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39-521: This Buryatia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Irkutsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Buryatia Buryatia , officially the Republic of Buryatia , is a republic of Russia located in

78-518: A population of 978,588 ( 2021 Census ). It is home to the indigenous Buryats . The republic is located in the south-central region of Siberia along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal . Major rivers include: Over 80% of the republic's territory is located in the mountainous region, including the Baikal Mountains on the northern shores of Lake Baikal , the Ulan-Burgas east of the lake, and

117-529: A self-governing Buryat Autonomous Region, based on the models of Poland and Finland , with an elected body, the Buryat National Duma, that all Buryats, men and women, over the age of 18 and without criminal convictions, would participate in. This Duma would elect a permanent executive body, the Buryat National committee, which would take on responsibilities such as organizing the elections, assembling

156-467: A yearly supply of furs ; it was not until the 1680s that the last of the eastern Buryat lands were forced to participate in the yasak system. In 1666, the fort of Udinskoye was founded. This area later became known as Verkhneudinsk – in 1934, it was renamed Ulan-Ude, the present-day capital of Buryatia. From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China . Kyakhta's founder,

195-399: Is composed of agricultural and commercial products including wheat , vegetables , potatoes , timber , leather , graphite , and textiles . Fishing , hunting , fur farming , sheep and cattle farming , mining , stock raising, engineering , and food processing are also important economic generators. The unemployment rate of Buryatia was 11% in 2020. GDP pro person nominal in 2018

234-660: Is currently dominated by the country's ruling party, United Russia , with 45 seats. Vladimir Anatolyevich Pavlov has been Chairman of the People's Khural since September 2019. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on February 22, 1994. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 87.96% of the vote in Buryatia. Population : 972,021 ( 2010 Census ) ; 981,238 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,041,119 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Source: According to

273-455: Is the same as that of the declared group. Traditionally, Buryats adhered to belief systems that were based on the deification of nature, belief in spirits, and the possibility of their magic influence on the surroundings. They were led by shamans , who systematized tribal beliefs and cults. From the second half of the 17th century, beliefs and cults in the shamanic form were displaced by Buddhism , which became widespread in ethnic Buryatia. By

312-437: The 2021 Census , ethnic Russians make up 64% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Buryats comprise 32.5% of the population. Other groups include Soyots (0.5%) and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. 68,873 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group

351-685: The Buryat-Mongolian ASSR and merged with Chita and Irkutsk Oblasts , respectively. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the republic and simply became the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Buryatia within the vast multi-ethnic, diverse Soviet Union. The Ivolginsky Datsan was opened in 1945 as the only Buddhist spiritual centre of the USSR, home to the Central Spiritual Board of Buddhists of

390-662: The February Revolution in 1917. From March 1917, the leading Buryat intelligentsia organized a number of conferences in cities such as Petrograd , Chita , Irkutsk , and Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) and invited representatives from Buryat administrative districts of the Irkutsk and Transbaikalia regions. The culmination of these conferences was the first All-Buryat Congress in April 23–25, 1917 in Chita, where activists advocated for

429-522: The Germans (0.11% of the population) are also Orthodox, so are some other non-European groups like Armenians (0.23%), Georgians (0.03%), and Soyot (0.37%). Buryats constitute 30.04% of the total population. Most urban Buryats are either Buddhist or Orthodox, while those in the rural areas often adhere to Yellow shamanism , a mixture of shamanism and Buddhism, or to Black shamanism . There are also Tengrist movements. Siberian Tatars are around 0.7% of

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468-548: The Keraites , attacked the Merkit and rescued Börte within the year. The Mergids were dispersed after this attack. Shortly thereafter she gave birth to a son named Jochi . Temüjin accepted paternity but the question lingered throughout Jochi's life. These incidents caused a strong animosity between Temüjin's family and the Merkits. From 1191 to 1207, Temujin fought the Merkits five times. By

507-515: The Merkit , Bayads , Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited Buryatia. Cossacks and other tsarists officials began moving eastward into the western Buryat lands in 1625, where they estimated 30,000 Buryats were living in southeastern Siberia, collecting tribute from other, small Siberian tribes. The Buryats resisted the incorporation into the Russian Empire's tribute system ( yasak ) that demanded

546-583: The Russian Far East . Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District , it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. It borders Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal , the deepest lake in the world to the north, Zabaykalsky Krai to the east, Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude . It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with

585-554: The Selenga and lower Orkhon River (modern south Buryatia and Selenge Province ). After a struggle of over 20 years, they were defeated in 1200 by Genghis Khan and were incorporated into the Mongol Empire . The word Merged (мэргэд) with a hard "g" is a plural form derived from the Mongolian word mergen (мэргэн), which means both "wise" and "skillful marksperson", as in adept in

