The present canal was completed in 1992 and is 171 kilometres (106 mi) long. Projects for connecting the Danube and Rhine basins by canal have a long history. In 793, the Emperor Charlemagne ordered the construction of a canal—the Fossa Carolina (German: Karlsgraben )—connecting the Swabian Rezat , a tributary of the Rednitz , to the Altmühl near Treuchtlingen . Between 1836 and 1846
2573-898: The European Athletic Association , WWE , the NFL , and the UCI . However, drug testing can be wildly inconsistent and, in some instances, has gone unenforced. A number of studies measuring anabolic steroid use in high school athletes found that out of all 12th grade students, 6.6 percent of them had used anabolic steroids at some point in their high school careers or were approached and counseled to use them. Of those students who acknowledged doping with anabolic–androgenic steroids, well over half participated in school-sponsored athletics, including football, wrestling, track and field, and baseball. A second study showed 6.3 percent of high school student Football players admitted to current or former AAS use. At
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2656-485: The International Olympic Committee . Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbate the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating. The origins of doping in sports go back to the creation of the sport itself. From ancient usage of substances in chariot racing to more recent controversies in doping in baseball , doping in tennis , doping at
2739-457: The Ludwig Canal (German: Ludwigskanal), named for King Ludwig I of Bavaria , was built between Bamberg and Kelheim. This canal had a narrow channel, with many locks , and a shortage of water in the peak section, so the operation of the waterway soon became uneconomic—especially given the rapidly advancing construction of the railway network in the southern German countryside. The canal finally
2822-441: The ecosystem of new habitats: competition with native species , lack of natural predators , introduction of diseases and parasites , etc. However, there is also the possibility that they will naturalize into the new ecosystem and their introduction lead to an enrichment of the resident wildlife . In order to maintain navigable water levels for the waterway in the Main, Regnitz and Rednitz valleys, water must be diverted via
2905-464: The " Main-Donau-Wasserstraße ". Under this plan, in addition to the expansion of the Main and Danube, a completely new channel linking the rivers was to be created. The Rhein-Main-Donau AG (RMD-AG) was founded on 30 December 1921 to undertake the project. To finance the waterway, the RMD was given control of the water resources of the Main, Danube, Lech , Altmühl , and Regnitz . The first concrete plans for
2988-499: The 15-metre (49 ft) wide hole and flooded large parts of old Katzwang. The force of the water was so great that it dug a 10-metre (33 ft) wide crater and swept away cars, people and houses. During the rescue operations, a 12-year-old girl died. The damage was around DM 24 million (converted c. 12 million euros ). After the disaster, the entire canal line was checked for weaknesses and retrofitted at critical points. The long-distance Challenge Roth triathlon , which
3071-558: The 25th anniversary of the race, stated 20 athletes tested positive for drugs but were cleared by the IOC at this 1988 Seoul Olympics. An IOC official stated that endocrine profiles done at those games indicated that 80 percent of the track and field athletes tested showed evidence of long-term steroid use, although not all were banned. Stimulants are drugs that usually act on the central nervous system to modulate mental function and behavior, increasing an individual's sense of excitement, decreasing
3154-479: The 34-kilometre (21 mi) long section through the Altmühl valley. On 25 September 1992, the canal was completed. The equivalent of some 2.3 billion euros were invested in the construction from 1960 to 1992. Almost 20 percent of that went for environmental protection projects. From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz , a tributary of the Main. From Fürth to beyond Roth it follows
3237-593: The Altmühlüberleiter canal & tunnel from the upper Altmühl to the Brombachsee reservoirs, across the European Watershed between the drainage basins of the Danube and Rhine. On the other hand, the canal carries cargo traffic that would otherwise require 250,000 truck trips annually, or as an alternative, 3,000 freight trains on the Deutsche Bahn rail network. So far about 20 species of invertebrates and
3320-463: The Battle of Britain" according to one report. The problem was that amphetamine leads to a lack of judgement and a willingness to take risks, which in sport could lead to better performances but in fighters and bombers led to more crash landings than the RAF could tolerate. The drug was withdrawn but large stocks remained on the black market. Amphetamine was also used legally as an aid to slimming and also as
3403-690: The CIBA Pharmaceutical Company to develop an oral anabolic steroid. This resulted in the creation of methandrostenolone , which appeared on the market in 1960 under the brand name Dianabol . During the Olympics that year, the Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed and died while competing in the 100-kilometer (62-mile) race. An autopsy later revealed the presence of amphetamines and a drug called nicotinyl tartrate in his system. The American specialist in doping, Max M. Novich, wrote: "Trainers of
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3486-527: The IAAF hoped, sending her home to East Germany meant she was free to train unchecked with anabolic steroids, if she wanted to, and then compete for another gold medal, which she won. After that, almost nothing emerged from the East German sports schools and laboratories. A rare exception was the visit by the sports-writer and former athlete, Doug Gilbert of the Edmonton Sun , who said: Other reports came from
