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64-521: The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics . The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada , based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo . Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It

128-402: A passive exoskeleton , which provides mechanical benefits and protection, but has no actuator , and so relies completely on the user's own muscles for movements, adding more stress and making the user more prone to fatigue . The lack of "power assist" is the same difference of a powered exoskeleton to orthotics , as orthosis mainly aims to promote progressively increased muscle work and, in

192-510: A "dried, smoked and salted" herring when "drawn across a fox's path destroys the scent and sets the hounds at fault." Another variation of the dog story is given by Robert Hendrickson (1994) who says escaping convicts used the pungent fish to throw off hounds in pursuit. According to a pair of articles by Professor Gerald Cohen and Robert Scott Ross published in Comments on Etymology (2008), supported by etymologist Michael Quinion and accepted by

256-413: A few high-profile cases. Humans exhibit a wide range of physical size differences in both skeletal lengths and limb and torso girth, so exoskeletons must either be adaptable or fitted to individual users. In military applications, it may be possible to address this by requiring the user to be of an approved physical size in order to be issued an exoskeleton. Physical body size restrictions already occur in

320-558: A particularly strong kipper , made from fish (typically herring ) strongly cured in brine or heavily smoked . This process makes the fish particularly pungent smelling and, with strong enough brine, turns its flesh reddish. In this literal sense, as a strongly cured kipper, the term can be dated to the late 13th century in the Anglo-Norman poem The Treatise by Walter of Bibbesworth , which then first appears in Middle English in

384-446: A red herring may be intentional or unintentional; it is not necessarily a conscious intent to mislead. The expression is mainly used to assert that an argument is not relevant to the issue being discussed. For example, "I think we should make the academic requirements stricter for students. I recommend you support this because we are in a budget crisis, and we do not want our salaries affected." The second sentence, though used to support

448-527: A red herring to deflect hounds in pursuit of a hare, adding "It was a mere transitory effect of the political red-herring; for, on the Saturday, the scent became as cold as a stone." Quinion concludes: "This story, and [Cobbett's] extended repetition of it in 1833, was enough to get the figurative sense of red herring into the minds of his readers, unfortunately also with the false idea that it came from some real practice of huntsmen." Although Cobbett popularized

512-555: A serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders . It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which

576-430: A short-range GPS microwave communication system. It grants the ability to breathe under water, and can morph into different shapes due to its "'smart' liquid metal" form. It can also "more or less disappear" when not needed due to reactions to neurological impulses as Tony Stark revealed. The new costume is able to look like other styles of costumes Spider-Man has worn over the years or turn into his street clothes. Part of

640-517: A single layer, and bugs caused "violent and uncontrollable motion by the machine" when moving both legs simultaneously. Hardiman's slow walking speed of 0.76 metres per second (2.5 ft/s) further limited practical uses, and the project was not successful. At about the same time, early active exoskeletons and humanoid robots were developed at the Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia by

704-495: A story of having used a strong-smelling smoked fish to divert and distract hounds from chasing a rabbit. As an informal fallacy , the red herring falls into a broad class of relevance fallacies. Unlike the straw man , which involves a distortion of the other party's position, the red herring is a seemingly plausible, though ultimately irrelevant, diversionary tactic. According to the Oxford English Dictionary ,

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768-505: A team led by Prof. Miomir Vukobratović . Legged locomotion systems were developed first, with the goal of assisting in the rehabilitation of paraplegics. In the course of developing active exoskeletons, the Institute also developed theory to aid in the analysis and control of the human gait. Some of this work informed the development of modern high-performance humanoid robots. In 1972, an active exoskeleton for rehabilitation of paraplegics that

832-455: Is a design issue for traditional "hard" robots. Several human joints such as the hips and shoulders are ball and socket joints , with the center of rotation inside the body. Since no two individuals are exactly alike, fully mimicking the degrees of freedom of a joint movement is not possible. Instead, the exoskeleton joint is commonly modeled as a series of hinges with one degree of freedom for each axis of rotations. Spinal flexibility