624-643: The Selenga Highlands in the south near the Mongolia–Russia border . The republic's natural resources include gold , tungsten , zinc , uranium , and more. The climate varies, with the capital Ulan-Ude having a humid steppe climate and the north with a humid continental climate . Mongolian people have lived around the area of Lake Baikal since the fifth century, with Mongolic -related Slab Grave cultural monuments found in Baikal territory. Over time,

663-558: The Serb Sava Vladislavich , established it as a trading point between Russia and the Qing Empire . The 1820 reforms of Mikhail Speransky established indirect rule over Buryatia by codifying the local clan leaders as official members of the "steppe duma " in order to incorporate them into the existing imperial government. Buddhism was recognized as an official religion of the Russian Empire by Empress Elizabeth in 1741, with

702-673: The 1930s. The leader of the Buryat ASSR from 1962 to 1984 was Andrei Urupkheevich Modogoev . In the 1970s, Soviet authorities began two major industrial projects in Buryatia: the Gusinoozerskii power station to the south of Ulan-Ude and the construction of the Baikal–Amur Mainline railway in northern Buraytia. The construction of both projects, particularly the railway, required recruiting campaigns to bring workers from other parts of

741-750: The Buryat Duma, and publishing works in the Buryat language. Among other topics discussed at the Congress were the establishment of an Education Council to create Buryat schools, trained educators, and curricula that included the history of the Buryats and Mongols and Buryat studies. After the November Revolution in 1917, the Buryats bid for independence was complicated by the arrival of a Japanese expeditionary force into Buryatia in 1918. The Buryat national leaders saw

780-518: The Japanese as potential and critical allies in assisting the independence movement, but the cooperation ultimately failed due to the conflicting agendas. The Red Army advanced in Buryatia in 1920 and continued to Outer Mongolia in 1921. Attracted to the promises of self-determination and territorial autonomy by the Bolsheviks , and having lost the cooperation of the Japanese, the Buryat leaders embraced

819-703: The Merged. Genghis Khan had a Merged khatun (queen) named Khulan. She died while Mongol forces besieged Ryazan in 1236. In 1236, during the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria , a body of the Merkit was found in the area of land dominated by the Bulgar and Kipchak . A few Mergeds achieved prominent position among the Mongols, but they were classified as Mongols in Mongolian society. Great Khan Guyuk 's beloved khatun Oghul Qaimish , who

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858-460: The Mongolic peoples of the regions developed into distinct groups, one of which became the Buryats. Further divisions of the Buryats came from those living on the western shore of Lake Baikal, with better land for agriculture, and those in the east, who practiced nomadism more regularly and continued residing in moveable felt yurts . As a result of the superior farmland, the western side of Lake Baikal

897-743: The Republic is the Head (formerly President), who the voters of the republic elect for a four-year term. From 2004 to 2012 the head of Buryatia (along with all other heads of regions in Russia) was nominated directly by the Russian President . Between 1991 and 2007, the President was Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov , who was elected on July 1, 1994, re-elected in 1998 (with 63.25% of votes), and then re-elected again on June 23, 2002 (with over 67% of votes). Prior to

936-476: The USSR , the state-controlled sangha . The Buryat intelligentsia were active throughout Buryatia and beyond, into Tibet and Mongolia. At the turn of the 20th century, Buryats leaders, such as Batu-dalai Ochirov and Mikhail Bogdanov, began actively writing political articles about the threat to Buryatia and Buryat existence from Russia. Despite their noted influence from 1900 to 1930, most of them were purged , killed outright or sent to concentration camps , in

975-504: The country to Buryatia. Towns developed along the railroad, and the urban population in northern Buryatia doubled between 1979 and 1989. In addition to the Russians who moved to Buryatia for work, Buryats from other parts of southern Siberia also migrated to the Buryat ASSR, particularly Ulan-Ude and other cities for jobs and educational opportunities. Prior to World War II, less than 10% of Buryats lived in urban areas, compared to almost half at

1014-732: The elections, Potapov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic—the highest post at that time. The current Head of the Republic is Alexey Tsydenov , who was elected by popular vote on 10 September 2017. Prior to this he was acting Head, having been appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2017. The Republic's parliament is the People's Khural , popularly elected every five years. The People's Khural has 66 deputies and

1053-521: The end of the 19th century, the majority of Buryats were part of the Buddhist tradition. A synthesis of Buddhism and traditional beliefs that formed a system of ecological traditions has constituted a major attribute of Buryat culture. In 2003, the Local Religious Organization of Shamans, Tengeri was officially registered as a religious organization in Buryatia. As of a 2012 survey 27.4% of

