94-451: Scientology ethics and justice are a collection of policies and procedures by L. Ron Hubbard and used by the Church of Scientology . Scientology defines ethics as "the actions an individual takes on himself", and justice as "the action taken on the individual by the group when he fails to take these actions himself". The body of writings include techniques and policies of moral choices, and
188-456: A 24-hour guard was posted at the remaining door. Initially, 40 personnel were placed inside until they "confessed their crimes" to Miscavige's satisfaction. The 'prisoners' slept on the floor, were fed cold leftovers or rice and beans, had limited access to washing facilities, and were subjected to daily confession sessions and public humiliation . At one point, the number of prisoners reached 140. Along with sleep deprivation and starvation, there
282-609: A Parliamentary Inquiry (non-statutory) and a Tribunal of Inquiry in Ireland is that non-statutory inquiries are not vested with the powers, privileges, and rights of the High Court. Tribunals of Inquiry are. Tribunals are established by resolution of the Houses of the Oireachtas to enquire into matters of urgent public importance . It is not a function of Tribunals to administer justice; their work
376-458: A behavior that doesn't follow policy. Even students in scientology-affiliated schools are required to write reports on their fellow students for rule violations, as do employees at companies run by scientologists. There are numerous specialty ethics reports, but the most common ethics reports are "knowledge reports" and "Things that Shouldn't Be" reports. A sort of civil court process where two Scientologists can go to handle civil disputes. There
470-522: A centralized bureaucracy and hierarchical structure. ... [Religious Technology Center] is the most powerful executive organization within the Scientology empire, and its current chairman, David Miscavige , is widely recognized as the effective head of the church. The main types of organizations within the Scientology network are: Church of Scientology organizations that are public-facing are called "service orgs". The two main types of services offered to
564-479: A corporate-style office set aside for Hubbard's reincarnation, with a plaque on the desk bearing his name, and a pad of paper with a pen for him to continue writing. All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the Sea Org —which is not a corporation—consisting of the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists" run as a paramilitary organization : David Miscavige
658-525: A dangerous cult . In some countries, it has attained legal recognition as a religion . The Church of Scientology International (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers. Its international headquarters are located at the Gold Base in Riverside County, California . The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is the organization that owns all
752-478: A day, and physical and sexual abuse of minors. Jenna Miscavige Hill , niece of David Miscavige and author of Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape , stated that as a child she often worked 14 hours a day and only got to see her parents once a week, if that. The highest authority in the Church of Scientology network is Religious Technology Center (RTC). The RTC claims to only be
846-504: A declared person may only communicate with the International Justice Chief . Someone connected to a suppressive person . According to Malko , "Any person, while active in Scientology or a preclear , [who] remains connected to a suppressive person or group." A PTS person works with the ethics officer to work out a plan to handle or disconnect from the suppressive person in their life. Sickness and injury are considered
940-556: A forced labour and re-education program against reputedly delinquent members of the Sea Org, which involves long days of hard labor, restricted food, and substandard living conditions. Ex-members have reported physical abuse and that members are prevented from leaving with threats and coercion. Teenagers as young as twelve years old have been assigned to the RPF, and there have been reports of children laboring for considerably longer than eight hours
1034-448: A graph, usually weekly, and the slope of the line of the graph indicates one's condition for the week. Per Straus, "the term statistics is more generally used in a symbolic sense to refer to a person’s level of effectiveness and productivity or as a qualitative measure of the effects he/she causes." Church of Scientology The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to
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#17328527906031128-442: A manipulative profit-making business . In 1979, several executives of the organization were convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U.S. Federal Court. The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013. The German government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional sect . In France , it has been classified as
1222-420: A nasty letter to the Church of Scientology is dead filed. Their letters go in the trash and the organization doesn't respond. Scientology magazines are not sent to persons that are dead filed. High crimes are serious violations of Scientology ethics policies, including publicly departing Scientology, reporting another Scientologist to law enforcement or civil authorities, or committing acts that are suppressive of
