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65-407: Interpipe is a globally important player in carbon steel pipes (hence the name), hollow structural sections , train wheels and steel billets markets. In 2020, Interpipe sold 469,900 tons of pipes and 192,400 tons of railway products. In-house steel production amounted to 759,000 tons. 11 000 employees work at Interpipe. The metallurgical enterprise was established in the 19th century through

130-727: A $ 16.2 million upgrade to facilities in Dnipro with a focus on increased railway related products and production. In mid-2016 the company announced plans to expand its business presence in Qatar. Awarded a long-term contract in 2016, in 2017, Interpipe delivered an initial order of 3,000 wheels to the Saudi Railways Organization (SRO). In 2017, in an effort to combat counterfeiting of steel products, Interpipe introduced an online verification service that customer may utilize to authenticate their steel products. Also in 2018, Interpipe started

195-605: A 68% ownership stake in Rayvag. In 2019, Greenbrier launched its first environmental, social and governance (ESG) report. Since then, it has adopted the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) reporting framework. Also in 2019, Greenbrier acquired American Railcar Industries (ARI), a transaction valued at $ 400 million. The acquisition added two railcar manufacturing and two railcar component and part producers to Greenbrier's operations, increasing

260-431: A carbon content in the range of 0.30–1.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other elements can significantly affect the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur in particular make the steel red-short , that is, brittle and crumbly at high working temperatures. Low-alloy carbon steel, such as A36 grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melt around 1,426–1,538 °C (2,600–2,800 °F). Manganese

325-535: A higher cost of production. The applications best suited for the high carbon steels is its use in the spring industry, farm industry, and in the production of wide range of high-strength wires. The following classification method is based on the American AISI/SAE standard . Other international standards including DIN (Germany), GB (China), BS/EN (UK), AFNOR (France), UNI (Italy), SS (Sweden) , UNE (Spain), JIS (Japan), ASTM standards, and others. Carbon steel

390-463: A lamellar-pearlitic structure of iron carbide layers with α- ferrite (nearly pure iron) between. If it is hypereutectoid steel (more than 0.77 wt% C) then the structure is full pearlite with small grains (larger than the pearlite lamella) of cementite formed on the grain boundaries. A eutectoid steel (0.77% carbon) will have a pearlite structure throughout the grains with no cementite at the boundaries. The relative amounts of constituents are found using

455-457: A party of 2,000 steel wheels to India manufactured by Interpipe. The wheels were intended for Indian Railways. It was the first shipment from Ukraine to India since the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war and took place following India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Kyiv. The Interpipe Group owns the following assets: Interpipe Group employs around 11,000 people. Since the start of

520-478: A pre-trial ruling that the overpricing, amounting to about UAH 18 million, was conducted through the abuse of transfer pricing by subsidiaries of Interpipe and other companies. Interpipe's subsidiary in Russia is known as Interpipe-M. It has become publicly known that Interpipe was operating in Russia after the invasion of 2022. In 2022 alone, Interpipe-M had a revenue of 131.66 million rubles and paid 36 million rubles to

585-540: A result of unfavorable exchange rates and lower operating costs in Mexico. In 1991, Greenbrier established its rail services division, adding to its maintenance and refurbishment capabilities. In 1998, the company acquired Polish railcar manufacturer Wagony Świdnica. The same year, Greenbrier formed a joint venture with Bombardier Inc. in a former Concarril facility located in Sahagún , Mexico. In 2004, Bombardier's stake in

650-477: A successful facility and continues to produce oceangoing barges. In 1970, the Commercial Metals Company and M.D. Friedman companies jointly formed a flatcar leasing company called Greenbrier Leasing Corporation. In 1981, Commercial Metals sold the company to Alan James and William A. Furman, the owners of James-Furman & Company and founders of The Greenbrier Companies. In 1985, Greenbrier entered

715-778: A wholly owned railcar manufacturing facility in Tlaxcala , Mexico . The company also acquired a 19.5% stake in Amsted-Maxion Hortolândia , a Brazilian railcar manufacturer, for US$ 15 million; Greenbrier took a majority interest of Greenbrier Maxion in 2017. Additionally in 2015, the Saudi Railway Company (SAR) awarded Greenbrier a contract with the Public Investment Fund (PIF) to manufacture nearly 1,200 tank wagons. In 2016, The Greenbrier Companies and AstraRail Management ( AstraRail Industries , Romania ) announced

