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77-517: International Times ( it or IT ) is the name of various underground newspapers , with the original title founded in London in 1966 and running until October 1973. Editors included John "Hoppy" Hopkins , David Mairowitz , Roger Hutchinson , Peter Stansill, Barry Miles , Jim Haynes and playwright Tom McGrath . Jack Moore, avant-garde writer William Levy and Mick Farren , singer of The Deviants , also edited at various periods. The paper's logo

154-424: A non-disclosure agreement ); directly threatening national security; or causing or potentially causing an imminent emergency (the " clear and present danger " standard) to be ordered stopped or otherwise suppressed, and then usually only the particular offending article or articles in question will be banned, while the newspaper itself is allowed to continue operating and can continue publishing other articles. In

231-477: A Dirty Old Man, ran in NOLA Express , and Francisco McBride's illustration for the story "The Fuck Machine" was considered sexist, pornographic, and created an uproar. All of this controversy helped to increase the readership and bring attention to the political causes that editors Fife and Head supported. Many of the papers faced official harassment on a regular basis; local police repeatedly raided and busted up

308-455: A century after the invention of the printing press, a widespread underground press emerged in the mid-16th century with the clandestine circulation of Calvinist books and broadsides, many of them printed in Geneva, which were secretly smuggled into other nations where the carriers who distributed such literature might face imprisonment, torture or death. Both Protestant and Catholic nations fought

385-539: A factor in the demise of Cyclops : it cost three shillings (3/-) for 20p. of material, whereas the International Times , with app. 24 pages cost 1/6 d; an average paperback 3/6 d., and an American comic 1/-. McNeill and Burroughs continued to work together for years, but only eleven pages (of an intended 120) of their Ah Pook Is Here were published, in Rush Magazine in 1976. John Calder and Viking produced

462-609: A large and active underground press that printed over 2 million newspapers a month; the leading titles were Combat , Libération , Défense de la France , and Le Franc-Tireur . Each paper was the organ of a separate resistance network, and funds were provided from Allied headquarters in London and distributed to the different papers by resistance leader Jean Moulin . Allied prisoners of war (POWs) published an underground newspaper called POW WOW . In Eastern Europe , also since approximately 1940, underground publications were known by

539-505: A large print run, but lasted only four issues. In addition to reprinting comics by Spain Rodriguez , Vaughn Bodē , and Gilbert Shelton , Cyclops also published original work by U.K. artists like Raymond Lowry, Edward Barker (also called "Edweird"), Mal Dean, David Jarrett, and Australian Martin Sharp , a poster artist from OZ magazine. Some early Alex Raymond Flash Gordon comics from

616-410: A move arranged by former IT editor and contributor Mike Lesser and financed by Littlewoods heir James Moores, and in 2011 relaunched as an online magazine publishing new material, following a suggestion by Lesser to poet and actor Heathcote Williams . Irish poet Niall McDevitt served as the first online editor of IT , a position later held by Williams until his death in 2017. International Times

693-476: A platform to the socially impotent and mirrored the changing way of life in the UK underground . In London , Barry Miles , John Hopkins , and others produced International Times from October 1966 which, following legal threats from The Times newspaper was renamed IT . Richard Neville arrived in London from Australia, where he had edited Oz (1963 to 1969). He launched a British version (1967 to 1973), which

770-519: A rented or borrowed IBM Selectric typewriter to be pasted-up by hand. As one observer commented with only slight hyperbole, students were financing the publication of these papers out of their lunch money. In mid-1966, the cooperative Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) was formed at the instigation of Walter Bowart , the publisher of another early paper, the East Village Other . The UPS allowed member papers to freely reprint content from any of

847-451: A similar vein, John Berger , Lee Marrs , and others co-founded Alternative Features Service , Inc. in 1970 to supply the underground and college press, as well as independent radio stations, with syndicated press materials that especially highlighted the creation of alternative institutions, such as free clinics , people's banks , free universities , and alternative housing . By 1973, many underground papers had folded, at which point

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924-411: A symbiotic co-operation with the underground press. The underground press publicised these bands and this made it possible for them to tour and get record deals. The band members travelled around spreading the ethos and the demand for underground newspapers and magazines grew and flourished for a while. Neville published an account of the counterculture called Play Power , in which he described most of

