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51-492: An organization-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form, an intranet is established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Many modern intranets have search engines , user profiles, blogs, mobile apps with notifications, and events planning within their infrastructure. An intranet

102-445: A hotspot service. Network topology describes the layout of interconnections between devices and network segments. At the data link layer and physical layer , a wide variety of LAN topologies have been used, including ring , bus , mesh and star . Simple LANs generally consist of cabling and one or more switches . A switch can be connected to a router , cable modem , or ADSL modem for Internet access. A LAN can include

153-411: A parallel adoption methodology or pilot programme. In the long term, the company should carry out ongoing measurement and evaluation, including through benchmarking against other company services. Some aspects are non-static. An intranet structure needs key personnel committed to maintaining the intranet and keeping content current. For feedback on the intranet, social networking can be done through

204-421: A wide area network (WAN) not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits . Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies in use for local area networks. Historical network technologies include ARCNET , Token Ring and AppleTalk . The increasing demand and usage of computers in universities and research labs in the late 1960s generated

255-420: A wide area network (WAN). Hypermedia Hypermedia , an extension of hypertext , is a nonlinear medium of information that includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks . This designation contrasts with the broader term multimedia , which may include non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. The term was first used in a 1965 article written by Ted Nelson . Hypermedia

306-427: A business requirement analysis and identifying users' information needs. From the technical perspective, there would need to be a co-ordinated installation of the web server and user access network, the required user/client applications and the creation of document framework (or template) for the content to be hosted. The end-user should be involved in testing and promoting use of the company intranet, possibly through

357-531: A company communicate is when Nestle had a number of food processing plants in Scandinavia. Their central support system had to deal with a number of queries every day. When Nestle decided to invest in an intranet, they quickly realized the savings. McGovern says the savings from the reduction in query calls was substantially greater than the investment in the intranet. Web publishing allows cumbersome corporate knowledge to be maintained and easily accessed throughout

408-441: A forum for users to indicate what they want and what they do not like. The European Union 's General Data Protection Regulation went into effect May 2018. Since then, the protection of the privacy of employees, customers and other stakeholders (e.g. consultants) has become more and more a significant concern for most companies (at least, all those having an interest in markets and countries where regulations are in place to protect

459-535: A global reach throughout the organization. The type of information that can easily be conveyed is the purpose of the initiative and what the initiative is aiming to achieve, who is driving the initiative, results achieved to date, and whom to speak to for more information. By providing this information on the intranet, staff have the opportunity to keep up-to-date with the strategic focus of the organization. Some examples of communication would be chat, email, and/or blogs. A great real-world example of where an intranet helped

510-489: A much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors. Of the competitors to NetWare, only Banyan Vines had comparable technical strengths, but Banyan never gained a secure base. 3Com produced 3+Share and Microsoft produced MS-Net . These then formed the basis for collaboration between Microsoft and 3Com to create a simple network operating system LAN Manager and its cousin, IBM's LAN Server . None of these enjoyed any lasting success; Netware dominated

561-409: A saving of 80 percent". Another company that saved money on expense reports was Cisco. "In 1996, Cisco processed 54,000 reports and the amount of dollars processed was USD19 million". Enhance collaboration : Information is easily accessible by all authorised users, which enables teamwork. Being able to communicate in real-time through integrated third-party tools, such as an instant messenger, promotes

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612-419: A shared drive, serving up centrally stored documents alongside internal articles or communications (often one-way communication). By leveraging firms which specialise in 'social' intranets, organisations are beginning to think of how their intranets can become a 'communication hub' for their entire team. The actual implementation would include steps such as securing senior management support and funding, conducting

663-495: A wide variety of other network devices such as firewalls , load balancers , and network intrusion detection . Advanced LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches using the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and their ability to segregate traffic with VLANs . At the higher network layers, protocols such as NetBIOS , IPX/SPX , AppleTalk and others were once common, but

714-415: Is a great advantage. Since intranets are user-specific (requiring database/network authentication prior to access), users know exactly who they are interfacing with and can personalize their intranet based on role (job title, department) or individual ("Congratulations Jane, on your 3rd year with our company!"). Promote common corporate culture : Every user has the ability to view the same information within

