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51-488: The scientific scope of IODP is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future . The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of a list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion. The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify

102-473: A 4.7 m (15 ft) core rather than a standard 9.5 m (31 ft) APC core. It was designed to potentially extend the depth of piston core penetration, allowing collection of cores suitable for high-resolution paleoceanography and paleoclimatology from greater depths. Since initial deployment in 2013, the HLAPC has increased the piston coring depth record to 490 m (1,610 ft) below seafloor. The HLAPC

153-493: A flyover video of the ship are available online [see External links.] The laboratory space includes facilities for visually describing core at the macro- and microscale; microscopes for petrological sediment analysis and biostratigraphic assessment; instrumentation for measuring physical properties, paleomagnetism, and the geochemistry of pore waters, sediment, and rocks; and equipment for cutting and sectioning samples from rock and sediment cores. The downhole measurements laboratory

204-622: A hole in bare rock seafloor at Southwest Indian Ridge (Expedition 360). The HRT and related hardware is now the standard drill-in casing system to establish a single casing string for deep sediment penetration. Scientific ocean drilling allows researchers to access the records of millions of years of Earth's climatic, biological, chemical, and geological history that are buried beneath the ocean floor. Advances in our understanding of Earth's past can help us to better understand and predict its future, and can inform decision-making about important environmental issues facing society today. JOIDES Resolution

255-492: A large role in the fields of geology and earth science for well over a century. By observing the Moho's refractive nature and how it affects the speed of P-waves, scientists were able to theorize about the earth's composition. These early studies gave rise to modern seismology . In the early 1960s, Project Mohole was an attempt to drill to the Moho from deep-ocean regions. After initial success in establishing deep-ocean drilling,

306-633: A larger than previously expected earthquake to occur. IODP's early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system . Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing

357-650: A research facility for IODP. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO) is funded through a cooperative agreement with the US National Science Foundation (NSF), with international contributions from 23 Program member countries. The JOIDES Resolution ended operations in August 2024 following the non-renewal of NSF support. JOIDES Resolution is named after HMS Resolution , in which Captain James Cook made his second and third voyages of exploration in

408-561: A set of critical scientific questions that require drilling deep below the ocean floor. The IODP Science Plan for 2013–2023, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future, focuses on challenges in four areas. • Climate and ocean change: reading the past, informing the future • Biosphere frontiers: deep life, biodiversity, and environmental forcing of ecosystems • Earth connections: deep processes and their impact on Earth's surface environment • Earth in motion: processes and hazards on human time scales The themes and challenges outlined in

459-412: A small library are also provided. The capabilities of JOIDES Resolution and the tools and techniques used to address science objectives have been continually improved during the life span of the scientific ocean drilling program. Key recent operational innovations include development of a half-length advanced piston corer (HLAPC) and the drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool (HRT). The HLAPC takes

510-485: A wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events , the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems , and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere . An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across

561-681: Is managed and operated by the JRSO, which is based at TAMU. TAMU has been science operator to JOIDES Resolution since 1983, managing the ODP from 1983 to 2003, partnering with the Consortium for Ocean Leadership and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University to co-manage the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program from 2004 to 2013, and managing the IODP from 2013 to present. In October 2014,

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612-580: Is the implementing organization for mission-specific platform expeditions. ESO is also responsible for managing the IODP Bremen Core Repository. IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program's science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to

663-630: Is the successor of Glomar Challenger . The ship was first launched in 1978 as Sedco/BP 471 , an oil exploration vessel. It was converted for scientific use 6 years later in 1984 and began working as the main research ship for ODP in January 1985. JOIDES Resolution was modernized during 2007–2008 and returned to active service in February 2009 following an extensive renovation of her laboratory facilities and quarters. Texas A&M University (TAMU) acts as manager and science operator of JOIDES Resolution as

714-437: Is updated through April 2023. Note: *Data is updated through April 2023. JOIDES Resolution is used as a platform for education and outreach. Onboard Education/Outreach Officers sail on each expedition, and JRSO personnel are available to assist with ship-to-shore video conferencing, port call tours, and outreach efforts. The inaugural School of Rock workshop (Hands-on Research Experiences for Earth and Ocean Science Educators)

765-493: Is used as a staging and data-acquisition area for obtaining in situ records of subseafloor formation properties ranging from borehole well logs to formation temperature and pressure. In addition to laboratories and technical resources, the JOIDES Resolution contains a conference room, offices, cabins (berths) for members of the crew and science parties, and a hospital, galley, and mess hall. A gym, movie room, and lounge with

816-679: The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP. JRSO responsibilities include overseeing the JR’s science operations; archiving data, samples, and logs collected by the current program; and producing and publicizing program publications, including expedition results, program plans, and fiscal reports. With input from hundreds of international scientists, long-range science plans are developed to guide multidisciplinary international collaboration on scientific ocean drilling. These plans comprise