1001-764: A thousand underground newspapers were published in the United States during the Vietnam War. The following is a short list of the more widely circulated, longer-lived and notable titles. For a longer, more comprehensive listing sorted by states, see the long list of underground newspapers . Cyclops (magazine) Cyclops ("The First English Adult Comic Paper") was a comic-strip tabloid published in London in 1970 by former International Times art editor Graham Keen working with Matt Hoffman an American, handling advertising and distribution. Published by Innocence & Experience, Cyclops had national distribution and

1078-421: A weekly packet of articles and features mailed to subscribing papers around the country; HIPS reported 60 subscribing papers. The GI underground press within the U.S. military produced over four hundred titles during the Vietnam War, some produced by antiwar GI Coffeehouses , and many of them small, crudely produced, low-circulation mimeographed "zines" written by GIs or recently discharged veterans opposed to

1155-412: Is a black-and-white image of Theda Bara , vampish star of silent films . The founders' intention had been to use an image of actress Clara Bow , 1920s It girl , but a picture of Theda Bara was used by accident and, once deployed, not changed. Paul McCartney donated to the paper as did Allen Ginsberg through his Committee on Poetry foundation. The IT restarted first as an online archive in 2008,

1232-591: The San Francisco Oracle . John Wilcock , a founder of the Underground Press Syndicate, wrote about the Oracle : "Its creators are using color the way Lautrec must once have experimented with lithography – testing the resources of the medium to the utmost and producing what almost any experienced newspaperman would tell you was impossible... it is a creative dynamo whose influence will undoubtedly change

1309-573: The International Times title were published from January to December 1978, and again from April 1979 to June 1980. A single 'festival issue' was produced in June 1982. The title was again revived in 1986, with three issues from January to March, the last time a paper publication of the IT name was printed. The IT restarted as an online archive in 2008, a move arranged by former IT editor and contributor Mike Lesser and financed by Littlewoods heir James Moores. In 2011 it

1386-489: The Ladbroke Grove area of London ; Ink , which was more overtly political; and Gandalf's Garden which espoused the mystic path. The flaunting of sexuality within the underground press provoked prosecution. IT was taken to court for publishing small ads for homosexuals ; despite the 1967 legalisation of homosexuality between consenting adults in private, importuning remained subject to prosecution. Publication of

1463-589: The Oz "School Kids" issue brought charges against the three Oz editors, who were convicted and given jail sentences. This was the first time the Obscene Publications Act 1959 was combined with a moral conspiracy charge. The convictions were, however, overturned on appeal. Police harassment of the British underground, in general, became commonplace, to the point that in 1967 the police seemed to focus in particular on

1540-870: The Rational Observer at American University in Washington, D.C. The FBI also ran the Pacific International News Service in San Francisco, the Chicago Midwest News, and the New York Press Service. Many of these organizations consisted of little more than a post office box and a letterhead, designed to enable the FBI to receive exchange copies of underground press publications and send undercover observers to underground press gatherings. By

1617-632: The "mimeo revolution" by protest and freedom-of-speech poets during the 1960s, NOLA Express was also a member of the Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Publishers (COSMEP). These two affiliations with organizations that were often at cross-purposes made NOLA Express one of the most radical and controversial publications of the counterculture movement. Part of the controversy about NOLA Express included graphic photographs and illustrations of which many even in today's society would be banned as pornographic. Charles Bukowski 's syndicated column, Notes of

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1694-566: The 1930s were reprinted as well. Novelist M. John Harrison , who would go on to become an exponent of the British New Wave , and literary editor of New Worlds , scripted comic stories which were illustrated by Richard Glynn Jones. American novelist William S. Burroughs scripted The Unspeakable Mr. Hart , illustrated by Malcolm McNeill. Keen's photographs had appeared in IT and he became art editor in 1968. One of IT's founders, Barry Miles ,