1316-651: A program called the Cause Resurgence Rundown, based on Hubbard's claim that circling around a fixed object "aligns your energy flows" and "restores your power as a thetan." People pay $ 5,000 to run in circles around a pole in the center of a large room at the Flag Land Base —a testament to how scientologists will accept anything if they are told it comes from Hubbard. — Mike Rinder In Scientology, production statistics (measurements) are of paramount importance. "Stats", as they are frequently called, are plotted on
1410-407: A raised position physically was symbolic of their higher position regarding the adjudication of the law. In Australia, tribunal generally implies a judicial body with a lesser degree of formality than a court , with a simplified legal procedure, often presided over by a lawyer (solicitor or barrister) who is not a judge or magistrate (often referred to as a member of the tribunal). In many cases,
1504-500: A sign that someone is PTS. There are several subcategories of potential trouble sources. PTS Type One is a person currently in contact with an SP, Type Two is someone connected to someone who reminds them of an SP in their past, and Type Three is someone who is psychotic. There are ten other types (A–J), including PTS Type B: those with criminal records. Persons who have been labelled PTS by the ethics department are not eligible to receive Scientology auditing or training. Disconnection
1598-406: A staff of nineteen and urged others to join. On September 14, 1959, he wrote: "Here, on half a hundred acres of lovely grounds in a mansion where we have not yet found all the bedrooms, we are handling the problems of administration and service for the world of Scientology. We are not very many here and as the sun never sets on Scientology we are very busy thetans." The most important achievement of
1692-419: A supervisor. For decades, rain or shine, summer or winter in the high desert of Gilman Hot Springs, California , and sometimes in full navy-style uniform, Sea Org members have run around a palm tree on a makeshift running track. Injuries and medical issues have been common, and many have left the Sea Org after being ordered to do the program. Though a common punishment for Sea Org members only at Gold Base , in
1786-524: A unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal , and regulatory supervision. "Tribunal" is used in the U.S. generally to refer to courts or judicial bodies, as in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct . The Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, for instance, define "tribunal" as "a court, an arbitrator in a binding arbitration , or a legislative body, administrative agency, or other body acting in an adjudicative capacity." In
1880-423: A way to participate in community outreach projects. Volunteer Ministers travel to the scenes of major disasters to provide assistance with relief efforts. According to critics, these relief efforts consist of passing out copies of a pamphlet authored by Hubbard entitled The Way to Happiness , and engaging in a method said to calm panicked or injured individuals known in Scientology as a " touch assist ". Accounts of
1974-500: Is solely inquisitorial . Tribunals are obliged to report their findings to the Oireachtas . They can enforce the attendance and examination of witnesses and produce documents relevant to the work. Tribunals can consist of one or more people. A layperson or non-lawyer may be the Sole member of a tribunal. Historically, before the separation of lawmaking, law enforcement, and justice duties in
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#17328527906032068-506: Is a person with a job completely unrelated to the mission network. ) Golden Era Productions is a 500+ acre property in California also known as Gold Base , occupied by the Church of Scientology since 1979. It is where they make Scientology films, reproduce audio recordings of Hubbard's lectures, and assemble E-meters . In 2011, the Church of Scientology purchased KCET-TV's studio facilities . After five years of renovations and upgrades,
2162-552: Is a person's quality of authority or command value, a combination of poise, attitude, effectiveness and enforcement. Per Hubbard, "ethics presence is an 'X' quality made up partly of symbology, partly of force, some 'now we're supposed to's' and endurance" and "as an executive you get compliance because you have ethics presence and persistence and can get mad." Every Scientology organization is required to keep ethics files on every person, staff or public. Scientologists are required to write reports on other scientologists when they discover
2256-516: Is an anti-psychiatry lobby organization whose stated mission is to "eradicate abuses committed under the guise of mental health." It operates the Psychiatry: An Industry of Death exhibit which is open to the public in CCHR's building on Sunset Boulevard. It has been described by critics as a Scientology front group . The Church of Scientology began its " Volunteer Ministers " program as
