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75-591: The Inter-Service Topographical Department (ISTD) came out of the near-fiasco of the British invasion of Norway (9 April – 9 May 1940). Prior to that time, the Army and Royal Navy had different intelligence units that were independent of each other. The ISTD was established at Manchester College, Oxford . Working together with members of each arm and the Allies, this unit was able to bring together zero-elevation aerial photography , which

150-648: A British protectorate . In 1803, the Royal Navy dropped the idea since the island's small harbour was not comparable to Malta's larger and well-fortified Grand Harbour . However, reports stated that the island could be useful in supplying Malta, especially with the threat of Sicily falling to the French. In 1810, Gatt leased the island to Alexander Fernandez of the Army Commissariat in the Mediterranean, who established

225-513: A conference room, student accommodation and a student social area. The chapel designed by "Worthington and Elgood" was inaugurated in 1893. The chapel is notable for its stained-glass windows by the Pre-Raphaelite artists Sir Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris , as well as its ornate wood carvings and organ, which was painted by Morris and Co . Seating in the chapel consisted of individual chairs until pews were added in 1897. The oak screen

300-422: A farm with cattle and sheep, and employed 28 workers to turn the island's surface into pasturage. A small detachment of 26 men of the 14th Regiment were sent to the island in 1811 to support Fernandez, who was planning to build a fort on the island. By 1813, the island had a population of almost 200 Maltese workers. A royal commission stated in an 1812 report that there would be considerable difficulties in turning

375-545: A few pelagic endemic species. The Isola dei Conigli (literally "Rabbit Island"), close to the south coast of Lampedusa, is one of the last remaining egg-laying sites in Italy for the loggerhead sea turtle , which is endangered throughout the Mediterranean . The beach and the neighbouring island are part of a nature reserve : here the singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno spent his vacations, and died in 1994. Next to Parise Cape

450-557: A few workers. A Neapolitan warship visited the island in 1841 as a show of force, but nothing changed until 11 September 1843, when two warships arrived and landed 400 soldiers on the island. They replaced the British flags on the island with Neapolitan flags. A royal decree was read out proclaiming the island as part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . A few of the Maltese settlers remained on

525-489: A full constituent college , being granted a royal charter in 1996. At the same time, it changed its name to Harris Manchester College in recognition of a benefaction by Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham . Formerly known as Manchester College, it is listed in the University Statutes (V.1) as Manchester Academy and Harris College, and at university ceremonies it is called Collegium de Harris et Manchester . Today

600-523: A large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009. In 2011, many more immigrants moved to Lampedusa during the rebellions in Tunisia and Libya . By May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island from Tunisia and Libya. By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived. Most were young males in their 20s and 30s. The situation has caused division within the EU, the French government regarding most of

675-628: A minister in England. This was possible despite the fact that Oxford University did not formally accept female students or award them degrees until 1920 because Manchester College was at that time associated with the University of London , which in 1878 became the first UK university to award degrees to women. Manchester College played a significant part in the planning of the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944. The Ministry of Works and Buildings requisitioned most of

750-549: A motor launch, he was told that the island's garrison wished to surrender. Mussolini had given the garrison his permission to surrender because it lacked any water. The Governor's formal surrender was accepted in the island's underground command-post by a combined Army/Navy delegation sometime before 9:00 pm on 12 June 1943. During this process, the governor handed his sword to the Coldstream company commander, Major Bill Harris. A second unofficial claim has also been made regarding

825-609: A plant for the production of the prized fish sauce known as garum . In 812 (or 813), directed by the Aghlabids , the island was sacked by Saracens during the Arab–Byzantine wars . By the end of the medieval period, the island had become a dependency of the Kingdom of Sicily . In 1553, Barbary pirates from North Africa under the command of the Ottoman Empire raided Lampedusa and carried off 1,000 captives into slavery . As