1771-411: The 1950s and had excess capacity on their offset web presses, which could be negotiated for at bargain rates. Most papers operated on a shoestring budget, pasting up camera-ready copy on layout sheets on the editor's kitchen table, with labor performed by unpaid, non-union volunteers. Typesetting costs, which at the time were wiping out many established big city papers, were avoided by typing up copy on

1848-622: The 1950s, such as the Village Voice and Paul Krassner 's satirical paper The Realist . Arguably, the first underground newspaper of the 1960s was the Los Angeles Free Press , founded in 1964 and first published under that name in 1965. According to Louis Menand , writing in The New Yorker , the underground press movement in the United States was "one of the most spontaneous and aggressive growths in publishing history." During

1925-615: The British monarchy, and Porterloo by Niall McDevitt, a book satirising the Conservative Party and registering the counterculture of 2011-12. Current editor-in-chief is Nick Victor. Many people who became prominent UK figures wrote for IT , including feminist critic Germaine Greer , poet and social commentator Jeff Nuttall , occultist Kenneth Grant , and DJ John Peel . There were many original contributions from underground writers such as Alexander Trocchi ; William Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg . Leading editorial contributors to

2002-502: The New Left of the mid-sixties was trying to develop." Leamer, in his 1972 book The Paper Revolutionaries , called The Rag "one of the few legendary undergrounds". Gilbert Shelton 's legendary Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers comic strip began in The Rag , and thanks in part to UPS, was republished all over the world. Probably the most graphically innovative of the underground papers was

2079-427: The U.S. the term "underground newspaper" generally refers to an independent (and typically smaller) newspaper focusing on unpopular themes or counterculture issues. Typically, these tend to be politically to the left or far left. More narrowly, in the U.S. the term "underground newspaper" most often refers to publications of the period 1965–1973, when a sort of boom or craze for local tabloid underground newspapers swept

2156-789: The Underground Press Syndicate acknowledged the passing of the undergrounds and renamed itself the Alternative Press Syndicate (APS). After a few years, APS also foundered, to be supplanted in 1978 by the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . One of the most notorious underground newspapers to join UPS and rally activists, poets, and artists by giving them an uncensored voice, was the NOLA Express in New Orleans. Started by Robert Head and Darlene Fife as part of political protests and extending

2233-484: The United States, the term underground did not mean illegal as it did in many other countries. The First Amendment and various court decisions (e.g. Near v. Minnesota ) give very broad rights to anyone to publish a newspaper or other publication, and severely restrict government efforts to close down or censor a private publication. In fact, when censorship attempts are made by government agencies, they are either done in clandestine fashion (to keep it from being known

2310-432: The action is being taken by a government agency) or are usually ordered stopped by the courts when judicial action is taken in response to them. A publication must, in general, be committing a crime (for example, reporters burglarizing someone's office to obtain information about a news item); violating the law in publishing a particular article or issue (printing obscene material, copyright infringement , libel , breaking

2387-585: The alternative server 'Phreak', c. 1996. There are currently two archive sources online: 1) a comprehensive archive scanned by previous contributors and editors , and a less extensive archive with some commentary . International Times ( NIIT ) Archive is a free online archive of every issue of the International Times . It runs from a precursor to IT , The Longhair Times, released on April Fools' Day 1966 to an erroneously labelled 'last issue'—a Xeroxed single sheet issue in 1994. The continuum of this journal, in fact, includes issues and web presence from

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2464-467: The apparent source of agitation: the underground press. The police campaign may have had an effect contrary to that which was presumably intended. If anything, according to one or two who were there at the time, it actually made the underground press stronger. "It focused attention, stiffened resolve, and tended to confirm that what we were doing was considered dangerous to the establishment", remembered Mick Farren . From April 1967, and for some while later,

2541-478: The combat zone in Vietnam itself, The Boomerang Barb and GI Says . The boom in the underground press was made practical by the availability of cheap offset printing , which made it possible to print a few thousand copies of a small tabloid paper for a couple of hundred dollars, which a sympathetic printer might extend on credit. Paper was cheap, and many printing firms around the country had over-expanded during

2618-400: The company sent out a distribution sheet with the strips it was selling, by such cartoonists as Gilbert Shelton , Bill Griffith , Joel Beck , Dave Sheridan , Ted Richards , and Harry Driggs . The Liberation News Service (LNS), co-founded in the summer of 1967 by Ray Mungo and Marshall Bloom , "provided coverage of events to which most papers would have otherwise had no access." In