3569-468: The Ironman Foundation are both national and international. Some of the charities include: American Red Cross , American Heart Association , Big Brothers and Big Sisters , Boys and Girls Club , World Bicycle Relief , Peoples Advocacy for Trails in Hawaii and The County of Hawaii Parks & Recreation Department. The top finishing males and females are given a spot in the championship race. In order to accept
3652-504: The Main-Danube Canal, and a benefit–cost ratio of 0.52:1. This might have justified the termination of the project. One of the proponents commissioned a study by the Ifo-Institut München, predicting an estimated 5.5 million tonnes per year for the traffic volume on the Main-Danube Canal. In 2004, the freight volume in exchange traffic totalled 5.9 million tonnes and the total transport 6.9 million tonnes. The course of
3735-527: The Olympic Games , and doping at the Tour de France , popular views among athletes have varied widely from country to country over the years. The general trend among authorities and sporting organizations over the past several decades has been to regulate the use of drugs in sports strictly. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and
3818-503: The Olympic Games in Rome and died later in hospital. The autopsy showed he had taken amphetamine and another drug, Ronicol , which dilates the blood vessels. The chairman of the Dutch cycling federation, Piet van Dijk, said of Rome that "dope – whole cartloads – [were] used in such royal quantities." The 1950s British cycling professional Jock Andrews would joke: "You need never go off-course chasing
3901-604: The RMD Canal in 2006 was down almost 20% compared to the previous year. The most important goods, which were transported on the canal toward the Danube: Goods transported toward the Rhine The container traffic declined from 3,986 to 2,539 TEUs . Of these 85% were in the direction of Danube. Meanwhile, tourism along the canal is economically important. This has contributed to the extensive creation of habitats to compensate for
3984-954: The Tour de France , treating blood with UV light or the use of a hyperbaric chamber (not currently banned), and, potentially, gene doping . Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were first isolated, identified and synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in medicine to induce bone growth, stimulate appetite, induce male puberty, and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS. Anabolic steroids also increase muscle mass and physical strength, and are therefore used in sports and bodybuilding to enhance strength or physique. Known side effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ), acne , high blood pressure , and liver damage . Some of these effects can be mitigated by taking supplemental drugs. AAS use in American sports began in October 1954 when John Ziegler ,
4067-498: The United States was John Ziegler (1917–1983), a physician for the U.S. weightlifting team in the mid-20th century. In 1954, on his tour to Vienna with his team for the world championship, Ziegler learned from his Russian colleague that the Soviet weightlifting team's success was due to their use of testosterone as a performance-enhancing drug. Deciding that U.S. athletes needed chemical assistance to remain competitive, Ziegler worked with
4150-563: The West with the Bulgarian she later married. A year later she said that she had been told to take drugs supplied by coaches while training to represent East Germany at the 1980 Summer Olympics. She brought with her to the West grey tablets and green powder she said had been given to her, to members of her club, and to other athletes. The West German doping analyst Manfred Donike reportedly identified them as anabolic steroids. She said she stayed quiet for
4233-517: The banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for
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#17328442631774316-408: The beginning of 2007). These centres are staffed with one worker on the night shift, and two on the day shift. The locks were modernized from 2001 to 2007, replacing the outdated relay technology with programmable logic controllers (PLC) . The cost was approximately $ 1.3 million per lock. The summit pound is maintained by pumping water from the canal stretches below; and some water is drained into
4399-472: The canal. The transport volume in traffic between Main-Danube Canal and Danube (Kelheim lock) in 2010 consisted of the following items (in tons): Freight volume by country between Main-Donau-Kanal and Donau (Kelheim Lock) in 2010: The construction of canals involves ecological dangers. The Main-Danube Canal makes it possible for aquatic animals to spread from Western to Eastern Europe and vice versa . Invasive species often cause adverse impacts in
4482-408: The championship invitation the athlete must be present at the awards ceremony. Many of the top finishers believe that they already qualified or someone else is handling their invitation but that is not always the case. WTC managing director of global race operations Steve Meckfessel says "just cracking the top 10 can sometimes punch the ticket". When people are absent, the next available spot is given to
4565-435: The collegiate level, surveys show that AAS use among athletes range from 5 percent to 20 percent and continues to rise. The study found that skin changes were an early marker of steroid use in young athletes, and underscored the important role that dermatologists could play in the early detection and intervention in these athletes. There are two different types of controls that can be conducted in competition or in training. It