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780-435: Is an environmentally friendly material, as it is easily recyclable and can be reused in various applications. It is energy-efficient to produce, as it requires less energy than other metals such as aluminium and copper. Mild steel (iron containing a small percentage of carbon, strong and tough but not readily tempered), also known as plain-carbon steel and low-carbon steel, is now the most common form of steel because its price

845-399: Is broken down into four classes based on carbon content: Low-carbon steel has 0.05 to 0.15% carbon (plain carbon steel) content. Medium-carbon steel has approximately 0.3–0.5% carbon content. It balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance. It is used for large parts, forging and automotive components. High-carbon steel has approximately 0.6 to 1.0% carbon content. It

910-464: Is not stainless steel ; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels . High carbon steel has many different uses such as milling machines, cutting tools (such as chisels ) and high strength wires. These applications require a much finer microstructure, which improves the toughness. As the carbon content percentage rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating ; however, it becomes less ductile . Regardless of

975-448: Is often added to improve the hardenability of low-carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low-alloy steel by some definitions, but AISI 's definition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65% manganese by weight. There are two types of higher carbon steels which are high carbon steel and the ultra high carbon steel. The reason for the limited use of high carbon steel is that it has extremely poor ductility and weldability and has

1040-604: Is one of the leading designers, manufacturers and marketers of rail freight equipment in North America and Europe. It also has operations in South America, Poland, Romania and Turkey. Greenbrier is a leading provider of railcars, wheelsets, parts, management, leasing and other services to the railroad and related transportation industries in North America. As of August 31, 2021, Greenbrier employs 15,400 people across its global operations. Formed in 1981 and publicly traded since 1994,

1105-437: Is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel contains approximately 0.05–0.30% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and easy to form. Surface hardness can be increased with carburization . The density of mild steel is approximately 7.85 g/cm (7,850 kg/m ; 0.284 lb/cu in) and

1170-587: Is susceptible to rust and corrosion, especially in environments with high moisture levels and/or salt. It can be shielded from corrosion by coating it with paint, varnish, or other protective material. Alternatively, it can be made from a stainless steel alloy that contains chromium, which provides excellent corrosion resistance. Carbon steel can be alloyed with other elements to improve its properties, such as by adding chromium and/or nickel to improve its resistance to corrosion and oxidation or adding molybdenum to improve its strength and toughness at high temperatures. It

1235-409: Is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, or impact resistance. Note that the electrical and thermal conductivity are only slightly altered. As with most strengthening techniques for steel, Young's modulus (elasticity) is unaffected. All treatments of steel trade ductility for increased strength and vice versa. Iron has a higher solubility for carbon in

1300-406: Is very strong, used for springs, edged tools, and high-strength wires. Ultra-high-carbon steel has approximately 1.25–2.0% carbon content. Steels that can be tempered to great hardness. Used for special purposes such as (non-industrial-purpose) knives, axles, and punches . Most steels with more than 2.5% carbon content are made using powder metallurgy . The purpose of heat treating carbon steel

1365-480: The Itel Corporation . Also in the 1980s, the company developed "Twin-Stack" wells for double-stack rail transport of intermodal containers in a joint venture with Greenbrier. The Twin-Stack became an important product, with approximately 3,000 being produced in 1990. By 2018, Greenbrier produced over 100,000 intermodal wells. In 1985, MRED was acquired by The Greenbrier Companies. The Gunderson plant remains

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1430-631: The Library of Congress . In 2014, Greenbrier announced a railcar maintenance joint venture company with Watco called GBW Railcar Services. In, 2018, Greenbrier and Watco announced the discontinuation of the joint venture to allow both companies to better capitalize on railcar maintenance demands in the North American market. Under the agreement, the railcar maintenance shops and employees at each location were returned to management by their previous operators. In 2015, Greenbrier opened Greenbrier Tlaxcala,