2695-526: The country in the wake of court decisions making prosecution for obscenity far more difficult. These publications became the voice of the rising New Left and the hippie /psychedelic/ rock and roll counterculture of the 1960s in America, and a focal point of opposition to the Vietnam War and the draft . The North American countercultural press of the 1960s drew inspiration from predecessors that had begun in

2772-548: The departure for the UK of his original co-editors Richard Neville and Martin Sharp , who went on to found a British edition ( London Oz ) in January 1967. In Melbourne Phillip Frazer, founder and editor of pop music magazine Go-Set since January 1966, branched out into alternate, underground publications with Revolution in 1970, followed by High Times (1971 to 1972) and The Digger (1972 to 1975). The underground press offered

2849-466: The emergence of a whole range of local alternative newspapers, which were usually published monthly. These were largely made possible by the introduction in the 1950s of offset litho printing , which was much cheaper than traditional typesetting and use of the rotary letterpress. Such local papers included: A 1980 review identified some 70 such publications around the United Kingdom but estimated that

2926-586: The end of 1972, with the end of the draft and the winding down of the Vietnam War, there was increasingly little reason for the underground press to exist. A number of papers passed out of existence during this time; among the survivors a newer and less polemical view toward middle-class values and working within the system emerged. The underground press began to evolve into the socially conscious, lifestyle-oriented alternative media that currently dominates this form of weekly print media in North America. In 1973,

3003-519: The incident as "Raid on the Yard". A day or two later The Daily Telegraph announced that the prank had resulted in all security passes to the police headquarters having to be withdrawn and then re-issued. By the end of the decade, community artists and bands such as Pink Floyd (before they "went commercial"), The Deviants , Pink Fairies , Hawkwind , Michael Moorcock and Steve Peregrin Took would arise in

3080-485: The introduction of Calvinism, which with its emphasis on intractable evil made its appeal to alienated, outsider subcultures willing to violently rebel against both church and state. In 18th century France, a large illegal underground press of the Enlightenment emerged, circulating anti-Royalist, anti-clerical and pornographic works in a context where all published works were officially required to be licensed. Starting in

3157-466: The landmark Supreme Court decision in Miller v. California re-enabled local obscenity prosecutions after a long hiatus. This sounded the death knell for much of the remaining underground press (including underground comix ), largely by making the local head shops which stocked underground papers and comix in communities around the country more vulnerable to prosecution. The Georgia Straight outlived

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3234-485: The last editorial group (IT#4 Vol 1986) until the present day. The IT Archive was launched on 16 July 2009 at the Idea Generation Gallery. The IT Archive was founded by Mike Lesser supported by fellow contributors and editors of IT including Mick Farren , John "Hoppy" Hopkins , Dave Mairowitz, Peter Stansill and Heathcote Williams amongst others. Underground press In Western Europe,

3311-427: The late 1970s IT were Heathcote Williams , Max Handley, Mike Lesser , Eddie Woods (Amsterdam editor), and Chris Sanders . In 1986 IT was relaunched by Tony Allen and Chris Brook . After three issues (Volume 86; issues 1,2,3) Allen left, and Brook continued with one more issue (Volume 86; issue 4). After various one-off issues into 1991, 2000 saw Brook and others create a web-based presence —initially through

3388-495: The look of American publishing." In the period 1969–1970, a number of underground papers grew more militant and began to openly discuss armed revolution against the state, some going so far as to print manuals for bombing and urging their readers to arm themselves; this trend, however, soon fell silent after the rise and fall of the Weather Underground and the tragic shootings at Kent State . During this period there

3465-627: The mid-19th century an underground press sprang up in many countries around the world for the purpose of circulating the publications of banned Marxist political parties; during the German Nazi occupation of Europe, clandestine presses sponsored and subsidized by the Allies were set up in many of the occupied nations, although it proved nearly impossible to build any sort of effective underground press movement within Germany itself. The French resistance published

