Misplaced Pages

#856143

65-586: In 2003, the combined sequel and prequel called The Iron Ladies 2 (Satree Lek 2) was released. The film is based upon how the characters of The Iron Ladies met, and how they would later reunite for another volleyball tournament. The film was released in 2000 and is set in 1996, when the real team competed and won the national championships in Thailand. The two main characters, Mon and Jung, play two gay transgender women, who had been constantly overlooked by volleyball coaches because of their appearance. However, when

130-413: A narrative work of fiction , a sequel portrays events set in the same fictional universe as an earlier work, usually chronologically following the events of that work. In many cases, the sequel continues elements of the original story, often with the same characters and settings. A sequel can lead to a series , in which key elements appear repeatedly. The difference between more than one sequel and

195-413: A built-in audience and reducing the financial risk associated with launching a new and unproven concept . Additionally, sequels of a formula that players already enjoy, balancing familiarity with new features or improvements, which can increase player retention and positive reception . In some cases, the characters or the settings of an original film or video game become so valuable that they develop into

260-580: A crossover film. A reboot is a start over from a previous work. It could either be a film set in a new universe resembling the old one or it could be a regular spin-off film that starts a new film series. Reboots are usually a part of the same media franchise as the previous works, but not always. Batman Begins , Casino Royale , Star Trek , Børning , Man of Steel , and Terminator: Genisys are examples of reboot films. Kathleen Loock has written that traditional reboots tended to stray away from depicting direct narrative or stylistic correlations to

325-465: A dependable business strategy. Sequels are now a dominant trend in the industry, making up a large proportion of new releases from major publishers . One reason seso prevalent is their ability to provide a stable revenue stream in a volatile market. Building on an existing brand with an established fan base, sequels are perceived as safer investments than new intellectual properties (IP). They allow companies to capitalize on previous successes, ensuring

390-496: A different perspective. Strict legacy parallels are Kirill Eskov 's novel The Last Ringbearer (1999) retelling the events of J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings (1955) from the viewpoint of benevolent Mordorians combatting the malevolent West. Likewise, Alice Randall 's novel The Wind Done Gone (2001), contemporary to Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind (1936), tells

455-446: A letter added to the end. More commonly, they have numbers at the end or have added words at the end. It is also common for a sequel to have a variation of the original title or a subtitle. In the 1930s, many musical sequels had the year included in the title. Sometimes sequels are released with different titles in different countries, because of the perceived brand recognition. There are several ways that subsequent works can be related to

520-411: A local team changes coaches, the new coach holds tryouts for a new team. When Mon and Jung are selected, most of the old players resign, leaving the new coach, Coach Bee, in a sticky predicament. Mon and Jung are then forced to enlist the help of other gay and transgender friends who they used to play volleyball with in university. These new players include Wit, who hasn't told his fiancée he is gay, Pia,

585-625: A main series. Prequels that are not part of a main series are called spin-off prequels , while prequels that are part of a main series are called true prequels . Examples of prequels include the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999-2005), Tremors 4: The Legend Begins (2004) which took place chronologically before the events of the previous Tremors films , Better Call Saul (2015–2022) taking place mainly before Breaking Bad but also having some scenes after and during it, The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008) occurring chronologically before

650-640: A satirical romance), for example, Cervantes disapproved of Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda 's use of his characters in Second Volume of the Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha , an unauthorized sequel. In response, Cervantes very firmly kills the protagonist at the end of the Second Part to discourage any more such creative liberties. Another example is Samuel Richardson , an 18th-century author who responded particularly strongly against

715-502: A series is somewhat arbitrary. Sequels are attractive to creators and publishers because there is less risk involved in returning to a story with known popularity rather than developing new and untested characters and settings. Audiences are sometimes eager for more stories about popular characters or settings, making the production of sequels financially appealing. In film, sequels are very common. There are many name formats for sequels. Sometimes, they either have unrelated titles or have

SECTION 10

#1732851786857

780-443: A series, lately referred to as a media franchise . Generally, a whole series of sequels is made, along with merchandising . Multiple sequels are often planned well in advance, and actors and directors may sign extended contracts to ensure their participation. This can extend into a series/franchise's initial production's plot to provide story material to develop for sequels called sequel hooks. Examples of major media franchises include

845-407: A transgender dancer and Nong, a gay army conscript. When the competition begins, all but one player in the team are gay or transgender. Because of their appearance on court, many of the match officials intend to ban the team, soon dubbed "The Iron Ladies", from the tournament. However, seeing how much the team is liked by the crowd soon changes many of their opinions. At the end credits of the film,