1495-712: The Oregon Historical Society . In 2022, Greenbrier's founder and CEO Bill Furman stepped down as CEO and retired the office of Executive Chairman. The Board of Directors appointed then-President & Chief Operating Officer Lorie Tekorius to CEO & President. Furman remained a director through the expiration of his term in January 2024. In 2023, Greenbrier sold the Gunderson Marine facility to Oregon Green Manufacturing, marking its exit from marine manufacturing. GBX Leasing also became wholly-owned by Greenbrier after

1560-734: The Young's modulus is 200 GPa (29 × 10 ^  psi). Low-carbon steels display yield-point runout where the material has two yield points . The first yield point (or upper yield point) is higher than the second and the yield drops dramatically after the upper yield point. If a low-carbon steel is only stressed to some point between the upper and lower yield point then the surface develops Lüder bands . Low-carbon steels contain less carbon than other steels and are easier to cold-form, making them easier to handle. Typical applications of low carbon steel are car parts, pipes, construction, and food cans. High-tensile steels are low-carbon, or steels at

1625-400: The austenite phase; therefore all heat treatments, except spheroidizing and process annealing, start by heating the steel to a temperature at which the austenitic phase can exist. The steel is then quenched (heat drawn out) at a moderate to low rate allowing carbon to diffuse out of the austenite forming iron-carbide (cementite) and leaving ferrite, or at a high rate, trapping the carbon within

1690-540: The blockade of the Ukrainian-Polish border crossings, Interpipe lost $ 1.2 million. In 2024, Fitch assigned Interpipe a rating of "CCC-". The main negative factor mentioned by Fitch is the high risk associated with the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war, as the company's main assets are located near the front line. As a positive factor, Fitch noted Interpipe's financial performance. In 2024, the Swiss company KLW Wheelco delivered

1755-524: The lever rule . The following is a list of the types of heat treatments possible: Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a hard, wear-resistant skin (the "case") but preserving a tough and ductile interior. Carbon steels are not very hardenable meaning they can not be hardened throughout thick sections. Alloy steels have a better hardenability, so they can be through-hardened and do not require case hardening. This property of carbon steel can be beneficial, because it gives

1820-513: The 1950s and 1960s. By the 1970s, the company was building vessels as long as 650 ft (200 m) and as wide as 100 ft (30 m). Other postwar business lines included metal water towers , large-scale metal storage tanks, bridges and structural steel for buildings, as well as specialized equipment such as metal slipways for the McNary Dam (1950s), a dry dock for the Port of Portland (1963) and

1885-505: The AutoMax and Multi-Max. Greenbrier Europe produces conventional freight railcars at Greenbrier Wagony Świdnica ( Świdnica , Poland ) and Greenbrier AstraRail ( Arad , Drobeta-Turnu Severin and Caracal , Romania ). Greenbrier operates Rayvag, a railcar manufacturing company in Adana , Turkey . Rayvag also provides maintenance services and manufactures bogies and spare parts for railcars in

1950-583: The French company Vallourec announced the establishment of a joint venture for exporting seamless pipes to EU markets. This agreement was supported by the Antimonopoly Committees of Germany and Ukraine. However, at the end of 2021, Interpipe and Vallourec terminated the agreement. In October 2023, the European Commission announced the end of anti-dumping restrictions on pipe products from Ukraine. In

2015-505: The Marine and Rail Equipment Division of FMC (MRED). In 1979, it produced more than 6,000 railcars. The following year, however, the early 1980s recession began. Many orders were cancelled and new orders plummeted; in 1982, only 25 railcars were built. Simultaneously, new developments in rail freight transport led to new products, such as multi-platform articulated spine car sets (used for TOFC transportation of highway semi-trailers ) built for

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2080-686: The Middle Eastern markets, expecting further growth. The company opened its headquarters in Dubai , the United Arab Emirates, in the same year. By the 10th anniversary of the office in Dubai, Interpipe had supplied over 1 million tons of products to the region. Since late 2013 to early 2014, Interpipe has been actively operating in Iraq. In 2023, the company delivered 850 tons of casing and pump-compressor pipes to

2145-562: The Oregon manufacturing market through the acquisition of MRED and renamed it Gunderson, Inc. By the early 1990s, the company's sales and profits increased dramatically due to an increase in North American rail freight development and transportation needs. The company went public in 1994 and, in 1995, acquired TrentonWorks , another rail freight rolling stock manufacturing facility in Nova Scotia, Canada . The TrentonWorks facility closed in 2007 as