896-584: Is also being developed to enhance precision during surgery, and to help nurses move and carry heavy patients. Developing a full-body suit that meets the needs of soldiers has proven challenging. In the early 2000s, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) funded the first Sarcos full-body, powered exoskeleton prototype, which was hydraulically actuated and consumed 6,800 watts of power. By 2010, DARPA and Sarcos had more than halved that, to 3,000 watts, but still required

960-501: Is an article published on 14 February 1807 by radical journalist William Cobbett in his polemical periodical Political Register . According to Cohen and Ross, and accepted by the OED, this is the origin of the figurative meaning of red herring. In the piece, William Cobbett critiques the English press, which had mistakenly reported Napoleon's defeat. Cobbett recounted that he had once used

1024-517: Is another challenge since the spine is effectively a stack of limited-motion ball joints. There is no simple combination of external single-axis hinges that can easily match the full range of motion of the human spine . Because accurate alignment is challenging, devices often include the ability to compensate for misalignment with additional degrees of freedom. Soft exoskeletons bend with the body and address some of these issues. A successful exoskeleton should assist its user, for example by reducing

1088-429: Is designed to provide better mechanical load tolerance, and its control system aims to sense and synchronize with the user's intended motion and relay the signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton also protects the user's shoulder , waist , back and thigh against overload , and stabilizes movements when lifting and holding heavy items. A powered exoskeleton differs from traditional body armor, or

1152-490: Is given, without mention of its use in training, in The Macmillan Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases (1976), with the earliest use cited being from W. F. Butler's Life of Napier , published in 1849. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1981) gives the full phrase as "Drawing a red herring across the path", an idiom meaning "to divert attention from the main question by some side issue"; here, once again,

1216-553: Is however still largely unknown. Companies have to conduct a risk assessment for workplaces at which exoskeletons are to be used. The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance has developed a draft risk assessment for exoskeletons and their use. The safety assessment is based on diverse experience including machine safety, personal protective equipment and risk analysis of physical stresses at work. The exoskeletons available on

1280-416: Is increasingly being used in the automotive industry, with the goal of reducing worker injury (especially in the shoulders and spine) and reducing errors due to fatigue. They are also being examined for use in logistics . These systems can be divided into two categories: For its application in the broadest sense, industrial exoskeletons must be lightweight, comfortable, safe, and minimally disruptive to

1344-457: Is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. A red herring may be used intentionally, as in mystery fiction or as part of rhetorical strategies (e.g., in politics), or may be used in argumentation inadvertently. The term was popularized in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett , who told

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1408-426: The Oxford English Dictionary , the idiom did not originate from a hunting practice. Ross researched the origin of the story and found the earliest reference to using herrings for training animals was in a tract on horsemanship published in 1697 by Gerland Langbaine. Langbaine recommended a method of training horses (not hounds) by dragging the carcass of a cat or fox so that the horse would be accustomed to following

1472-618: The Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six . Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk . Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or " waldoes ", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in

1536-442: The harriers from the trail of a hare that we had set down as our own private property, get to her haunt early in the morning, and drag a red-herring, tied to a string, four or five miles over hedges and ditches, across fields and through coppices, till we got to a point, whence we were pretty sure the hunters would not return to the spot where they had [been] thrown off; and, though I would, by no means, be understood, as comparing

1600-482: The 1960s, the first true 'mobile machines' integrated with human movements began to appear. A suit called Hardiman was co-developed by General Electric and the US Armed Forces . The suit was powered by hydraulics and electricity and amplified the wearer's strength by a factor of 25, so that lifting 110 kilograms (240 lb) would feel like lifting 4.5 kilograms (10 lb). A feature called force feedback enabled

1664-723: The Reality Gem to help him win the Civil War and eventually become president, she inherited the Iron Spider mantle after Peter Parker defected to Captain America's group. Following this, she later joined the Civil Warriors. Powered exoskeleton Other names include for this include power or (high-tech) armor ; powered, cybernetic, robot or robotic (armor) or suit ; exo or (hard) suit ; frame or augmented mobility . ) The exoskeleton

1728-687: The Saint Patrick's Day Dash foot race in Seattle, Washington. Reed claims to have set the speed record for walking in robot suits by completing the 4.8-kilometre (3 mi) race at an average speed of 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph). The Lifesuit prototype 14 can walk 1.6 km (1 mi) on a full charge and lift 92 kg (203 lb) for the wearer. Categorisation of powered exoskeletons falls into structure, body part focused on, action, power technology, purpose, and application. Rigid exoskeletons are those whose structural components attached to