910-447: A work he or she could sell. This shift from a text-based to an author-centered reading culture led to the "professionalization" of the author – that is, the development of a "sense of identity based on a marketable skill and on supplying to a defined public a specialized service it was demanding." In one sense, then, sequels became a means to profit further from previous work that had already obtained some measure of commercial success. As

975-534: Is Mute (2018), a spiritual sequel to the film Moon (2009). A parallel , paraquel , or sidequel is a story that runs at the same point in time as the original story. For instance, three different novels by John Morressy — Starbrat (1972), Stardrift (1973; also known as Nail Down the Stars ), and Under a Calculating Star (1975) — involve different lead characters, mostly in different places, but overlap at one dramatic event to which each novel provides

1040-418: Is a long table synchronizing the events from each of the nine kingdoms in parallel columns. By comparing the parallel columns, the reader can determine which events were contemporaneous, or how many years separated two different events. To place all the events on the same time scale, Eusebius used an Anno Mundi (A.M.) era, meaning that events were dated from the supposed beginning of the world as computed from

1105-467: Is a story that takes place in between two previously published or released stories. For example, if 'movie C' is an interquel of 'movies A' and 'B', the events of 'movie C' take place after the events of 'movie A', but before the events of 'movie B'. Examples can include Rogue One (2016) and Solo (2018) of Star Wars , some films of the Fast & Furious franchise, and Saw X . An intraquel , on

1170-434: Is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events". Chronology is a part of periodization . It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history , the earth sciences , and study of the geologic time scale . Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies mostly upon chronometry , which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography , which examines

1235-666: Is to synchronize events. By synchronizing an event it becomes possible to relate it to the current time and to compare the event to other events. Among historians, a typical need is to synchronize the reigns of kings and leaders in order to relate the history of one country or region to that of another. For example, the Chronicon of Eusebius (325 A.D.) is one of the major works of historical synchronism. This work has two sections. The first contains narrative chronicles of nine different kingdoms: Chaldean, Assyrian, Median, Lydian, Persian, Hebrew, Greek, Peloponnesian, Asian, and Roman. The second part

1300-529: Is used in turn as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves. The familiar terms calendar and era (within the meaning of a coherent system of numbered calendar years) concern two complementary fundamental concepts of chronology. For example, during eight centuries the calendar belonging to the Christian era , which era was taken in use in the 8th century by Bede , was the Julian calendar, but after

1365-561: The Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015-2019), Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021), Terminator: Dark Fate (2019), Tron: Legacy (2010), Top Gun: Maverick (2022), Doctor Sleep (2019), Rocky Balboa (2006), the Creed films (2015-present), Mary Poppins Returns (2018), The Matrix Resurrections (2021), Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), Indiana Jones and

SECTION 20

#1732851786857

1430-577: The Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Pentateuch . According to the computation Eusebius used, this occurred in 5199 B.C. The Chronicon of Eusebius was widely used in the medieval world to establish the dates and times of historical events. Subsequent chronographers, such as George Syncellus (died circa 811), analyzed and elaborated on the Chronicon by comparing with other chronologies. The last great chronographer

1495-734: The Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival , the Seattle International Film Festival , the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival and the Swedish International Comedy Film Festival. Sequel A sequel is a work of literature , film , theatre , television , music , or video game that continues the story of , or expands upon , some earlier work. In the common context of

1560-676: The Marvel Cinematic Universe , Pokemon , Harry Potter , and Disney Princess . Movie sequels do not always do as well at the box office as the original, but they tend to do better than non-sequels, according to a study in the July 2008 issue of the Journal of Business Research . The shorter the period between releases, the better the sequel does at the box office. Sequels also show a faster drop in weekly revenues relative to non-sequels. A quantitative mega-analysis of box office earnings from all

1625-406: The chronology of the original. Various neologisms have been coined to describe them. The most common approach is for the events of the second work to directly follow the events of the first one, either continuing the remaining plot threads or introducing a new conflict to drive the events of the second story. They can either pick up right where the first work left off, or continue sometime after

1690-429: The 18th century novel. While in certain historical contexts unofficial sequels were actually the norm (for an example, see Arthurian literature ), with the emphasis on the author function that arises in conjunction with the novel many authors began to see these kinds of unauthorized extensions as being in direct conflict with authorial authority. In the matter of Don Quixote (an early novel, perhaps better classified as