2350-413: Is any person or institution with authority to judge , adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title. For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as "their tribunal". Many governmental bodies are titled "tribunals" to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction . For instance,
2444-412: Is appropriate treatment for journalists, judges, hostile lawyers, government agencies, psychiatrists and others. A penalty for some high crimes , or punishment imposed by a committee of evidence . The IJC is the most senior ethics officer within the Church of Scientology network. While a suppressive person is working on an amends project to get back in good graces, they may communicate only with
2538-400: Is convened by an ethics officer or an executive senior to the staff member being charged. The offenses being accused are of non-serious nature and the sentences are at the discretion of the person who convened the court of ethics. The court is not supposed to engage in investigation, but rather operate only on known evidence. An order to a scientologist stating that if one more ethics report
2632-483: Is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain. The Church of Scientology International (CSI) is officially the "Mother Church", and is responsible for guiding the other Scientology centers. The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is the organization that owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard . There are numerous other management organizations, including
2726-590: Is divided into regions; each has its Tribunal Regional Federal (Regional Federal Court). Also, each state has its own Tribunal de Justiça (Justice Court). The following tribunals exist within the Judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China : Lands , Small Claims , Labour , Obscene Articles . For public inquiries, commissions are set up instead under
2820-713: Is for in actual fact is simply that additional tool necessary to make it possible to get [Scientology] technology in. That's the whole purpose of ethics; to get technology in". What this translates to, says Kent, is "a peculiar brand of morality that uniquely benefitted (the Church of Scientology) ... In plain English, the purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents, then eliminate people's interests in things other than Scientology. In this 'ethical' environment, Scientology would be able to impose its courses, philosophy, and 'justice system' – its so-called technology – onto society." Researcher Jon Atack has expressed concern that, in
2914-411: Is judged to be fit for remaining in the Sea Org, or to have one removed if deemed unfit. Leaving the Sea Org without authorization is called a blow . It usually results in someone being declared a suppressive person . The term is also used for anyone leaving a staff position in a non-Sea Org organization, or a public person leaving Scientology. A blow drill is used at Gold Base : when someone escapes
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3008-518: Is no arbitration procedure in Scientology. The closest Scientology procedure to what is commonly known as arbitration is the Chaplain's court . An ethics officer may send out a formal request to a person or persons to show up for a hearing. An ethics hearing is a fact-finding hearing, to gather information about whether an ethics violation has occurred. A court of ethics is a disciplinary hearing based on evidence already collected. A court of ethics
3102-616: Is not conclusive of a body's function; in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record. The term is derived from the tribunes , magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic . Tribunal originally referred to the office of the tribunes, and the term is still sometimes used in this sense in historical writings. The tribunal was the platform upon which the presiding authority sat; having
3196-573: Is permitted and not uncommon, self-representation is much more common in tribunals than in courts, and tribunal members and registry staff are generally more accustomed to dealing with self-represented parties than courts are. Appeal from a tribunal is to a court. Tribunals in the Australian judicial system include the following: Every state has a "supertribunal" that covers a wide range of administrative decisions and, in some cases, has civil jurisdiction. In several Australian states, tribunals function as
3290-518: Is received on them, they will be declared a suppressive person . A comm ev is a disciplinary procedure, Scientology's version of a trial or tribunal , which is "rather like a court martial but without lawyers or formal procedural norms." A scientologist is summoned to a committee of evidence to answer for a list of alleged crimes or high crimes . A panel of appointed scientologists in good standing are to "gather and review evidence, determine guilt, and recommend punishment." The process starts at
3384-478: Is the head of RTC; officially Chairman of the Board, or COB. RTC employs lawyers and has pursued individuals and groups who have legally attacked Scientology or who are deemed to be a legal threat to Scientology. This has included breakaway Scientologists who practice Scientology outside the central organization, and critics, as well as numerous government and media organizations. Scientology Missions International