2210-477: The Russian Federation in income tax. Interpipe also continued operating in Russia after the limited invasion of Ukraine in 2014. In 2017 and 2018, the company earned about $ 200 million for each year. Interpipe's financial filings are publicly available online from Russian government websites. These filings list Interpipe's business locations, tax payments, senior executives in Russia, certain expenses, etc. Both

2275-554: The Russian and Ukrainian subsidiaries of Interpipe are owned by the Cypriot company Interpipe Ltd. which is in turn owned by another Cypriot entity called Interpipe Holdings PLC. Through a complicated web of other companies, Interpipe is primarily owned by Viktor Pinchuk. However, Interpipe denied all claims about being present on the Russian market following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine . The company stated that after February 24, 2022, it

2340-493: The Russo-Ukrainian war, close to 10% of employees have been drafted into the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce and Interpipe signed a price undertaking agreement on pipe products. This agreement resulted from an anti-dumping investigation into Interpipe's activities in the U.S. market and required Ukrainian pipes to be sold at a fixed price. This agreement was renewed annually but ended in 2019 as it

2405-527: The U.S. in 2019 at dumping prices totaling over $ 40 million. The company's interests in North America are represented by North American Interpipe Inc. Interpipe's presence in European markets was limited by quotas and anti-dumping duties that the EU imposed to protect its domestic markets. In 2018, the European Commission reduced the anti-dumping duty on Interpipe's pipes from 13.8% to 8.1%. That same year, Interpipe and

2470-850: The company acquired Longwood Group's minority interest. Later that year, Greenbrier sold its ownership stake in Rayvag to its joint venture partner and founded Greenbrier Vagon in Turkey. Greenbrier operates five new railcar manufacturing facilities in North America: Greenbrier Paragould ( Paragould, Arkansas ), Greenbrier Marmaduke ( Marmaduke, Arkansas ), Greenbrier Sahagún ( Sahagún , Mexico ), Greenbrier Tlaxcala ( Tlaxcala, Mexico ) and Greenbrier GIMSA ( Monclova, Mexico ). Equipment manufactured includes intermodal and conventional railcars, including boxcars, center partitions, covered hoppers, double stacks, flatcars, gondolas, tank cars, auto racks, and two proprietary automobile carriers:

2535-577: The company generates revenues of US$ 3.49 billion. The company has manufacturing facilities in Paragould and Marmaduke , Arkansas ; Świdnica , Poland ; Hortolândia , Brazil ; and Adana , Turkey , as well as three railcar manufacturing facilities in Mexico ( Monclova , Ciudad Sahagún , and Tlaxcala ) and three in Romania ( Arad , Caracal , and Drobeta-Turnu Severin ). In 1919, Chester Ellsworth Gunderson,

2600-651: The company handled assembly work for the United States Navy ; in 1941, a loan from the Navy enabled Gunderson Bros. to build a shipyard. During the same period, the company's continued debts caused the Federal Government to take the original factory as security. The company also constructed lifeboats, landing crafts and other vessels, as well as trailers for the United States Army . A shortage of manpower also led to

2665-424: The company's U.S.-based workforce and insulating it from uncertainties related to North American free trade. In 2021, Greenbrier formed GBX Leasing, a joint venture with The Longwood Group, a Chicago-based transportation equipment advisory and asset management firm, to develop an owned portfolio of leased railcars to be built primarily by Greenbrier. In 2021, Greenbrier was recognized as an "Oregon History Maker" by

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2730-684: The country. In 2017, Interpipe along with Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry registered a new trademark to take action against fake steel products in Middle Eastern markets. Also, Interpipe joined the Steel Alliance Against Counterfeiting which aimed to protect the Middle East market from сounterfeit and non-certified steel products. The Alliance was created in 2015 and united 18 steel manufacturers with around $ 20 billion turnover. In 2023, Interpipe resumed cooperation with Qatar Petroleum , which had been suspended due to