3542-536: The most part they were distributed openly through a network of street vendors, newsstands and head shops , and thus reached a wide audience. The underground press in the 1960s and 1970s existed in most countries with high GDP per capita and freedom of the press ; similar publications existed in some developing countries and as part of the samizdat movement in the communist states , notably Czechoslovakia . Published as weeklies, monthlies, or "occasionals", and usually associated with left-wing politics , they evolved on

3619-805: The most prominent of the underground papers were the San Francisco Oracle , San Francisco Express Times , the Berkeley Barb and Berkeley Tribe ; Open City ( Los Angeles ), Fifth Estate ( Detroit ), Other Scenes (dispatched from various locations around the world by John Wilcock ); The Helix ( Seattle ); Avatar ( Boston ); The Chicago Seed ; The Great Speckled Bird ( Atlanta ); The Rag ( Austin, Texas ); Rat ( New York City ); Space City! ( Houston ) and in Canada, The Georgia Straight ( Vancouver , BC). The Rag , founded in Austin, Texas , in 1966 by Thorne Dreyer and Carol Neiman,

3696-590: The most violent attacks were carried out against the underground press in San Diego. In 1976 the San Diego Union reported that the attacks in 1971 and 1972 had been carried out by a right-wing paramilitary group calling itself the Secret Army Organization , which had ties to the local office of the FBI. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) conducted surveillance and disruption activities on

3773-528: The name samizdat . The countercultural underground press movement of the 1960s borrowed the name from previous "underground presses" such as the Dutch underground press during the Nazi occupations of the 1940s. Those predecessors were truly "underground", meaning they were illegal, thus published and distributed covertly. While the countercultural "underground" papers frequently battled with governmental authorities, for

3850-580: The nature of alternative journalism as a subculture, some staff members from underground newspapers became staff on the newer alternative weeklies, even though there was seldom institutional continuity with management or ownership. An example is the transition in Denver from the underground Chinook , to Straight Creek Journal , to Westword , an alternative weekly still in publication. Some underground and alternative reporters, cartoonists, and artists moved on to work in corporate media or in academia. More than

3927-525: The offices of Dallas Notes and jailed editor Stoney Burns on drug charges; charged Atlanta's Great Speckled Bird and others with obscenity; arrested street vendors; and pressured local printers not to print underground papers. In Austin, the regents at the University of Texas sued The Rag to prevent circulation on campus but the American Civil Liberties Union successfully defended

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4004-715: The offices of Special Branch . The anonymous author, or "blue dwarf," as he styled himself, described how he perused police files, and even claimed to have sampled named brands of whisky in the Commissioner 's office. A day or two later The Daily Telegraph announced that the "raid" had forced the police to withdraw and re-issue all security passes. In 1970 a group of people from IT , led by photographer Graham Keen , launched Cyclops , "The First English Adult Comic Paper." IT first ceased publication in October 1973, after being convicted for running contact ads for gay men. The name

4081-454: The offices of many underground papers around the country, fortunately without causing any fatalities. The offices of Houston's Space City! were bombed and its windows repeatedly shot out. In Houston, as in many other cities, the attackers, never identified, were suspected of being off-duty military or police personnel, or members of the Ku Klux Klan or Minuteman organizations. Some of

4158-682: The one hand into today's alternative weeklies and on the other into zines . The most prominent underground publication in Australia was a satirical magazine called OZ (1963 to 1969), which initially owed a debt to local university student newspapers such as Honi Soit (University of Sydney) and Tharunka (University of New South Wales), along with the UK magazine Private Eye . The original edition appeared in Sydney on April Fools' Day, 1963 and continued sporadically until 1969. Editions published after February 1966 were edited by Richard Walsh , following

4235-590: The other member papers. During this period, there were also a number of left-wing political periodicals with concerns similar to those of the underground press. Some of these periodicals joined the Underground Press Syndicate to gain services such as microfilming , advertising, and the free exchange of articles and newspapers. Examples include The Black Panther (the paper of the Black Panther Party , Oakland, California ), and The Guardian (New York City), both of which had national distribution. Almost from