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900-560: A priest and six Maltese men, who often traded with pirates. A structure known as marabuto , probably a mausoleum commemorating a member of the Marabouts , also existed on the island at this time, and it was visited by many Muslim devotees. On 25 June 1800, Prince Giulio Maria Tomasi leased Lampedusa in perpetual emphyteusis to Salvatore Gatt, a Maltese merchant, on the condition that the latter would build two coastal watchtowers at Cala della Galere and Cala della Madonna . Gatt settled

975-577: A result of pirate attacks, the island became uninhabited. In 1565, Don García de Toledo made a brief stop at Lampedusa while leading a relief force to break the Great Siege of Malta . In subsequent centuries, the Hospitaller fleet which was based in Malta sometimes used Lampedusa's harbour as a shelter from bad weather or from corsairs. In 1667, the island was given to Ferdinand Tomasi of Palermo, who acquired

1050-673: A structural member of the African continent , lying on a structural high called the Lampedusa Plateau . Lampedusa essentially is a tilted block of limestone , the highest point being on the NW coast and the lowest on the SE coast, the island being soft limestone, of a white to creamy-yellow. This area lies on a seismically active part of central Mediterranean , the Sicily Channel Rift Zone . From

1125-599: A structural point of view, Lampedusa belongs to the Pelagian Block, a foreland at the northern edge of the African Plate , and is inside the Sicily Channel . Lampedusa has a subtropical semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) characterized by very warm, almost rainless and humid summers, very mild and frost -free winters, a powerful seasonal lag and a small diurnal temperature range . The constant sea breezes moderate

1200-570: A thriving squash club. Harris Manchester also has an affiliation with neighbouring Wadham College for those interested in becoming members of Wadham College Boat Club , which came in second in the 2012 Women's Torpids and Summer VIIIs , and saw both the First and Second Men's boats winning blades. Harris Manchester has one of the three remaining student run college bars in Oxford (the others being Balliol College and St Cross College ). The common room

1275-419: Is a small beach accessible only by sea, through a low grotto . Other species living along the island's coast include mantas and smaller cetaceans such as dolphins and Risso's dolphins . Waters nearby Lampedusa are the only area in the Mediterranean with sightings of pregnant great white sharks and newly born individuals. Recent studies revealed that the waters of Lampedusa are a wintering feeding ground for

1350-417: Is both the southernmost point and the southernmost island of Italy. Politically and administratively, Lampedusa is part of Italy , but geologically it is part of Africa since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 m (390 ft). Lampedusa is a semi-arid island, dominated by a garrigue landscape, with maquis shrubland in the west. It has no sources of water other than irregular rainfall. Overall

1425-403: Is decorated with William Morris wallpaper. Since 2018 the principal of the college has been the historian, Professor Jane Shaw . Lampedusa Lampedusa ( / ˌ l æ m p ɪ ˈ dj uː z ə / LAM -pih- DEW -zə , US also /- s ə / -⁠sə , Italian: [lampeˈduːza] ; Sicilian : Lampidusa [lambɪˈɾuːsa] ; Maltese : Lampeduża )

1500-475: Is photography taken as close to the wave tops as possible, in order to bring the views of the beach landscape, which were then made into continuous horizontal strip photographs. These files were marked with military targets such as bridges, marshalling yards and the like, and up-to-date photos and intelligence were used to up date obsolete maps. From these new maps, and from older maps, magazine illustrations, and old family photographs taken on holiday collected from

1575-495: Is that this word was also used by the Greeks for a kind of oyster and the island was called that, due to the abundance of this kind of oyster. Other scholars believe that the name derives from λαμπάς ( lampás ), which means 'torch', because of the lights which were placed on the island for sailors. Historically, Lampedusa was a landing place and a maritime base for the ancient Phoenicians , Greeks and Romans . The Romans established

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1650-575: Is the largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The comune of Lampedusa e Linosa is part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento which also includes the smaller islands of Linosa and Lampione . It is the southernmost part of Italy and Italy's southernmost island. Tunisia , which is 113 kilometres (61 nautical miles) away, is the closest landfall to