1092-600: The first Pandito Khambo Lama , the spiritual leader of Buryat Buddhists, elected in 1764. The first person to serve in this role was Damba Dorzha Zaiaev (1711–1776). At the time of the Bolshevik Revolution , Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov served as the 12th Pandito Khambo Lama of Eastern Siberia from 1911 to 1917. Itigilov stepped down in 1917 at the time of the revolution and later encouraged his students to flee to Mongolia, though he refused to flee himself. National movements, including that of Buryatia, began to foment after

1131-646: The general sense, mergen usually denotes someone who is skillful and wise in their affairs. The Mergeds were a confederation of three tribes, inhabiting the basin of the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers. The Merkits were related to the Mongols, Naimans , Keraites , and Khitan people . Temüjin's first wife Börte was kidnapped by Merkit raiders from their campsite by the Onon river around 1181 and given to one of their warriors. Temüjin, supported by his brother (blood-related) Jamukha and his khan etseg ('khan father') Toghrul of

1170-626: The idea of building a Buryat nation with the new Soviet state. In 1923, the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Buryat : Буряадай Автономито Совет Социалис Республика ; Russian : Бурятская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика ) was created as a result of the merger of State of Buryat and Buryat Oblast and promised territorial autonomy. In 1929, a revolt was suppressed in Buryatia , caused by collectivisation and repression of Buddhism . In 1937, Aga Buryatia and Ust-Orda Buryatia were detached from

1209-660: The population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 19.8% to Buddhism , 2% to the Slavic Native Faith , Tengrism or Buryat shamanism , 4% declares to be unaffiliated Christian (excluding Protestants), 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to churches or are members of other Orthodox churches , 1% are members of Protestant churches . In addition, 25% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ", 13% to be atheist , and 10.8% follows another religion or did not give an answer to

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1248-509: The population. However, due to isolation from the main body of Tatars, many of them now are either non-religious or Orthodox. Islam is followed by immigrant groups like Azeris and Uzbeks , who constitute another 0.7% of the population. The higher education institutions of the republic include Buryat State University , Buryat State Academy of Agriculture , East Siberian State Academy of Arts and Culture , and East Siberia State University of Technology and Management . The republic's economy

1287-508: The survey. Tibetan Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity are the most widespread religions in the republic. Many Slavs, who constitute around 67% of the population, are Russian Orthodox. Since the breakup of the USSR in 1991, a small number have converted to various Protestant denominations or to Rodnovery , also known as the Slavic native faith. There are also some Catholics among the Slavs. Most of

1326-619: The time he had united the other Mongol tribes and received the title Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mergids seem to have disappeared as an ethnic group. Those who survived were absorbed by the Kipchaks and mixed with them. In 1215–1218, Jochi and Subutai crushed the remnants of them under their former leader Toghta Beki's family. The Mongols clashed with the Kankalis or the Kipchaks because they had sheltered

1365-602: The time of the fall of the Soviet Union. By 1989, one-third of the Buryat population of the Buryat ASSR was living in Ulan-Ude. The Buryat ASSR declared its sovereignty in 1990 and adopted the name Republic of Buryatia in 1992. However, it remained an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation . On 11 July 1995 Buryatia signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement

1404-410: The use of bow and arrow. The word is also used in many phrases in which it connotes magic, oracles, divination, augury, or religious power. Mongolian language has no clear morphological or grammatical distinction between nouns and adjectives, so mergen may mean "a sage" as much as "wise" or mean "skillful" just as much as "a master." Merged becomes plural as in "wise ones" or "skillful markspeople". In

1443-412: Was 3,650 USD and PPP in 2009 was 11,148 USD. Lake Baikal is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. Merkit The Merkit ( / ˈ m ɜːr k ɪ t / ; Mongolian: [ˈmircɪt] ; lit.   ' Wise Ones ' ) was one of the five major tribal confederations of Turkic origin  in the 12th century Mongolian Plateau . The Merkits lived in the basins of

1482-455: Was abolished on 15 February 2002. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , autonomous republics such as Buryatia did not have the right to secede. However they retained considerable autonomy , with a separate legislature and president. However this autonomy has been curtailed following the 2004 law passed by Vladimir Putin that decreed regional governors and presidents were to be appointed, rather than directly elected. The head of

1521-838: Was settled by European peasants during the time of the Russian Empire – western Buryats were more exposed to and influenced by the culture, religions, and economy of their European neighbors, whereas the eastern Buryats maintained closer ties to other Mongolic peoples, Buddhism, and Asian civilizations. The territory of Buryatia has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), First Turkic Khaganate (552-603), Eastern Turkic Khaganate (682-744), Tang dynasty (647–784), Uyghur Khaganate (744-840), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (840-1208), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), and Northern Yuan (1368–1635). Medieval Mongol tribes such as

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