2795-526: The fertilizer distribution business, the company began to manufacture trailers, which required an investment of over $ 12,000. In 1937, the company began manufacturing dual-axle trailers suitable for on- and off-road use. The new trailer design was a commercial success and, in 1938, the incorporated company Gunderson Bros. was formed with its factory in Linnton, Portland, Oregon . In 1941, the company began building barges. The company distributed, installed and pioneered

2860-559: The first women working in the construction sheds. In 1942, the company became Gunderson Bros. Engineering Corporation. After World War II, the Linnton facility was closed and the company owned comprehensive facilities for large-scale metal engineering as well as a slipway for launching ships at the Front Avenue manufacturing facility. Construction of marine vessels such as tugs, peacetime barges, trawlers and more specialized craft continued in

2925-544: The heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weldability . In carbon steels, the higher carbon content lowers the melting point. Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel. It may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties. Carbon steel can be easily machined and welded, making it versatile for various applications. It can also be heat treated to improve its strength, hardness, and durability. Carbon steel

2990-452: The iron thus forming martensite. The rate at which the steel is cooled through the eutectoid temperature (about 727 °C or 1,341 °F) affects the rate at which carbon diffuses out of austenite and forms cementite. Generally speaking, cooling swiftly will leave iron carbide finely dispersed and produce a fine grained pearlite and cooling slowly will give a coarser pearlite. Cooling a hypoeutectoid steel (less than 0.77 wt% C) results in

3055-446: The lower end of the medium-carbon range, which have additional alloying ingredients in order to increase their strength, wear properties or specifically tensile strength . These alloying ingredients include chromium , molybdenum , silicon , manganese , nickel , and vanadium . Impurities such as phosphorus and sulfur have their maximum allowable content restricted. Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have

3120-449: The merging of their European activities into a joint venture, Greenbrier AstraRail. As part of the agreement, Greenbrier agreed to pay AstraRail $ 60 million. The joint venture eventually became 75% owned by Greenbrier. In 2018, Greenbrier completed an agreement between Turkish railcar manufacturer and maintenance and parts services provider Rayvag Vagon Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S and Greenbrier's European subsidiary, Greenbrier AstraRail, to take

3185-513: The pilot operation of a new line for pipe finishing at Interpipe Niko Tube in Nikopol (the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of Ukraine). The company invested approximately $ 8 million into the line construction. In 2022, Interpipe increased production of oil well equipment and railway wheels by 60% compared to the same period in 2021, before the Russo-Ukrainian war had started. In November 2023, due to

3250-509: The region. Maintenance Services (previously known as GRS) sells reconditioned wheelsets and provides wheel services throughout the United States. Maintenance Services. It also reconditions, manufactures and sells railcar parts and operates an independent railcar maintenance and repair shop network across the U.S. Together, Greenbrier Leasing Company LLC (GLC) and GBX Leasing (GBXL) own railcar lease fleets in North America. Greenbrier also runs

3315-559: The second quarter of 2023, the company's sales growth to EU countries reached 44% (approximately 46,000 tons). In the summer of 2024, Interpipe signed a contract with Greenbrier for the supply of railway wheels. In the first half of the year, Interpipe produced 43.5 tons of wheel products. The company's interests in Europe are represented by Interpipe Europe SA, located in Switzerland. In 2007, Interpipe sold $ 86.4 million worth of products in

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3380-633: The son of a Swedish immigrant, founded the Wire Wheel Sales & Service Company, acting as a distribution partner for the Houk Company , a Pennsylvania-based wire wheels manufacturer. His brother, Alvin Gunderson, joined the company in 1923. In 1925, the company became the Wheel & Rim Service Inc. By the 1930s, the company had expanded into other automobile parts servicing. After an unsuccessful foray into

3445-528: The start of the Russia-Ukraine war. Throughout the year, Interpipe shipped over 4,000 tons of products to its partners. Interests in the Middle East are represented by Interpipe Middle East FZE. In June 2023, Ukrnafta issued a tender for casing pipe. Roughly 80% of the pipe supplied by Interpipe in response to a contract signed under this tender were rejected for poor quality. This pipe was deemed totally unusable due to severe issues with threading. Interpipe