3478-525: Is the management organization over the mission network. Missions are small Scientology organizations which recruit new people and deliver basic services and auditing . These were the feeder organizations which sent people into the main Scientology orgs. Previously called franchises and running semi-autonomously under the wing of the Guardian's Office , they were considered "Scientology's life blood" until David Miscavige and his International Finance Police gutted
3572-680: Is the publisher for Scientology books and magazines in the United States, and New Era Publications International, Aps is the publisher in Europe. Past publications organizations include Distribution Center Inc. (Maryland 1955), Publications Organization United States (California 1971), and Scientology Publications Limited (UK 1991). As of 2023, the Bridge Publications print and distribution center, located at 5600 E Olympic Blvd, Commerce, California, occupies 185,000 square feet and prints
3666-484: Is the severing of all ties with someone declared a suppressive person . When someone is declared SP in Scientology, all Scientologists are pressured into disconnecting from the SP, including close family members, employees, clients, and friends. Refusing or failing to disconnect from an SP carries the risk of being declared SP oneself. Fair game is a retaliatory policy against perceived enemies which L. Ron Hubbard established in
3760-678: The Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 . Permanent Lok Adalat (PUS) is a law court (also known as People's Court) and special tribunal set up in some districts throughout the country. It has been established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 . In the Republic of Ireland , tribunal popularly refers to a public inquiry established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 . The main difference between
3854-465: The Catholic Church , ecclesiastical courts are called tribunals. Tribunals are distinguished by grade, while proceedings are distinguished by instance; for example, an archdiocesan tribunal may hear a cause in the first instance if the cause is first brought before the archdiocesan tribunal. Or, if the cause was first heard before the diocesan tribunal and is now appealed to the archdiocesan tribunal,
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3948-541: The Commodore's Messenger Organization , Watchdog Committee , Continental Liaison Offices, and the organizations that manage the dissemination and outreach activities . In the 1950s and 1960s, management was operated from the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI), and from 1966 until the 1980s it was the Church of Scientology of California (CSC). Critics of Scientology have spoken out against
4042-677: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was a body specially constituted under international law ; in Great Britain , employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. In many but not all cases, tribunal implies a judicial or quasi-judicial body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, in which the normal rules of evidence and procedure may not apply, and whose presiding officers are frequently neither judges nor magistrates. Private judicial bodies are also often-styled tribunals. Tribunal
4136-486: The "holder of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks", but is in fact the main Scientology executive organization. RTC chairman David Miscavige is widely seen as the effective head of Scientology. Religious Technology Center is the organization at the top of the Scientology hierarchy. RTC was established in 1982, and controls the Dianetics and Scientology trademarks. In 1987, David Miscavige took over control of RTC and
4230-464: The 1950s, formalized in 1965, and described further in 1967. Since it caused bad public relations, in 1968 Hubbard prohibited use of the term "fair game" — but not its actions. The practice continues. [A bulletin] went out naming [someone] as having been relegated to the condition of "Enemy," to be considered "fair game," defined by Hubbard as somebody who "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of
4324-562: The 1950s. In 1959, he bought Saint Hill Manor , a Georgian manor house near the Sussex town of East Grinstead . During Hubbard's years at Saint Hill, he traveled extensively, providing lectures and training in Australia, South Africa in the United States, and developing materials that would eventually become Scientology's "core systematic theology and praxis". While in Saint Hill, Hubbard worked with
4418-565: The 4.5-acre property was reopened in 2016 as "Scientology Media Productions". The facilities included "three soundstages, postproduction tools, control rooms, music studios, mixing rooms, art departments, scene shops, radio booths, screening rooms, a magazine production space, a live-events hub" and 136,000 square feet of space. In 2018, they launched the Scientology Network . Bridge Publications, Inc. (incorporated 1981 in California)