1755-481: The 18th century sequels often served as "models of paternity and property", for women writers these models were more likely to be seen as transgressive. Instead, the recurring readership created by sequels let female writers function within the model of "familiar acquaintances reunited to enjoy the mutual pleasures of conversation", and made their writing an "activity within a private, non-economic sphere". Through this created perception women writers were able to break into

1820-459: The 3rd millennium BCE, for example. The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artifacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artifacts to be placed into sequences. Laboratory techniques developed particularly after mid-20th century helped constantly revise and refine

1885-519: The Dial of Destiny (2023) , and the Jurassic World Trilogy (2015–2022) are examples of legacy sequels. Another term for these types of movies is requel , meaning reboot sequel, a term originally coined by Bruce Campbell to describe Evil Dead 2 (1987) in relation to The Evil Dead (1981). Film journalist Pamela McClintock describes a requel as something that "exploits goodwill toward

1950-542: The Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006), Species - The Awakening (2007), Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011), Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015), Wonder Woman 1984 (2020), Spirit Untamed (2021), Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021), Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery (2022), Kingdom of

2015-515: The Planet of the Apes (2024), Twisters (2024) and Jurassic World Rebirth (2025) are examples of standalone sequels. A plot reset , or resetquel is a work set in the same universe of its predecessor that resets the plot in a different premise or setting of the work's predecessor with more than one of the same predecessor characters to appease the audience due to extremely negative reception of

The Iron Ladies - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-643: The Principal Characters in David Simple and David Simple, Volume the Last are extremely innovative and cover almost the entire range of popular narrative styles of the 18th century. The cost of developing triple-A video games has increased significantly over recent years, often reaching tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars due to high expectations for detailed graphics, expansive worlds, and advanced gameplay. Video game companies have turned to sequels as

2145-558: The Romans themselves did; the dominant method of identifying Roman years was to name the two consuls who held office that year. Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was. It was used systematically for the first time only about the year 400, by the Iberian historian Orosius . Pope Boniface IV , in about

2210-450: The absence of written history , with its chronicles and king lists , late 19th century archaeologists found that they could develop relative chronologies based on pottery techniques and styles. In the field of Egyptology , William Flinders Petrie pioneered sequence dating to penetrate pre-dynastic Neolithic times, using groups of contemporary artefacts deposited together at a single time in graves and working backwards methodically from

2275-489: The appropriation of his material by unauthorized third parties. Richardson was extremely vocal in his disapproval of the way the protagonist of his novel Pamela was repeatedly incorporated into unauthorized sequels featuring particularly lewd plots. The most famous of these is Henry Fielding 's parody, entitled Shamela . In To Renew Their Former Acquaintance: Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth Century Sequels , Betty Schellenberg theorizes that whereas for male writers in

2340-402: The chronologies developed for specific cultural areas. Unrelated dating methods help reinforce a chronology, an axiom of corroborative evidence . Ideally, archaeological materials used for dating a site should complement each other and provide a means of cross-checking. Conclusions drawn from just one unsupported technique are usually regarded as unreliable. The fundamental problem of chronology

2405-422: The consent of the creator of the original work. These may be dubbed unofficial, informal, unauthorized, or illegitimate sequels. In some cases, the work is in the public domain , and there is no legal obstacle to producing sequels. An example would be books and films serving as sequels to the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , which is in the public domain (as opposed to its 1939 film adaptation ). In other cases,

2470-504: The continuity of the original works, but takes place much further along the timeline, often focusing on new characters with the original ones still present in the plot. They are often made many years after the original works were made. Legacy sequels are sometimes also direct sequels that ignore previous installments entirely, effectively retconning preceding events . Superman Returns (2006), Halloween (2018), Candyman (2021), Cobra Kai (2018-2025), Blade Runner 2049 (2017),

2535-412: The earliest historical phases of Egypt. This method of dating is known as seriation . Known wares discovered at strata in sometimes quite distant sites, the product of trade, helped extend the network of chronologies. Some cultures have retained the name applied to them in reference to characteristic forms, for lack of an idea of what they called themselves: "The Beaker People " in northern Europe during

2600-509: The economic sphere and "enhance their professional status" through authorship. Dissociated from the motives of profit and therefore unrestrained by the need for continuity felt by male writers, Schellenberg argues that female-authored sequel fiction tended to have a much broader scope. He says that women writers showed an "innovative freedom" that male writers rejected to "protect their patrimony". For example, Sarah Fielding 's Adventures of David Simple and its sequels Familiar Letters between