867-545: The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), and India's Ministry of Earth Science (MoES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to

918-514: The Moho discontinuity , Moho boundary , or just Moho  – is the boundary between the crust and the mantle of Earth . It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismic waves as they pass through changing densities of rock. The Moho lies almost entirely within the lithosphere (the hard outer layer of the Earth, including the crust). Only beneath mid-ocean ridges does it define

969-571: The Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and into the upper part of Earth's mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex . Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to

1020-507: The drill-ship JOIDES Resolution to sail from Colombo in Sri Lanka in late 2015 and to head for the Atlantis Bank , a promising location in the southwestern Indian Ocean on the Southwest Indian Ridge , to attempt to drill an initial bore hole to a depth of approximately 1.5 kilometres. The attempt did not even reach 1.3 km, but researchers hope to further their investigations at

1071-814: The Earth's climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years. And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone's energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards. October 2013 to April 2022 (Expeditions 349–392) JOIDES Resolution The riserless research vessel JOIDES Resolution (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), often referred to as

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1122-652: The IODP Science Plan are addressed by drilling expeditions that result from peer-reviewed proposals that are evaluated by the Science Evaluation Panel and an external review committee. The highest priority proposals are forwarded to the JOIDES Resolution Facility Board (JRFB), which then works with the JRSO to set an expedition schedule that most efficiently and effectively achieves the proposals’ objectives. The JRFB and NSF review and approve

1173-606: The IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. IODP expeditions have investigated

1224-756: The JR , was one of the scientific drilling ships used by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), an international, multi-drilling platform research program. JOIDES Resolution was previously the main research ship used during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and was used along with the Japanese drilling vessel Chikyu and other mission-specific drilling platforms throughout the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program . She

1275-643: The JRSO Annual Program Plans, which comprise tasks and budget requests in support of the scheduled expeditions. The JRSO and the JRFB have worked together to set a regional ship track, communicating to the science community the planned areas for JOIDES Resolution operations in future years. As a result of this regional planning, JOIDES Resolution has been able to address several science plan themes on multiple, complementary expeditions. For example, Expeditions 350, 351, and 352, as well as Expedition 371 addressed

1326-414: The Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from the underlying mantle. The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves , one set that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high-velocity medium. The Moho marks

1377-476: The Pacific in the 1770s. JOIDES Resolution employs wireline coring and logging techniques to recover sequences of core and geophysical data from beneath the seafloor. JOIDES Resolution operates in water depths between 76 metres (249 ft) and nominally 5,800 metres (19,000 ft), and has reached a maximum depth of just over 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) beneath the seafloor. The longest drill string deployment

1428-466: The appropriate facility board ( JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, Chikyū IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling. IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available. IODP's open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses. Cores collected during expeditions are stored at

1479-543: The chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region's climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago. Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP's core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into

1530-401: The collected samples and data shows that the asteroid's impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event. In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies

1581-458: The density of the material carrying them. As a result of this information, he theorized that the second set of waves could only be caused by a sharp transition in density in the Earth's crust, which could account for such a dramatic change in wave velocity. Using velocity data from the earthquake, he was able to calculate the depth of the Moho to be approximately 54 km, which was supported by subsequent seismological studies. The Moho has played

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1632-489: The depth to the Moho, since serpentinization lowers seismic wave velocities. Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić is credited with discovering and defining the Moho. In 1909, he was examining data from a local earthquake in Zagreb when he observed two distinct sets of P-waves and S-waves propagating out from the focus of the earthquake. Mohorovičić knew that waves caused by earthquakes travel at velocities proportional to

1683-584: The final technical reports for those programs (see References). Monitoring of boreholes began with the installation of a broadband seismometer in Hole 794D in 1989 during the Ocean Drilling Program. Subsequently, more than 30 long-term borehole observatories ranging from simple to complex have been installed. Detailed JOIDES Resolution coring statistics by program are available online. The following tables include overall statistics and highlights. Note: *Data

1734-684: The fundamental question of how the subduction process initiates. Likewise, two years of drilling in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans resulted in multiple expeditions that address the origin and initiation of the Monsoon climate system. Four planned drilling expeditions in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean will improve our understanding of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet responds to climatic forcing. These groups of expeditions form virtual missions that make it possible to address science questions that are beyond

1785-523: The highest priority science for the program. IODP uses multiple drilling platforms ( JOIDES Resolution , Chikyū , and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), alongside

1836-407: The lithosphere– asthenosphere boundary (the depth at which the mantle becomes significantly ductile). The Mohorovičić discontinuity is 5 to 10 kilometres (3–6 mi) below the ocean floor , and 20 to 90 kilometres (10–60 mi) beneath typical continental crusts, with an average of 35 kilometres (22 mi). Named after the pioneering Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić ,