4312-458: The outset, UPS supported and distributed underground comix strips to its member papers. Some of the cartoonists syndicated by UPS included Robert Crumb , Jay Lynch , The Mad Peck 's Burn of the Week , Ron Cobb , and Frank Stack . The Rip Off Press Syndicate was launched c. 1973 to compete in selling underground comix content to the underground press and student publications . Each Friday,

4389-435: The paper continued to grow, with financial help from Paul McCartney , a personal friend of editor Barry Miles . Published fortnightly, it became the leading British underground paper, its circulation peaking at around 40,000 copies in late 1968/early 1969, before another police raid, along with competition from newer publications such as Time Out led to declining sales and a financial crisis. In response to another raid on

4466-522: The paper's First Amendment rights before the U.S. Supreme Court. In an apparent attempt to shut down The Spectator in Bloomington, Indiana, editor James Retherford was briefly imprisoned for alleged violations of the Selective Service laws; his conviction was overturned and the prosecutors were rebuked by a federal judge. Drive-by shootings, firebombings, break-ins, and trashings were carried out on

4543-483: The paper's offices, London's alternative press on one occasion succeeded, somewhat astonishingly, in pulling off what was billed as a "reprisal attack" on the police—prompting the Evening Standard headline "Raid on the Yard". The paper Black Dwarf published a detailed floor-by-floor guide to Scotland Yard , complete with diagrams, descriptions of locks on particular doors and snippets of overheard conversation in

4620-732: The peak years of the phenomenon, there were generally about 100 papers currently publishing at any given time. But the underground press phenomenon proved short-lived. An Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) roster published in November 1966 listed 14 underground papers, 11 of them in the United States, two in England, and one in Canada. Within a few years the number had mushroomed. A 1971 roster, published in Abbie Hoffman 's Steal This Book , listed 271 UPS-affiliated papers; 11 were in Canada, 23 in Europe, and

4697-406: The police raided the offices of International Times to try, it was alleged, to force the paper out of business. In order to raise money for IT a benefit event was put together, "The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream" Alexandra Palace on 29 April 1967. On one occasion – in the wake of yet another raid on IT – London's alternative press succeeded in pulling off what was billed as a 'reprisal attack' on

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4774-486: The police. The paper Black Dwarf published a detailed floor-by-floor 'Guide to Scotland Yard ', complete with diagrams, descriptions of locks on particular doors, and snippets of overheard conversation. The anonymous author, or 'blue dwarf', as he styled himself, claimed to have perused archive files, and even to have sampled one or two brands of scotch in the Commissioner's office. The London Evening Standard headlined

4851-604: The remainder in the United States. The underground press' combined readership eventually reached into the millions. The early papers varied greatly in visual style, content, and even in basic concept — and emerged from very different kinds of communities. Many were decidedly rough-hewn, learning journalistic and production skills on the run. Some were militantly political while others featured highly spiritual content and were graphically sophisticated and adventuresome. By 1969, virtually every sizable city or college town in North America boasted at least one underground newspaper. Among

4928-458: The true number could well have run into hundreds. Such papers were usually published anonymously, for fear of the UK's draconian libel laws. They followed a broad anarchist , libertarian , left-wing of the Labour Party , socialist approach but the philosophy of a paper was usually flexible as those responsible for its production came and went. Most papers were run on collective principles. In

5005-472: The underground movement, evolving into an alternative weekly still published today; Fifth Estate survives as an anarchist magazine. The Rag – which was published for 11 years in Austin (1966–1977) – was revived in 2006 as an online publication, The Rag Blog , which now has a wide following in the progressive blogosphere and whose contributors include many veterans of the original underground press. Given

5082-508: The underground press in the United States, including a campaign to destroy the alternative agency Liberation News Service . As part of its COINTELPRO designed to discredit and infiltrate radical New Left groups, the FBI also launched phony underground newspapers such as the Armageddon News at Indiana University Bloomington , The Longhorn Tale at the University of Texas at Austin , and

5159-515: The war and circulated locally on and off-base. Several GI underground papers had large-scale, national distribution of tens of thousands of copies, including thousands of copies mailed to GI's overseas. These papers were produced with the support of civilian anti-war activists, and had to be disguised to be sent through the mail into Vietnam, where soldiers distributing or even possessing them might be subject to harassment, disciplinary action, or arrest. There were at least two of these papers produced in