1792-512: The best case, regain and improve existing muscle functions. Powered exoskeletons have not developed in the real world as fast as they have in fiction , but currently, there are products that can help humans reduce their energy consumption by as much as 60 percent while carrying things. The earliest-known exoskeleton-like device was an apparatus for assisting movement developed in 1890 by Russian engineer Nicholas Yagin. It used energy stored in compressed gas bags to assist in movement, although it

1856-434: The challenge of being lightweight, yet powerful. Technologies used include pneumatic activators, hydraulic cylinders, and electronic servomotors . Elastic actuators are being investigated to simulate control of stiffness in human limbs and provide touch perception. The air muscle , a.k.a. braided pneumatic actuator or McKibben air muscle, is also used to enhance tactile feedback. The flexibility of human anatomy

1920-469: The chaos of a hunting party. He says if a dead animal is not available, a red herring would do as a substitute. This recommendation was misunderstood by Nicholas Cox, published in the notes of another book around the same time, who said it should be used to train hounds (not horses). Either way, the herring was not used to distract the hounds or horses from a trail, rather to guide them along it. The earliest reference to using herring for distracting hounds

1984-437: The company has solved some of these issues related to battery technology, particularly consumption, reducing the amount of power required to operate its Guardian XO to under 500 watts (0.67 hp) and enabling its batteries to be "hot-swapped" without powering down the unit. Internal combustion engine offer high energy output, but problems include exhaust fumes, waste heat and inability to modulate power smoothly, as well as

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2048-828: The concept of futuristic military armor. Other examples include Tony Stark 's Iron Man suit, the robot exoskeleton used by Ellen Ripley to fight the Xenomorph queen in Aliens , in Warhammer 40,000 the Space Marines , among other factions, are known to use different kinds of Power Armour, the Power Armor used in the Fallout video game franchise and the Exoskeleton from S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Red herring (plot device) A red herring

2112-412: The costume can detach itself from Spider-Man to cover an object too dangerous to touch, such as a radioactive asteroid. All these features are controlled by a computer system in the chest piece. The suit responds to mental control. The Iron Spider armor also has a secret override that can be activated by Iron Man in case of emergencies or if Spider-Man ever switches sides. However, unknown to Stark, Peter

2176-634: The device reduces the energy consumed during motion, and whether it is safe to use. Some design issues faced by engineers are listed below. One of the biggest problems facing engineers and designers of powered exoskeletons is the power supply . This is a particular issue if the exoskeleton is intended to be worn "in the field", i.e. outside a context in which the exoskeleton can be tethered to external power sources via power cables , thus having to rely solely on onboard power supply. Battery packs would require frequent replacement or recharging, and may risk explosion due to thermal runaway . According to Sarcos,

2240-484: The early 14th century: " He eteþ no ffyssh / But heryng red. " A 15th-century text known as the Heege Manuscript includes a joke about fighting oxen chopping one another apart until only "three red herrings" remain. Until 2008, the figurative sense of "red herring" was thought to originate from a supposed technique of training young scent hounds . There are variations of the story, but according to one version,

2304-463: The editors and proprietors of the London daily press to animals half so sagacious and so faithful as hounds, I cannot help thinking, that, in the case to which we are referring, they must have been misled, at first, by some political deceiver. — William Cobbett , February 14, 1807, Cobbett's Political Register, Volume XI There is no fish species called "red herring", rather it is a name given to

2368-464: The energy required to perform a task. Individual variations in the nature, range and force of movements make it difficult for a standardized device to provide the appropriate amount of assistance at the right time. Algorithms to tune control parameters to automatically optimize the energy cost of walking are under development. Direct feedback between the human nervous system and motorized prosthetics ("neuro-embodied design") has also been implemented in

2432-439: The environment. For some applications, single-joint exoskeletons (i.e. intended to assist only the limb involved in specific tasks) are more appropriate than full-body powered suits. Full-body powered exoskeletons have been developed to assist with heavy loads in the industrial setting, and for specialized applications such as nuclear power plant maintenance. The biomechanical efficacy of exoskeletons in industrial applications