4648-689: The competition by increasing muscle strength capacity, and endurance. Charmis, the Spartan winner of the Stade race in the Olympic Games of 668BC, introduced the special diet of consuming enough dried figs during the training period. A participant in an endurance walking race in Britain, Abraham Wood, said in 1807 that he had used laudanum (which contains opiates ) to keep him awake for 24 hours while competing against Robert Barclay Allardyce. By April 1877, walking races had stretched to 800 kilometres (500 mi) and
4731-422: The completion of the project. The contract was signed on 16 September of that year in Duisburg by Federal Transport Minister Hans-Christoph Seebohm , Federal Finance Minister Rolf Dahlgrün , Bavarian Prime Minister Alfons Goppel and the Bavarian Finance Minister Konrad Pöhner. The last section to be built, between Nuremberg and Kelheim, became politically controversial in the 1970s and 1980s, mainly because of
4814-405: The country. At the same time, the Kreischa testing laboratory near Dresden passed into government control; it reputedly made around 12,000 tests a year on East German athletes but without any being penalised. The International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) suspended Slupianek for 12 months, a penalty that ended two days before the European championships in Prague . In the reverse of what
4897-407: The crowds in America as well. And the more spectators paid at the gate, the higher the prizes could be and the greater was the incentive of riders to stay awake—or be kept awake—to ride the greatest distance. Their exhaustion was countered by soigneurs (the French word for "healers"), helpers akin to seconds in boxing . Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine , a drug used to stimulate
4980-516: The down cycle. On the up cycle, these tanks replenish first the bottom third and then the middle third of the lock volume. The remaining top third is supplied by water from the upper level of the canal. use kilometres (km) sea level (m) lock (m) There were different forecasts of freight transport volumes, from which benefit–cost ratio could be derived. In 1981, a Federal Minister for Transport cost–benefit account assumed an estimated traffic volume of only 2.7 million tonnes per year for
5063-400: The drug was not on the prohibited list at the time of their offence, however, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains it is a substance related to those already banned, so the decisions stand. Modafinil was added to the list of prohibited substances on 3 August 2004, ten days before the start of the 2004 Summer Olympics . One approach of athletes to get around regulations on stimulants
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#17328442631775146-515: The exemplary effect of drug-free sports for the public. Anti-doping authorities state that using performance-enhancing drugs goes against the "spirit of sport". The use of drugs in sports goes back centuries, about back to the very invention of the concept of sports. In ancient times, when the fittest of a nation were selected as athletes or combatants, they were fed diets and given treatments considered beneficial to help increase muscle. For instance, Scandinavian mythology says Berserkers could drink
5229-400: The following year, also at the Agricultural Hall in Islington , London, to 840 kilometres (520 mi). The Illustrated London News chided: The event proved popular, however, with 20,000 spectators attending each day. Encouraged, the promoters developed the idea and soon held similar races for cyclists. The fascination with six-day bicycle races spread across the Atlantic and appealed to
5312-432: The goalkeeper, Albert Dunlop, as saying: The club agreed that drugs had been used but that they "could not possibly have had any harmful effect." Dunlop, however, said he had become an addict. In November 1942, the Italian cyclist Fausto Coppi took "seven packets of amphetamine" to beat the world hour record on the track. In 1960, the Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed during the 100 km team time trial at
5395-492: The heart after cardiac attacks and which was credited with improving riders' breathing. Riders had hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand." Public reaction turned against such trials, whether individual races or in teams of two. One report said: The father of anabolic steroids in
5478-423: The new waterway emerged in 1938, for the so-called Mindorfer Linie south of Nuremberg. As early as 1939 the first preparatory work began at Thalmässing in Landkreis Roth . However, after the war this route was dropped. By 1962, the Main's channel had been expanded as far upstream as Bamberg. In 1966, the Duisburger Vertrag, an agreement between Bavaria and the Federal Republic of Germany , was reached for financing
5561-425: The next finisher in the age group. This is known as rolldown. The Ironman Legacy Program is another lottery system that accepts 100 athletes. A number of criteria must be met to qualify for this program. First, completion of at least twelve Ironman series races before the actual championship race is required. Second, have never participated in the Championship race. Third, must have completed an Ironman race in each of
5644-497: The occasional athlete who fled to the West – 15 of them between 1976 and 1979. One, the ski-jumper Hans-Georg Aschenbach , said: "Long-distance skiers start having injections to their knees from the age 14 because of their intensive training." He said: "For every Olympic champion, there are at least 350 invalids. There are gymnasts among the girls who have to wear corsets from the age of 18 because their spine and their ligaments have become so worn... There are young people so worn out by
5727-565: The old school who supplied treatments which had cocaine as their base declared with assurance that a rider tired by a six-day race would get his second breath after absorbing these mixtures." John Hoberman, a professor at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, said six-day races were "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion." Over 30% of athletes participating in 2011 World Championships in Athletics admitted having used banned substances during their careers. According to