2665-415: The establishment of a readership became increasingly important to the economic viability of authorship, sequels offered a means to establish a recurring economic outlet. In addition to serving economic profit, the sequel was also used as a method to strengthen an author's claim to his literary property. With weak copyright laws and unscrupulous booksellers willing to sell whatever they could, in some cases

The Iron Ladies - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-446: The events of The Little Mermaid TV series (1992-1994), the animated Little Mermaid film (1989), and The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), and Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (2024), which took place before Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). A midquel is a term used to refer to works which take place between events. Types include interquels and intraquels. An interquel

2795-423: The events of the first work ended. This is often called a direct sequel . Examples include Toy Story 2 (1999) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980). A prequel is an installment that is made following the original product which portrays events occurring chronologically before those of the original work. Although its name is based on the word sequel , not all prequels are true prequels that are part of

2860-785: The film has been nominated twelve times and won ten awards, including the Thailand National Film Association Awards , Toronto International Film Festival and the reader award of German LGBTQ magazine Siegessäule at the Berlin International Film Festival . It also played at the Pusan International Film Festival , the San Francisco Asian American Film Festival , the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival ,

2925-449: The life story of a mulatto woman born enslaved on the O'Hara plantation and The Lion King 1½ (2004), featuring the origins of characters Timon and Pumbaa occurring simultaneously within the original 1994 film . Major film examples of true parallels include This is 40 ,sidequel to Knocked Up , focusing mainly on the side story of Pete ( Paul Rudd ) and Debbie ( Leslie Mann ), who are the in-laws of Alison Scott ( Katherine Heigl ) from

2990-690: The literary methods of synchronism used by traditional chronographers such as Eusebius, Syncellus and Scaliger, it is possible to synchronize events by archaeological or astronomical means. For example, the Eclipse of Thales , described in the first book of Herodotus can potentially be used to date the Lydian War because the eclipse took place during the middle of an important battle in that war. Likewise, various eclipses and other astronomical events described in ancient records can be used to astronomically synchronize historical events. Another method to synchronize events

3055-435: The major movie studios revealed that franchise movies dominate the highest grossing films lists, establishing sequels as reliable kinds of movies to make. All studios have come to rely on releasing sequels as they increase the studios' profitability, yield to the consumer demand for simultaneous novelty and familiarity, and help manage risk and uncertainty within studio production and release. Sequels are most often produced in

3120-487: The only way to prove ownership of a text was to produce another like it. Sequels in this sense are rather limited in scope, as the authors are focused on producing "more of the same" to defend their "literary paternity". As is true throughout history, sequels to novels provided an opportunity for authors to interact with a readership. This became especially important in the economy of the 18th century novel, in which authors often maintained readership by drawing readers back with

3185-413: The original creator or their heirs may assert copyrights , and challenge the creators of the sequels. Chronology Chronology (from Latin chronologia , from Ancient Greek χρόνος , chrónos , ' time ' ; and -λογία , -logia ) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time . Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events . It

3250-414: The original film. Alongside sequels, there are also other types of continuation or inspiration of a previous work. A spin-off is a work that is not a sequel to any previous works, but is set in the same universe. It is a separate work-on-its-own in the same franchise as the series of other works. Spin-offs are often focused on one or more of the minor characters from the other work or new characters in

3315-465: The other hand, is a work which focuses on events within a previous work. Examples include Bambi 2 (2005) and Black Widow (2021). A threequel is the third work after the first sequel. They act as a continuation, and sometimes a conclusion of plot threads from the first two works. Examples include Return of the Jedi (1983), and Rocky III (1982). A legacy sequel is a work that follows

SECTION 50

#1732851786857

3380-507: The past while launching a new generation of actors and stories". A standalone sequel is a work set in the same universe, yet has little or no narrative connection to its predecessor, and can stand on its own without a thorough understanding of the series. A Shot in the Dark (1964), Big Top Pee-wee (1988), Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982), Home Alone 3 (1997), The Fast and

3445-580: The predecessor. An example: The Suicide Squad (2021) to Suicide Squad (2016). A spiritual sequel is a work inspired by its predecessor. It shares the same styles, genres and elements as its predecessor, but has no direct connection to it at all. Most spiritual sequels are also set in different universes from their predecessors, and some spiritual sequels aren't even a part of their predecessor's franchise, making them non-franchise sequels . Spiritual sequels can sometimes be repurposed from material originally intended to be direct sequels. An example of this