2496-510: The exoskeleton to be tethered to the power source. The Sarcos Guardian XO is now powered by lithium-ion batteries and is applicable for military logistics applications. In 2011, DARPA launched the Warrior Web program and has developed and funded several prototypes, including a "soft exosuit" developed by Harvard University 's Wyss Institute . In 2019, the US Army's TALOS exoskeleton project

2560-409: The figurative meaning of red herring to distract from the intended target, only in the literal sense of a hunting practice to draw dogs toward a scent. The use of herring to distract pursuing scent hounds was tested on Episode 148 of the series MythBusters . Although the hound used in the test stopped to eat the fish and lost the fugitive's scent temporarily, it eventually backtracked and located

2624-471: The figurative usage, he was not the first to consider red herring for scenting hounds in a literal sense; an earlier reference occurs in the pamphlet Nashe's Lenten Stuffe , published in 1599 by the Elizabethan writer Thomas Nashe , in which he says "Next, to draw on hounds to a scent, to a red herring skin there is nothing comparable." The Oxford English Dictionary makes no connection with Nashe's quote and

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2688-500: The first sentence, does not address that topic. In fiction and non-fiction, a red herring may be intentionally used by the writer to plant a false clue that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. For example, the character of Bishop Aringarosa in Dan Brown 's The Da Vinci Code is presented for most of the novel as if he is at the centre of the church's conspiracies, but is later revealed to have been innocently duped by

2752-403: The market often fail to give adequate consideration to safety aspects, in some cases despite claims to the contrary by their manufacturers. Powered exoskeletons are featured in science fiction books and media as the standard equipment for space marines , miners, astronauts and colonists. The science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein (1959) is credited with introducing

2816-399: The military for jobs such as aircraft pilots, due to the problems of fitting seats and controls to very large and very small people. For soft exoskeletons, this is less of a problem. Exoskeletons can reduce the stress of manual labor, they may also pose dangers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has called for research to address the potential dangers and benefits of

2880-458: The original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent . She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in

2944-678: The periodic need to replenish volatile fuels . Hydrogen cells have been used in some prototypes but also suffer from several safety problems. Early exoskeletons used inexpensive and easy-to-mold materials such as steel and aluminium alloy . However, steel is heavy and the powered exoskeleton must work harder to overcome its own weight, reducing efficiency. Aluminium alloys are lightweight, but fail through fatigue quickly. Fiberglass , carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes have considerably higher strength per weight. "Soft" exoskeletons that attach motors and control devices to flexible clothing are also under development. Joint actuators also face

3008-437: The pungent red herring would be dragged along a trail until a puppy learned to follow the scent. Later, when the dog was being trained to follow the faint odour of a fox or a badger , the trainer would drag a red herring (whose strong scent confuses the animal) perpendicular to the animal's trail to confuse the dog. The dog eventually learned to follow the original scent rather than the stronger scent. A variation of this story

3072-414: The reader—to mistakenly presume that a German was involved. A red herring is often used in legal studies and exam problems to mislead and distract students from reaching a correct conclusion about a legal issue, intended as a device that tests students' comprehension of underlying law and their ability to properly discern material factual circumstances. When I was a boy, we used [to], in order to draw off

3136-529: The rehabilitation from stroke , spinal cord injury or during aging. Several prototype exoskeletons are under development. The Ekso GT, made by Ekso Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke patients. The German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence has developed two general purpose powered exoskeletons, CAPIO and VI-Bot. These are primarily being used for teleoperation. Exoskeleton technology

3200-475: The technology, noting potential new risk factors for workers such as lack of mobility to avoid a falling object, and potential falls due to a shift in center of gravity. As of 2018, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has not prepared any safety standards for exoskeletons. The International Organization for Standardization published a safety standard in 2014, and ASTM International

3264-499: The thoracic vertebra (T12). In patients with incomplete paraplegia (ASIA B-D) , orthotics are even suitable for lesion heights above T12 in order to promote the patient's own activity to such an extent that the therapeutical mobilization can be successful. In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called "step rehabilitation robots"—may also help with