4512-618: The Cause Resurgence Rundown. Allegedly devised as a therapy by Hubbard in the early 1980s and liberally doled out by David Miscavige as punishments, this program required a person to run around a fixed point such as a pole or tree for hours each day until they were exhausted, repeating this every day until they had some sort of realization. The minimum time to run each day was five hours, with many people being ordered to do ten to twelve hours of running. Participants were not allowed to talk to each other while running. Short breaks for food and short rests were permitted before being goaded to continue by
4606-632: The Commissions of Inquiry Ordinance. There are tribunals for settling various administrative and tax-related disputes, including Central Administrative Tribunal, Income Tax Appellate Tribunal , Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal , National Green Tribunal, Competition Appellate Tribunal and Securities Appellate Tribunal, among others. The National Company Law Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body in India that adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies . National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
4700-560: The Commodore's Messenger Organization full legal control over Scientology while at the same time insulating both Hubbard and the CMO from any legal liability for running the organizations of Scientology by lying about the level of control they really had." In 1986, after the death of L. Ron Hubbard, Pat and Annie Broeker presented documents from Hubbard showing they had been promoted to "Loyal Officers" and were named as Hubbard's successors in managing
4794-483: The Constitution of Bangladesh empowers the parliament to set up one or more administrative tribunals. No court can entertain any proceeding or make any order regarding any matter within such tribunal's jurisdiction. In the judicial system of Belgium , the names of the lower trial courts can be translated into English as "tribunals" ( Dutch : rechtbank , French : tribunal , German : gericht ). In comparison,
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#17328527906034888-585: The International Justice Chief, a position at Church of Scientology International . As of 2023, the IJC is Mike Ellis, who has held that post since at least 2004. The program of steps required of a suppressive person in order to get back in good standing. The steps include ceasing committing of any suppressive acts, making a public apology, paying off all debts owed to Scientologists or Scientology organizations, performing an amends project, re-training from
4982-564: The Netherlands, all sentences were delivered by a tribunal of seven schepenen , or magistrates, appointed by the local count. Such a tribunal was called a Vierschaar , so named for a rope—or cord—drawn ( schaar or scheren ) in a four-square dimension, wherein the judges sat on four benches. These benches were also positioned in a square, with the defendant standing in the middle. Towns had the Vierschaar privilege to hear disputes. The Vierschaar
5076-522: The RPF has often been used as a punishment and individuals have been kept on the RPF for years. RPFers are segregated from other Sea Org members, undergo security checks , and perform manual labor for most of every day. They may not speak to others. A punishment level less severe than assignment to the RPF . Similar to a new Sea Org recruit's experience on the Estates Project Force (a sort of boot camp),
5170-601: The Saint Hill period was Hubbard's execution of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course (SHBC). It was delivered by Hubbard from March 1951 to December 1966 and, within the Church of Scientology, is considered the best training course for budding "auditors" in the organization. Scientology groups called "Saint Hill Organizations" located in Los Angeles, Clearwater (Florida), Copenhagen and Sydney still teach this course. Tribunal A tribunal , generally,
5264-555: The Scientologist. May be tricked, sued, or lied to, or destroyed." Fair game is one of the penalties that can be leveled on a person for having committed a high crime against Scientology, or as a penalty after a committee of evidence . In two separate court cases ( Armstrong and Wollersheim ) the Church of Scientology argued that fair game policies are a "core practice of Scientology" and are therefore protected as "religious expression". Hubbard instructed his followers that "fair game"
5358-559: The Sea Org, this is called the Master-at-Arms . The ethics officer works in the Department of Inspection and Reports, handles all ethics and security matters, performs ethics interviews, does investigations, and follows up on ethics orders. An ethics officer is expected to have ethics presence over all staff and public scientologists — likewise a senior over their juniors, and any Sea Org member over any other scientologist. Ethics presence
5452-554: The Sea Org. However, a year later David Miscavige had wrested power from the Broekers and became the leader of the Scientology organization. The Church of Scientology network operates as a multinational conglomerate of companies with personnel, executives , organizational charts , chains of command , policies and orders: Today, what we call "Scientology" is in reality a remarkably complex network of ostensibly independent but clearly interconnected corporate entities. ... with