1887-429: The operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels. The research vessel JOIDES Resolution (JR) is managed and operated for NSF by the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO), which is based at Texas A&M University (TAMU). The JRSO was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP in 2014. The drilling vessel Chikyū

1938-455: The processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami through the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment's minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for

1989-470: The project suffered from political and scientific opposition, mismanagement, and cost overruns , and it was cancelled in 1966. Reaching the discontinuity by drilling remains an important scientific objective. Soviet scientists at the Kola Superdeep Borehole pursued the goal from 1970 until 1992. They reached a depth of 12,260 metres (40,220 ft), the world's deepest hole, before abandoning

2040-444: The project. One proposal considers a rock-melting radionuclide-powered capsule with a heavy tungsten needle that can propel itself down to the Moho discontinuity and explore Earth's interior near it and in the upper mantle. The Japanese project Chikyu Hakken ("Earth Discovery") also aims to explore in this general area with the drilling ship, Chikyū , built for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Plans called for

2091-608: The scope of an individual expedition. In March 2023, the U.S. National Science Foundation announced that it would no longer continue its funding in support of the JOIDES Resolution due to increasing cost of operation. The last expedition is scheduled to conclude in August 2024, after which the ship will begin a demobilization period in Amsterdam. The ship embarked on its last expedition ( IODP Expedition 403) in June 2024. Though there are no concrete plans for its replacement, repositories for

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2142-662: The ship's collected cores will be maintained at Texas A&M, the University of Bremen , and Kōchi University in Japan. JOIDES Resolution has been conducting scientific ocean drilling expeditions since 1985. During the Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003), JOIDES Resolution conducted 111 expeditions and drilled 669 sites. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013), JOIDES Resolution conducted 35 expeditions and drilled 145 sites. Highlights of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expeditions can be found in

2193-512: The site in the coming years to continue the research. Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater , which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off non-avian dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of

2244-461: The surface by volcanic eruptions) and seismic-reflection data showed that, away from continental cratons , the transition between crust and mantle is marked by basaltic intrusions and may be up to 20 km thick. The Moho may lie well below the crust-mantle boundary and care must be used in interpreting the structure of the crust from seismic data alone. Serpentinization of mantle rock below slowly spreading mid-ocean ridges can also increase

2295-410: The transition in composition between the Earth's crust and the lithospheric mantle. Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through peridotite or dunite (7.6–8.6 km/s). This increase of approximately 1 km/s corresponds to a distinct change in material as

2346-409: The upper hole, requiring as long as 7–10 days. Starting in 2014 on Expedition 352, the approach of drilling-in a single casing string and reentry system with a mud motor and underreamer without pre-drilling a hole has resulted in casing the upper part of a hole in a shorter time (3–4 days). In 2015, a hydraulic release tool (HRT) was adapted to drill-in a reentry system with a short casing string to start

2397-459: The waves pass through the Earth, and is commonly accepted as the lower limit of the Earth's crust. The Moho is characterized by a transition zone of up to 500 meters. Ancient Moho zones are exposed above-ground in numerous ophiolites around the world. Beginning in the 1980s, geologists became aware that the Moho does not always coincide with the crust-mantle boundary defined by composition. Xenoliths (lower crust and upper mantle rock brought to

2448-459: Was 6,919 metres (22,700 ft) while drilling in 5,724 metres (18,780 ft) water depth. To date, JOIDES Resolution has recovered more than 322 kilometres (200 mi) of core. JOIDES Resolution is a state-of-the-art “floating Earth science laboratory” equipped with analytical equipment, software, and databases that allow shipboard scientists to conduct research at sea as soon as cores are recovered. Virtual 360° tours of laboratory areas and

2499-545: Was also the only coring tool to successfully recover unconsolidated sands from the Bengal Fan (Expedition 354) and in other environments where the lithology has proven difficult to recover using either the APC or extended core barrel (XCB) tools. Deep sediment holes, including those that penetrate basement rock below sediments, traditionally have required pre-drilling a deep hole and installing double and triple casing strings to stabilize

2550-663: Was constructed and operated for MEXT by Japan's Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), which was established within the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in October 2002. In 2019, JAMSTEC merged CDEX with its Marine Technology and Engineering Center (MARITEC) to create a new department, the Institute of Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3). MarE3 is the current implementing organization for Chikyū . The ECORD Science Operator (ESO), established in 2003,

2601-413: Was held on board JOIDES Resolution in 2005, and the ship continues to be used for School of Rock workshops when it is available on transits or during maintenance periods. Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87 discontinuity The Mohorovičić discontinuity ( / ˌ m oʊ h ə ˈ r oʊ v ɪ tʃ ɪ tʃ / MOH -hə- ROH -vih-chitch ; Croatian: [moxorôʋiːtʃitɕ] )  – usually called

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