3510-494: The state. Officials from Ukranafta are nominally the subjects of the investigation. The National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) conducted the investigation. During a raid, NABU seized a mobile phone from an Interpipe director. The phone was encrypted. The NABU sought and received permission from the High Anti-Corruption Court (HACC) to crack the phone. The phone belonged to Denys Morozov. The HACC determined in

3575-495: The surface good wear characteristics but leaves the core flexible and shock-absorbing. The Greenbrier Companies The Greenbrier Companies is an American publicly traded transportation manufacturing corporation based in Lake Oswego , Oregon , United States. Greenbrier specializes in transportation services, notably freight railcar manufacturing, railcar refurbishment and railcar leasing/management services. The company

3640-660: The union of the Charles and Gustave Chodoir company and Bernard Hantke's nailery in Katerynoslav (now Dnipro city, Ukraine). In 1918, following World War I, it was nationalized. After the arrival of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of Soviet power, in 1922 the factory was renamed after the German revolutionary Karl Liebknecht. In 1932 the factory began producing drilling pipes, and by 1933, it employed 7,020 workers and 420 engineers. It

3705-568: The use of General Motors diesel engines. In 1938, the company was near bankruptcy, in part due to the effects of the Great Depression and in part due to the Gundersons' own financial mismanagement. The company's main creditor took control of their accounts and began to pay their suppliers. Yet the company's financial position remained tenuous. At the beginning of the Second World War ,

3770-425: The venture was acquired; the operation now goes by Greenbrier Sahagún. Between 2006 and 2008, the company bought several rolling stock equipment companies. In 2006, Greenbrier formed the joint venture GIMSA in Mexico with Grupo Industrial Monclova. In December 2012, Carl Icahn made an offer to purchase Greenbrier for $ 20 a share, which represented a 5.4% premium to Greenbrier's stock price at that time. His offer

3835-554: The vessel RP FLIP (1962). In 1958, the company entered the freight railcar business with a successful bid to construct 200 boxcar underframes for the Southern Pacific Railroad . The business was successful and profitable, and the order expanded, with Gunderson eventually building more than 2,000 frames in the first contract. In 1965, the Gundersons sold their company to the FMC Corporation and, in 1973, it became

3900-551: Was destroyed during World War II. The factory's reconstruction began in 1943, and production was entirely resumed by 1948. The plant operated under the name Karl Liebknecht until the collapse of the USSR and Ukraine's subsequent independence. In 1990 the Interpipe group was founded and the factory became a key asset of the company. In 2012, Interpipe launched the steel factory with a production capacity of 1.32 million tons per year. The mill

3965-483: Was equipped with an electric furnace for generating steel from scrap metal produced from the waste of pipe and rail wheel production. The construction took 5 years and cost $ 700 million. Interpipe began supplying steel to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market in the early 2000s with up to 16% of global sales coming from this region. In early 2016, the company registered its trademark in the UAE. Also in 2016, Interpipe completed

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4030-534: Was not extended. In July 2021, the U.S. government imposed an anti-dumping duty of 23.75%, leading Interpipe to announce its exit from the market. In 2023, the Ukrainian government reported the removal of all anti-dumping restrictions. However, in the summer of 2024, the U.S. government imposed a new anti-dumping duty of 4.99%. This decision followed an investigation initiated by Vallourec Star, which found that Interpipe had sold approximately 40,000 tons of pipes in

4095-465: Was not involved in any business operations in Russia and launched the elimination process of the subsidiary trading company. Carbon steel Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states: The term carbon steel may also be used in reference to steel which

4160-514: Was rejected. In response to growing safety concerns surrounding increasing levels of hazardous tank car shipments, in 2014 Greenbrier introduced the “Tank Car of the Future,” a new generation of tank cars featuring safety enhancements that were adopted by PHMSA as part of a new industry standard, the DOT-117 tank car. The company led the award-winning Safer Tank Cars Now campaign, which is still archived in

4225-415: Was the only company that responded to the tender. An industry expert called the supplied materials "scrap metal" and blamed Ukraine's Ministry of Economy for allowing Interpipe to exercise de facto monopoly power over the steel pipe market. As of August 2024, Interpipe was involved in a pre-trial investigation by the Ukrainian government regarding the overpricing of casing pipes, causing substantial damage to

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