765-474: Is a tool specifically designed and optimized for hypermedia and hypertext management. Any HTML editor may be used to build HTML files, accessible by any web browser. CD/DVD authoring tools, such as DVD Studio Pro , may be used to hyperlink the content of DVDs for DVD players or web links when the disc is played on a personal computer connected to the internet. There have been a number of theories concerning hypermedia and learning. One important claim in

816-477: Is a type of multimedia that features interactive elements, such as hypertext, buttons, or interactive images and videos, allowing users to navigate and engage with content in a non-linear manner. The World Wide Web is a classic example of hypermedia to access web content , whereas a conventional cinema presentation is an example of standard multimedia, due to its inherent linearity and lack of interactivity via hyperlinks. The first hypermedia work was, arguably,

867-729: Is emerging with voice command devices and voice browsing . Hypermedia may be developed in a number of ways. Any programming tool can be used to write programs that link data from internal variables and nodes for external data files. Multimedia development software such as Adobe Flash , Adobe Director , Macromedia Authorware , and MatchWare Mediator may be used to create stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on entertainment content. Some database software, such as Visual FoxPro and FileMaker Developer , may be used to develop stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on educational and business content management. Hypermedia applications may be developed on embedded devices for

918-420: Is made accessible to customers and others outside the business, it becomes part of an extranet . Businesses can send private messages through the public network, using special encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another. Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology teams work together to produce in-house sites. Most commonly, intranets are managed by

969-401: Is often similar to public website traffic and can be better understood by using web metrics software to track overall activity. User surveys also improve intranet website effectiveness. Larger businesses allow users within their intranet to access public internet through firewall servers. They have the ability to screen messages coming and going, keeping security intact. When part of an intranet

1020-930: Is sometimes contrasted to an extranet . While an intranet is generally restricted to employees of the organization, extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for authentication, authorization and accounting ( AAA protocol ). Increasingly, intranets are being used to deliver tools, e.g. collaboration (to facilitate working in groups and teleconferencing) or corporate directories, sales and customer relationship management tools, project management etc. Intranets are also being used as corporate culture-change platforms. For example, large numbers of employees discussing key issues in an intranet forum application could lead to new ideas in management, productivity, quality, and other corporate issues. In large intranets, website traffic

1071-540: Is still the basis of most commercial LANs today. While optical fiber cable is common for links between network switches , use of fiber to the desktop is rare. In a wireless LAN , users have unrestricted movement within the coverage area. Wireless networks have become popular in residences and small businesses, because of their ease of installation. Most wireless LANs use Wi-Fi as wireless adapters are typically integrated into smartphones , tablet computers and laptops . Guests are often offered Internet access via

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1122-580: Is used as a medium and constraint in certain application programming interfaces . HATEOAS , Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State, is a constraint of the REST application architecture where a client interacts with the server entirely through hypermedia provided dynamically by application servers. This means that in theory no API documentation is needed, because the client needs no prior knowledge about how to interact with any particular application or server beyond

1173-483: The Aspen Movie Map . Bill Atkinson 's HyperCard popularized hypermedia writing, while a variety of literary hypertext and non-fiction hypertext works, demonstrated the promise of hyperlinks. Most modern hypermedia is delivered via electronic pages from a variety of systems including media players , web browsers , and stand-alone applications (i.e., software that does not require network access). Audio hypermedia

1224-466: The CP/M operating system in the late 1970s, and later DOS -based systems starting in 1981, meant that many sites grew to dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial driving force for networking was to share storage and printers , both of which were expensive at the time. There was much enthusiasm for the concept, and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits habitually declared

1275-454: The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) has prevailed as the standard of choice. LANs can maintain connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or across the Internet using virtual private network technologies. Depending on how the connections are established and secured, and the distance involved, such linked LANs may also be classified as a metropolitan area network (MAN) or

1326-462: The 1980s, several token ring network implementations for LANs were developed. IBM released their own implementation of token ring in 1985, It ran at 4  Mbit/s . IBM claimed that their token ring systems were superior to Ethernet, especially under load, but these claims were debated. IBM's implementation of token ring was the basis of the IEEE 802.5 standard. A 16 Mbit/s version of Token Ring