5546-709: The US. Until the 1990s, few people opened new missions and the push was directed towards celebrities to open missions: Kirstie Alley opened a mission in Wichita, Kansas in 1995, Isaac Hayes and Lisa Marie Presley opened one in Memphis in 1997, and Jenna Elfman opened one in San Francisco in 2001. According to the Church of Scientology, by 2002 there were 197 missions in the US, and by 2008 there were internationally 3,200 missions across 129 countries. (Note: A Sea Org missionaire
5640-698: The Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence. Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of
5734-531: The barnacles. Overboarding was a very traumatic experience. After their training on the Apollo was completed and the Scientologists returned to their local organizations, they started alternative 'overboarding' practices, including throwing people in bathtubs, hosing them down, or pushing their heads into toilet bowls. Though the practice of overboarding from the ship ceased around 1970, David Miscavige resurrected
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#17328527906035828-500: The bottom of The Bridge to Total Freedom , and communicating all of these actions to the International Justice Chief The Sea Org observes all the ethics policies of Scientology but, in addition, has their own set of punishments that are not for regular Scientologists who are not on staff. The Sea Org equivalent to the ethics officer. See ethics officer . Procedure to determine if a new Sea Org recruit
5922-637: The campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration , which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree: The church owns a staggering array of properties, from a college on 55 acres in England to a luxury cruise ship. The church often buys historic buildings and refurbishes them in grand fashion. — St. Petersburg Times , 2009 Hubbard moved to England shortly after founding Scientology, where he oversaw its worldwide development from an office in London for most of
6016-504: The committee votes guilty or not on each charge, and conviction is determined by majority vote. The committee recommends punishment and the results are published as the findings and recommendations signed by all committee members. The only means of recourse is a review by a higher level committee, which reviews only recordings and documents from the original comm ev — no new evidence to be presented. Interrogations done using an E-meter . Anyone disagreeing with Scientology or writing
6110-428: The compound or is missing, staff are deployed to nearby bus stations and hotels, airline flight records are searched, and the person is hunted down and recovered. Those recovered were placed on heavy labor duty and undergo intense interrogation. The RPF is a long-term labor camp for Sea Org members who are supposedly troublemakers or failures. Though billed as a method of redemption or rehabilitation, assignment to
6204-521: The copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard . All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the Sea Org , which is a paramilitary organization for the "elite, innermost dedicated core of Scientologists". David Miscavige is described by the Scientology organization as the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, and is referred to by the organization as its captain. In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard established organizations to manage activities related to his invention of Dianetics ;
6298-477: The disciplinary procedures and policies of the Sea Org, which have been a source of controversy since its inception and variously described as abusive and illegal. Former Sea Org members have stated that punishments in the late 1960s and early 1970s included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker. In 1974, Hubbard established the Rehabilitation Project Force (or RPF),
6392-490: The early 1980s some of the franchise owners were ordered onto the running program. In 1982, David Mayo , Hubbard's own auditor and the highest level auditor in the Sea Org at the time, was ordered onto the running program, after which he left the Sea Org having decided Miscavige was destroying Hubbard's work. Amy Scobee reported that a diabetic woman was ordered to the running program; she went into hypoglycemic shock and they gave her some insulin and ordered her back to
6486-465: The early 1980s to avoid further government scrutiny and to limit and compartmentalize liabilities. The Guardian's Office was replaced with the Office of Special Affairs; Religious Technology Center (RTC) was created, and numerous other corporations sprang up during this period, which acquired the name "corporate sort out" (CSO). The idea was to "create a legally defensible structure that would give Hubbard and
6580-540: The equivalent of a small claims court . In the context of sport , "tribunal" frequently refers to the AFL Tribunal , the disciplinary body of the Australian Football League . In Bangladesh, tribunal refers to a court that serves some special purpose, of which Bangladesh has several. These have been set up to ensure speedy trial and reduce case congestion in the normal courts. Besides this, Article 117 of