5810-429: The peloton in a big race – just follow the trail of empty syringes and dope wrappers." The Dutch cycling team manager Kees Pellenaars told of a rider in his care: Currently modafinil is being used throughout the sporting world, with many high-profile cases attracting press coverage as prominent United States athletes have failed tests for this substance. Some athletes who were found to have used modafinil protested as
5893-428: The physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion" were not unknown outside cycling. Thomas Hicks , an American born in England on 7 January 1875, won the Olympic marathon in 1904. He crossed the line behind a fellow American Fred Lorz , who had been transported for 11 miles of the course by his trainer, leading to his disqualification. However, Hicks's trainer Charles Lucas, pulled out
5976-426: The planned extension of the Danube waterway between Passau and Kelheim is still controversial. Proponents argue that the cost structure of inland navigation will require larger ship sizes, so that larger lock dimensions, deeper channels and secure minimum water depth will be required. Opponents argue the environmental degradation is too great and that inland navigation is falling. The transport volume through
6059-539: The race, the 3.86 km swim event, takes place in the lake Langener Waldsee about 15 km south of Frankfurt. The subsequent 180 km bike course first goes to central Frankfurt, then through two laps through Frankfurt and the surrounding region Wetterau. Northernmost point of the route is in Bad Nauheim . The final marathon running goes four laps on a course on both sides on the River Main in Frankfurt. The finish
6142-458: The same reason. The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988. Now it is regarded as negative test; the acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz,
6225-479: The sensation of fatigue and improving motor coordination. The latter happens via improvement of the interaction between nervous system and musculature. It has greater effect when an athlete is already exhausted - the period when the coordination suffers the most. In the World Anti-Doping Agency list of prohibited substances, stimulants are the second largest class after the anabolic steroids. Benzedrine
6308-468: The summit elevation (between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks) is 406 metres (1,332 ft) above sea level . This is the highest point on Earth that is currently reached by commercial watercraft from the sea. The height difference along the north ramp of the canal—from the Main at Bamberg to the crest elevation—is 175 metres (574 ft), with 11 locks. From the crest elevation down to
6391-401: The summit pound from local natural sources. Finally a pumped storage artificial lake Dürrlohsee that sits even higher in elevation than the summit pound makes up the difference if the aforementioned sources of water are not sufficient. Thirteen locks are designed to conserve water, which they do by piping first the top third, and then the middle third of the lock water into side tanks during
6474-433: The swimming portion is finished, athletes change into their cycling attire and begin the 180 kilometer ride, 8 kilometers south of Roth. The ride goes down to Greding, where they turn and finish back at Roth. After the cycling portion is finished, athletes change into their running attire and begin the 40 kilometer run to the finish. In 2001, the WTC ended its Ironman contract with Roth. The annual triathlon still goes on but it
6557-539: The two years prior to the Championship. And finally, be registered to compete in an Ironman race later in that year. The World Anti-Doping Agency conducted a study to see if athletes were doping . They surveyed 2997 athletes that have participated in triathlons in Germany, including the Ironman European Championship. The survey consisted of both physical and cognitive doping. Physical doping is taking any illegal substance to improve your race performance and cognitive doping
6640-529: The valley of the Rednitz , a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Franconian Jura mountains and joins the river Altmühl near Dietfurt . From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmühl valley. Today, some 60 kilometers of the Ludwig Canal still exists in good condition between Nuremberg and Berching . Some of the locks still function, and part of the towpath has been converted to
6723-524: Was abandoned in 1950, after a decision was made to not repair damage it had suffered from Allied bombing during World War II . In 1917, the Landtag of Bavaria passed a law calling for the development of a major shipping route "between Aschaffenburg and Passau ", with the capacity to carry the 1,200-ton ships used on the Rhine . On 13 June 1921, Bavaria and the German Reich concluded an agreement to build
6806-536: Was found to have metabolites of pseudoephedrine in his urine after a 200m heat at the same Olympics, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing. Of the top five competitors in the race, only former world record holder and eventual bronze medalist Calvin Smith of the US never failed a drug test during his career. Smith later said: "I should have been the gold medalist." The CBC radio documentary, Rewind , "Ben Johnson: A Hero Disgraced" broadcast on 19 September 2013, for
6889-609: Was stripped of his gold medal as well as his world-record performance. Carl Lewis was then promoted one place to take the Olympic gold title. Lewis had also run under the current world record time and was therefore recognized as the new record holder. Johnson was not the only participant whose success was questioned: Lewis had tested positive at the Olympic Trials for pseudoephedrine , ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine . Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed
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