1377-651: The benches of the European Parliament Hemicycles in Strasbourg and Luxembourg. Early Ethernet ( 10BASE-5 and 10BASE-2 ) used coaxial cable . Shielded twisted pair was used in IBM's Token Ring LAN implementation. In 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair by using category 3 cable —the same cable used for telephone systems. This led to the development of 10BASE-T (and its twisted-pair successors ) and structured cabling which

1428-470: The business money on printing, duplicating documents, and the environment as well as document maintenance overhead. For example, the HRM company PeopleSoft "derived significant cost savings by shifting HR processes to the intranet". McGovern goes on to say the manual cost of enrolling in benefits was found to be US$ 109.48 per enrollment. "Shifting this process to the intranet reduced the cost per enrollment to $ 21.79;

1479-530: The coming year to be, "The year of the LAN". In practice, the concept was marred by the proliferation of incompatible physical layer and network protocol implementations, and a plethora of methods of sharing resources. Typically, each vendor would have its own type of network card, cabling, protocol, and network operating system . A solution appeared with the advent of Novell NetWare which provided even-handed support for dozens of competing card and cable types, and

1530-529: The communications, HR or CIO departments of large organizations, or some combination of these. Because of the scope and variety of content and the number of system interfaces, intranets of many organizations are much more complex than their respective public websites. Intranets and their use are growing rapidly. According to the Intranet Design Annual 2007 from Nielsen Norman Group , the number of pages on participants' intranets averaged 200,000 over

1581-405: The company using hypermedia and Web technologies. Examples include employee manuals, benefits documents, company policies, business standards, news feeds, and even training, can be accessed using common Internet standards (Acrobat files, Flash files, CGI applications). Because each business unit can update the online copy of a document, the most recent version is usually available to employees using

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1632-591: The company workstations, increasing the employees ability to perform their jobs faster, more accurately, and with confidence that they have the right information. It also helps to improve the services provided to the users. Time : Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to employees on an as-needed basis; Employees may link to relevant information at their convenience, rather than being distracted indiscriminately by email. Communication : Intranets can serve as powerful tools for communication within an organization, vertically strategic initiatives that have

1683-400: The enterprise networks are now commonly referred to as enterprise private networks in order to clarify that these are private networks, in contrast to public networks. Local area network A local area network ( LAN ) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. By contrast,

1734-529: The feasibility of employing TCP/IP LANs to interconnect Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) computers at command centers throughout the United States. However, WWMCCS was superseded by the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) before that could happen. During the same period, Unix workstations were using TCP/IP networking. Although the workstation market segment is now much reduced,

1785-612: The intranet and ensuring it lies within legal boundaries and other constraints. In order to produce a high-value end product, systems planners should determine the level of interactivity (e.g. wikis , on-line forms) desired. Planners may also consider whether the input of new data and updating of existing data is to be centrally controlled or devolve. These decisions sit alongside to the hardware and software considerations (like content management systems ), participation issues (like good taste, harassment, confidentiality), and features to be supported. Intranets are often static sites; they are

1836-549: The intranet. Business operations and management : Intranets are also being used as a platform for developing and deploying applications to support business operations and decisions across the internetworked enterprise. Workflow : a collective term that reduces delay, such as automating meeting scheduling and vacation planning Cost-effectiveness : Users can view information and data via web-browser rather than maintaining physical documents such as procedure manuals, internal phone list and requisition forms. This can potentially save

1887-505: The intranet. Supports a distributed computing architecture' : The intranet can also be linked to a company's management information system, for example a time keeping system. Employee Engagement : Since "involvement in decision making" is one of the main drivers of employee engagement, offering tools (like forums or surveys) that foster peer-to-peer collaboration and employee participation can make employees feel more valued and involved. Most organizations devote considerable resources into

1938-802: The limited scripting and hyperlinking features built in. Documentation software, such as the Microsoft Office Suite and LibreOffice , allow for hypertext links to other content within the same file, other external files, and URL links to files on external file servers . For more emphasis on graphics and page layout , hyperlinks may be added using most modern desktop publishing tools. This includes presentation programs , such as Microsoft PowerPoint and LibreOffice Impress , add-ons to print layout programs such as Quark Immedia , and tools to include hyperlinks in PDF documents such as Adobe InDesign for creating and Adobe Acrobat for editing. Hyper Publish