6674-571: The higher appellate courts can be translated as "courts" ( Dutch : hof , French : cour , German : hof ). The Judiciary of Brazil officially names "tribunal" the appeal court and the ones above it, always with more than one judge. The higher court is the Supremo Tribunal Federal (Supreme Federal Court), followed by the superior tribunals ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça , Tribunal Superior Eleitoral , Tribunal Superior do Trabalho , Superior Tribunal Militar ). The federal justice
6768-647: The latter may hear the cause in the second instance. Only the Roman Rota can hear causes in the third instance, with limited exceptions. Other tribunals are incompetent in the third instance because of grade ( ratione gradus ) since they do not have the jurisdiction to judge in the third instance. Tribunals include: Tribunals also play an integral role in health sectors within and across nations. They are often referred to as "adjunctive tribunals". These quasi-judicial bodies possess regulatory, oversight, and dispute-resolution powers to aid health decision-making and governance. At
6862-442: The lawyers who function as tribunal members do so only part-time and spend the greater part of their time carrying out other aspects of legal practice, such as representing clients. In many cases, the formal rules of evidence that apply in courts do not apply in tribunals, which enables tribunals to hear forms of evidence that courts may not be allowed to consider. Tribunals generally deal with simpler matters; while legal representation
6956-577: The literary, theatrical and musical works of L. Ron Hubbard. It is wholly owned by Church of Spiritual Technology . Author Services runs the contests Writers of the Future and Illustrators of the Future . Galaxy Press is an imprint of Author Services, spun off from Bridge Publications in 2002. Author Services and Galaxy Press are located at 7051 Hollywood Blvd, Hollywood, CA 90028 . There are many independently chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and pay license fees for
7050-404: The member performs manual labor for most of the day. It is also called "being on the decks" or "assigned to the decks". The Hole is the name of a de facto prison building at Gold Base ; an office building of two adjacent double-wide trailers that was turned into a prison by David Miscavige . All but one exterior door was barred shut, windows were fixed to limit opening them only two inches, and
7144-505: The network in the early 1980s. Missions were operated by a mission holder who paid 10% license fees to the Church of Scientology but kept the bulk of their income to themselves. The new policy was that missions paid a higher percentage to the new Scientology Missions International (SMI), established 1981, and anyone who objected was declared suppressive and their bank accounts seized. Hundreds of mission holders lost or closed their missions and in 1983 there were just forty missions left in
7238-500: The organization's magazines and other Scientology materials. The center's press has the capacity to print 55,000 pages per hour. The warehousing and shipping department is fully automated, with the capability of handling half a million items per week. There are several imprints from across the entire Scientology network which are printed at the main print center, including Effective Education Publishing , Freedom Publishing, and Galaxy Press . Author Services Inc. (ASI) represents
7332-435: The organization. An "SP" is a person designated as an enemy to Scientology. When a person is formally labeled a suppressive person by the Church of Scientology, a "Suppressive Person Declare" is printed on goldenrod-colored paper and posted on all public notice boards. A person thus labelled is said to have been "declared" . It is a form of excommunication . To get un-declared involves doing A to E steps . Until then,
7426-523: The organizations went bankrupt and Hubbard moved to Arizona where he started Scientology . In 1952, Hubbard established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), a secular organization, and in 1953 the first Church of Scientology organization was incorporated in Camden, New Jersey . The HAS was dissolved and the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI), a religious fellowship,
7520-449: The practice when he marched his entire staff to the swimming pool at Gold Base and made each person walk the plank ( diving board ) and jump into the pool fully-clothed. After that first "overboard ceremony", Miscavige changed the venue to a "slimy pond" on the property and such punishments became a frequent practice. One Sea Org punishment, called the running program , was turned into a fee-based service for public Scientologists called
7614-417: The practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology , which is variously defined as a cult , a business , or a new religious movement . The movement has been the subject of a number of controversies , and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords , and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and
7708-451: The public are auditing and auditor training. Auditing is the 'counseling', and training teaches how to audit. The levels of auditing and training are charted and described on The Bridge to Total Freedom . All service organizations are separate corporate entities, are licensed as franchises, and pay a percentage of their gross revenues to International Management. Hubbard's image and writing are ubiquitous in service orgs, and each maintains