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3328-627: The tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man 's helmet. Later on during the "Civil War" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during his fight with Captain America . Other features include short-distance gliding capability, limited bulletproofing, built-in fire / police /emergency scanner, audio/visual amplification (including infrared and ultraviolet ), cloaking device, carbon filters to keep out airborne toxins , and

3392-506: The true antagonist of the story. The character's name is a loose Italian translation of "red herring" ( aringa rosa ; rosa actually meaning ' pink ' , and very close to rossa , ' red ' ). A red herring is found in the first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet , where the murderer writes at the crime scene the word Rache ('revenge' in German), leading the police—and

3456-660: The user needing to apply energy. Passive exoskeletons need the user to perform the movement to work, and merely facilitate it. Hybrid systems provide a mix of active and passive. Powered technologies are further separated into electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators. The exoskeleton’s purpose is divided into "recovery" exoskeletons used for rehabilitation, and "performance" exoskeletons used for assistance. The application categories includes military use, medical use, including recovery exoskeletons, research use, and industrial use. Mobility aids are frequently abandoned for lack of usability. Major measures of usability include whether

3520-403: The user’s body are made with hard materials such as metals, plastics, fibers, etc. Soft exoskeletons , also called exo-suits, are instead made with materials that allow free movement of the structural components, such as textiles. The action category describes the type of help the exoskeleton gives the user. Active exoskeletons provide “active” aid to the user, from an external source, without

3584-412: The wearer to feel the forces and objects being manipulated. The Hardiman had major limitations, including its 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) weight. It was also designed as a master-slave system: the operator was in a master suit surrounded by the exterior slave suit, which performed work in response to the operator's movements. The response time for the slave suit was slow compared to a suit constructed of

3648-474: Was already aware of the safety measure and had bypassed it with his own override, Passcode Surprise. Perhaps most sinister, Stark discovered a way to give his own Iron Man armor a "spider-sense" based on Peter's, and the ability to give Spider-Man's sense red herrings . An alternate universe variant of Iron Spider, Natasha Romanov , appears in Contest of Champions . In an unidentified universe where Iron Man used

3712-403: Was designed by Monty Reed, a US Army Ranger who had broken his back in a parachute accident. While recovering in the hospital, he read Robert Heinlein's science fiction novel Starship Troopers , and Heinlein's description of mobile infantry power suits inspired Reed to design a supportive exoskeleton. In 2001, Reed began working full-time on the project, and in 2005 he wore the 12th prototype in

3776-480: Was passive and required human power. In 1917, United States inventor Leslie C. Kelley developed what he called a pedomotor, which operated on steam power with artificial ligaments acting in parallel to the wearer's movements. This system was able to supplement human power with external power. Robert A. Heinlein 's 1959 science fiction novel Starship Troopers introduced powered military armor to popular culture, soon followed by Tony Stark 's Iron Man suit. In

3840-455: Was pneumatically powered and electronically programmed was tested at Belgrade Orthopedic Clinic. In 1985, an engineer at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) proposed an exoskeleton called Pitman, a powered suit of armor for infantrymen. The design included brain-scanning sensors in the helmet and was considered too futuristic; it was never built. In 1986, an exoskeleton called the Lifesuit

3904-578: Was put on hold. A variety of "slimmed-down" exoskeletons have been developed for use on the battlefield, aimed at decreasing fatigue and increasing productivity. For example, Lockheed Martin 's ONYX suit aims to support soldiers in performing tasks that are "knee-intensive", such as crossing difficult terrain. Leia Stirling 's group has identified that exoskeletons can reduce a soldier's response times. Exoskeletons are being developed to help firefighters and other rescue workers to climb stairs while carrying heavy equipment. Passive exoskeleton technology

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3968-572: Was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 " Civil War " storyline. After being revived from a battle with Morlun , Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act . But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark

4032-615: Was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after "reformed" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after

4096-586: Was working on standards to be released beginning in 2019. In medical application, e.g. with complete paraplegia after spinal cord injury , an exoskeleton can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an orthosis , which is only capable of helping the recovery of muscle work. In patients with complete paraplegia (ASIA A) , exoskeletons are interesting as an alternative to an orthosis under this criterion for lesion heights above

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