1989-414: The literature on hypermedia and learning is that it offers more control over the instructional environment for the reader or student. Another claim is that it levels the playing field among students of varying abilities and enhances collaborative learning. A claim from psychology includes the notion that hypermedia more closely models the structure of the brain, in comparison with printed text. Hypermedia

2040-567: The mobile and the digital signage industries using the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) specification from W3C ( World Wide Web Consortium ). Software applications, such as Ikivo Animator and Inkscape , simplify the development of hypermedia content based on SVG. Embedded devices, such as the iPhone , natively support SVG specifications and may be used to create mobile and distributed hypermedia applications. Hyperlinks may also be added to data files using most business software via

2091-412: The need to append the term private to them. The networks were operated over telecommunications networks and, as for voice communications, a certain amount of security and secrecy was expected and delivered. But with the Internet in the 1990s came a new type of network, virtual private networks , built over this public infrastructure, using encryption to protect the data traffic from eaves-dropping. So

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2142-533: The need to provide high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation. A number of experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Cambridge Ring was developed at Cambridge University starting in 1974. ARCNET

2193-444: The personal computer LAN business from early after its introduction in 1983 until the mid-1990s when Microsoft introduced Windows NT . In 1983, TCP/IP was first shown capable of supporting actual defense department applications on a Defense Communication Agency LAN testbed located at Reston, Virginia. The TCP/IP-based LAN successfully supported Telnet , FTP , and a Defense Department teleconferencing application. This demonstrated

2244-518: The planning and implementation of their intranet as it is of strategic importance to the organization's success. Some of the planning would include topics such as determining the purpose and goals of the intranet, identifying persons or departments responsible for implementation and management and devising functional plans, page layouts and designs. The appropriate staff would also ensure that implementation schedules and phase-out of existing systems were organized, while defining and implementing security of

2295-503: The privacy). An enterprise private network is a computer network built by a business to interconnect its various company sites (such as production sites, offices and shops) in order to share computer resources. Beginning with the digitalisation of telecommunication networks, started in the 1970s in the US by AT&T, and propelled by the growth in computer systems availability and demands, enterprise networks have been built for decades without

2346-478: The sharing of ideas and removes blockages to communication to help boost a business's productivity. Cross-platform capability : Standards-compliant web browsers are available for Windows, Mac, and UNIX. Built for one audience : Many companies dictate computer specifications which, in turn, may allow Intranet developers to write applications that only have to work on one browser (no cross-browser compatibility issues). Being able to specifically address one's "viewer"

2397-542: The technologies developed in the area continue to be influential on the Internet and in all forms of networking—and the TCP/IP protocol has replaced IPX , AppleTalk , NBF , and other protocols used by the early PC LANs. Econet was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was first developed for the Acorn Atom and Acorn System 2 / 3 / 4 computers in 1981. In

2448-450: The years 2001 to 2003 and has grown to an average of 6 million pages over 2005–2007. Workforce productivity : Intranets can help users to locate and view information faster and use applications relevant to their roles and responsibilities. With the help of a web browser interface, users can access data held in any database the organization wants to make available, anytime and — subject to security provisions — from anywhere within

2499-636: Was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100 Mbit/s. By 1994, vendors included Cisco Systems , National Semiconductor , Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by Marvell Technology Group ), and 3Com . FDDI installations have largely been replaced by Ethernet deployments. In 1979, the Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament was using 10 kilometers of simple unshielded twisted pair category 3 cable —the same cable used for telephone systems—installed inside

2550-622: Was developed by Datapoint Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977. It had the first commercial installation in December 1977 at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York. In 1979, the Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament was the first installation of a LAN connecting hundreds (420) of microprocessor-controlled voting terminals to a polling/selecting central unit with a multidrop bus with Master/slave (technology) arbitration. The development and proliferation of personal computers using

2601-491: Was standardized by the 802.5 working group in 1989. IBM had market dominance over Token Ring, for example, in 1990, IBM equipment was the most widely used for Token Ring networks. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), a LAN standard, was considered an attractive campus backbone network technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s rates. Thus it

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