3510-399: The previous versions of the franchise. Contemporary reboots lean into the nostalgia factor and create new stories that simultaneously revel in the aspects of the original franchise that made it notable in the first place. In The Afterlife of a Character , David Brewer describes a reader's desire to "see more", or to know what happens next in the narrative after it has ended. The origin of

3575-504: The production of multiple novel sequels, sometimes rivaling or even dwarfing the volume of works in the original medium. For example, the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians , its 1961 animated adaptation and that film's 1996 live-action remake each have a sequel unrelated to the other sequels: respectively The Starlight Barking (1967), 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003, direct to video) and 102 Dalmatians (2000). Sometimes sequels are produced without

3640-463: The promise of more of what they liked from the original. With sequels, therefore, came the implicit division of readers by authors into the categories of "desirable" and "undesirable"—that is, those who interpret the text in a way unsanctioned by the author. Only after having achieved a significant reader base would an author feel free to alienate or ignore the "undesirable" readers. This concept of "undesirable" readers extends to unofficial sequels with

3705-544: The real "Iron Ladies" are shown as they were at the time of making the film. The film grossed 99 million Baht (US$ 3 million) in Thailand, and was the second-highest grossing Thai film of all time behind Nang Nak (1999). It also reached number one at the box office in Hong Kong. It was the first Thai film to be released commercially in the United States. A hit in Thailand as well as the international film festival circuit,

3770-628: The same medium as the previous work (e.g. a film sequel is usually a sequel to another film). Producing sequels to a work in another medium has also become common, especially when the new medium is less costly or time-consuming to produce. A sequel to a popular but discontinued television series may be produced in another medium, thereby bypassing whatever factors led to the series' cancellation such as Serenity (sequel to Firefly (TV series) ), Downton Abbey: A New Era (sequel to Downton Abbey ), and Veronica Mars (sequel to Veronica Mars ). Some highly popular movies and television series have inspired

3835-497: The same universe as the other work. The Scorpion King , Planes , Minions , Hobbs & Shaw and Lightyear are examples of spin-off movies while Star Trek: The Next Generation , Torchwood and CSI: NY are examples of spin-off television series. A crossover is a work where two previous works from different franchises are meeting in the same universe. Alien vs. Predator , Freddy vs. Jason , The Lego Movie and Deadpool & Wolverine are examples of

3900-399: The sequel as it is conceived in the 21st century developed from the novella and romance traditions in a slow process that culminated towards the end of the 17th century. The substantial shift toward a rapidly growing print culture and the rise of the market system by the early 18th-century meant that an author's merit and livelihood became increasingly linked to the number of copies of

3965-426: The writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the various growth rings in their wood to known year-by-year reference sequences in the region to reflect year-to-year climatic variation. Dendrochronology

SECTION 60

#1732851786857

4030-607: The year 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (about the year 500) was the founder of that era, which is nowadays the most widespread dating system on earth. An epoch is the date (year usually) when an era begins. Ab Urbe condita is Latin for "from the founding of the City ( Rome )", traditionally set in 753 BC. It was used to identify the Roman year by a few Roman historians. Modern historians use it much more frequently than

4095-547: The year 1702) and Jacques Cassini (in the year 1740), purely to simplify certain calculations, put the Julian Dating System (proposed in the year 1583 by Joseph Scaliger ) and with it an astronomical era into use, which contains a leap year zero, which precedes the year 1 (AD). While of critical importance to the historian, methods of determining chronology are used in most disciplines of science, especially astronomy , geology , paleontology and archaeology . In

4160-457: The year 600, seems to have been the first who made a connection between these this era and Anno Domini . (AD 1 = AUC 754.) Dionysius Exiguus' Anno Domini era (which contains only calendar years AD ) was extended by Bede to the complete Christian era (which contains, in addition all calendar years BC , but no year zero ). Ten centuries after Bede, the French astronomers Philippe de la Hire (in

4225-534: Was Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) who reconstructed the lost Chronicon and synchronized all of ancient history in his two major works, De emendatione temporum (1583) and Thesaurus temporum (1606). Much of modern historical datings and chronology of the ancient world ultimately derives from these two works. Scaliger invented the concept of the Julian Day which is still used as the standard unified scale of time for both historians and astronomers. In addition to

#856143