5236-415: The world's underground publications. He also listed many of the regular key topics from those publications, including the Vietnam War , Black Power , politics, police brutality , hippies and the lifestyle revolution, drugs, popular music, new society, cinema, theatre, graphics, cartoons, etc. Apart from publications such as IT and Oz , both of which had a national circulation, the 1960s and 1970s saw

5313-410: Was A4 (as opposed to IT 's broadsheet format). Very quickly, the relaunched Oz shed its more austere satire magazine image and became a mouthpiece of the underground. It was the most colourful and visually adventurous of the alternative press (sometimes to the point of near-illegibility), with designers like Martin Sharp . Other publications followed, such as Friends (later Frendz ), based in

5390-525: Was also a widespread underground press movement circulating unauthorized student-published tabloids and mimeographed sheets at hundreds of high schools around the U.S. (In 1968, a survey of 400 high schools in Southern California found that 52% reported student underground press activity in their school.) Most of these papers put out only a few issues, running off a few hundred copies of each and circulating them only at one local school, although there

5467-599: Was an art college friend from Cheltenham College of Art. In 1969/71 Keen lodged with Miles and his wife Sue in Lord North Street, London, and ran Cyclops from there. He managed to bring in William S. Burroughs , who contributed The Unspeakable Mr. Hart . Burroughs wanted Malcolm McNeill – at the time a senior student at the Hornsey College of Art who had not read much Burroughs – to do the artwork. Price may have been

5544-503: Was especially influential. Historian Laurence Leamer called it "one of the few legendary undergrounds," and, according to John McMillian, it served as a model for many papers that followed. The Rag was the sixth member of UPS and the first underground paper in the South and, according to historian Abe Peck , it was the "first undergrounder to represent the participatory democracy, community organizing and synthesis of politics and culture that

5621-616: Was important because it marked the first recognition of a rapidly spreading socio-cultural revolution that had its parallel in the States." From April 1967, and for some while later, the police raided the offices of International Times to try, it was alleged, to force the paper out of business. A benefit event labelled The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream took place at Alexandra Palace on 29 April 1967. Bands included Pink Floyd, The Pretty Things , The Crazy World of Arthur Brown , Soft Machine, The Move , and Sam Gopal Dream. Despite police harassment,

5698-431: Was launched on 15 October 1966 at The Roundhouse at an 'All Night Rave' featuring Soft Machine and Pink Floyd . The event promised a 'Pop/Op/Costume/Masque/Fantasy-Loon/Blowout/Drag Ball' featuring 'steel bands, strips, trips, happenings, movies'. The launch was described by Daevid Allen of Soft Machine as "one of the two most revolutionary events in the history of English alternative music and thinking. The IT event

5775-768: Was one system-wide antiwar high school underground paper produced in New York in 1969 with a 10,000-copy press run . Houston's Little Red Schoolhouse, a citywide underground paper published by high school students, was founded in 1970. For a time in 1968–1969, the high school underground press had its own press services : FRED (run by C. Clark Kissinger of Students for a Democratic Society , with its base in Chicago schools) and HIPS (High School Independent Press Service, produced by students working out of Liberation News Service headquarters and aimed primarily but not exclusively at New York City schools). These services typically produced

5852-602: Was relaunched as an online magazine publishing new material, following a suggestion by Lesser to poet and actor Heathcote Williams. Irish poet Niall McDevitt served as the first online editor of IT , a position later held by Heathcote Williams until his death in 2017. In 2016, the 50th anniversary of the first copy of the magazine, further editions of a paper version of IT began to be published starting with issue Zero. These were edited by Heathcote Ruthven. International Times has also published two books. Both are poetry collections – Royal Babylon by Heathcote Williams, an attack on

5929-588: Was revived by another publisher in May 1974 for three issues until October. In 1975, Maya , another underground publication, temporarily renamed itself IT - the International Times , until that title closed after the November issue. A new title of the same name launched the following month, continuing until March 1976 when it went into hiatus until resuming in January 1977, ceasing in August of that year. Publications with

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