7802-539: The request of an executive who makes a formal accusation. A convening authority initiates the comm ev by appointing a chairman, a secretary, and two to five other Scientology members, the majority of which should be senior to the accused. The committee will read and hear evidence for and against the accused. The panel has two weeks to complete the comm ev process. The accused may present their own evidence and testimony, as well as bring witnesses to testify, but may not bring any legal representatives . After reviewing evidence,
7896-433: The rules of conduct to be followed by scientologists. When the individual fails to put in his own ethics, the group takes action against him and this is called justice. Professor Stephen A. Kent quotes Hubbard as pronouncing that "the purpose of ethics is to remove counter intentions from the environment. And having accomplished that the purpose becomes to remove other intentionedness from the environment" and "(a)ll ethics
7990-469: The running track, being pushed in a wheelchair. In 2003, Marc Headley did the running program for three months as part of a pilot prior to the Church of Scientology marketing the program for its paying members. This in fact became a popular form of punishment: the "Running Program" ... was a nasty, physically exhausting experience that was supposed to be another Hubbard cure for recalcitrant Sea Org members. Remarkably, this punishment has been remarketed into
8084-493: The top ranking staff, including Hubbard's wife, were indicted for infiltrating the US government in their actions of Operation Snow White , Hubbard went into deep hiding though continued to manage control over the organizations but this time through intermediaries—predominantly Pat Broeker and David Miscavige . After the convictions in United States v. Hubbard , there was a flurry of activity creating new corporations in
8178-473: The use of Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology and operate as front groups . Founded in 1989, the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) is an umbrella organization that administers six of Scientology's social programs: The Citizens Commission on Human Rights
8272-502: The wrong hands, Scientology ethics can be wielded arbitrarily and absurdly, such as in the 1960s when British Saint Hill Scientologists declared a local pie shop " suppressive " for not carrying apple pie in sufficient quantities to their liking. The ethics officer is a staff member in a Scientology organization whose job is to ensure that staff members and all scientologists are correctly following procedures. The EO works one-on-one with scientologists to help them with ethics issues. In
8366-502: Was also physical brutality , and physical and mental torture . Though some people managed to escape the building, their escape from the surrounding premises would be thwarted by guards, cameras, motion sensors, and razor wire . Many 'residents' remained in the Hole for years. Overboarding was a punishment started by Hubbard in the 1960s while aboard the Apollo whereby a student or staff member
8460-443: Was blindfolded, their hands and sometimes feet were tied, then they were thrown over the side of the ship into the ocean, a drop of 15–40 feet depending on deck. One journalist reported an 8-year-old child being thrown overboard. Being hurled such a distance, blindfolded and restrained, into cold sea water, must have been terrifying. Worst of all was the fear that you would hit the side of the ship as you fell, your flesh ripped open by
8554-470: Was constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013, for hearing appeals against National Company Law Tribunal orders, effective 1 June 2016. In several states, Food Safety Appellate Tribunals have been created to hear appeals against orders of adjudicating officers for food safety (additional deputy commissioners). Armed Forces Tribunal is a military tribunal in India. It was established under
8648-463: Was established to be the managing umbrella organization over all other organizations. In late 1954, Hubbard made the official announcement that Scientology was a religion. In 1954, the first Church of Scientology was incorporated in California, which in 1956 was renamed to the Church of Scientology of California. That organization was to become the 'mother church' over hundreds of smaller churches and missions of Scientology until 1981 when that status
8742-488: Was passed to the Church of Scientology International . Hubbard had official control of the organizations until 1966 when he publicly resigned, though he continued to give orders to executives, secretly running the organizations. Although Hubbard maintained no formal position within Scientology's management structure, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations, often using code names and code words to obscure his involvement. When some of
8836-506: Was usually located in the town hall, and many historical town halls still have such a room, usually decorated with scenes from the Judgement of Solomon . The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice . Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007, reforms were put in place to build
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