1725-644: Is the smallest undergraduate college in either of the Oxbridge universities. The college started as the Warrington Academy in 1757 where its teachers included Joseph Priestley , before being refounded as the Manchester Academy in Manchester in 1786. Originally run by English Presbyterians , it was one of several dissenting academies that provided religious nonconformists with higher education , as at

1800-609: The Ministry of Supply , the Ministry of Economic Warfare , the Ministry of Works and Buildings , the Imperial War Graves Commission , the Ministry of Information , the Ministry of Aircraft Production , and to the scientific liaison officers of the Dominion Governments. Manchester College, Oxford Harris Manchester College ( HMC ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in

1875-519: The D-Day landings. The college's Arlosh Hall served as the main centre of operations, with Nissen huts and tents put up in the quads. Among various other sources, the nearby School of Geography of the university supplied the ISTD with many maps and charts which proved an essential part in the success of the invasion. Manchester College became a permanent private hall of Oxford University in 1990 and subsequently

1950-624: The ISTD's effectiveness, the department received compliments from General Dwight D. Eisenhower for its support to the allied landings in French North Africa." "Although direct foreign procurement could not be undertaken at this time, substantial amounts of material were received from the British Inter-Services Topographic Department and the Royal Naval Intelligence Division 5 , respectively

2025-700: The Italian government to reception centres in mainland Italy. Many were then released because their deportation orders were not enforced. In 2009, the overcrowded conditions at the island's temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people . A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting. A fire that started during an inmate riot destroyed

2100-611: The Libyan and Italian governments reached a secret agreement that obliged Libya to accept African immigrants deported from Italian territories. This resulted in the mass repatriation of many people from Lampedusa to Libya between 2004 and 2005, a move criticised by the European Parliament . By 2006, many African immigrants were paying people smugglers in Libya to help get them to Lampedusa by boat. On arrival, most were then transferred by

2175-530: The Mineral economics of West Africa, the Belgian Congo , Mozambique and Angola , and accounts of the geology and mineral resources of other territories prepared the staff of Naval Intelligence Division were checked prior to printing off. In addition to the contributions made to the work of these two service Departments, assistance and information was given from time to time to various Government Departments such as

2250-519: The Museum staff or by the staff of the I.S.T.D. from bibliographies, maps and texts supplied to its Library Liaison Service from the Museum. The work was of a highly confidential character but, in special circumstances, of great importance and interest, and it is now permissible to state that the Museum and Library staffs provided information relating to every considerable military operation in Africa and Europe from

2325-507: The Sicilian mainland. In the summer, there are additional services to Rome and Milan , besides many other seasonal links with the Italian mainland. In 2013, Spiaggia dei Conigli ("Rabbit Beach"), located in the southern part of the island, was voted the world's best beach by travel site TripAdvisor . Since the early 2000s, the island has become a primary European entry point for migrants , mainly coming from Libya and Tunisia. In 2021,

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2400-654: The Unitarian Manchester College was viewed with alarm by orthodox Anglicans. William Sanday was warned that his presence at the official opening of 'an institution which professedly allows such fundamental Christian truths as the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation to be treated as open questions' would 'tend to the severance of the friendly relation subsisting between the university and the Church'. In its early days,

2475-593: The United Kingdom. It was founded in Warrington in 1757 as a college for Unitarian students and moved to Oxford in 1893. It became a full college of the university in 1996, taking its current name to commemorate its predecessor the Manchester Academy and a benefaction by Lord Harris of Peckham . The college's postgraduate and undergraduate places are exclusively for students aged 21 years or over. With around 100 undergraduates and 150 postgraduates , Harris Manchester

2550-527: The Wellbeing Research Centre, directed by Jan-Emmanuel De Neve , which applies interdisciplinary research and teaching on well-being at Oxford. The main quad was designed by architect Thomas Worthington , and built between 1889 and 1893. It houses the Tate Library and the chapel. The Arlosh hall, designed by Percy Worthington , was added in 1913. The college also has several newer buildings to

2625-641: The West of the main quad. In 2013–2014 the Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower & Sukum Navapan Gate were added to the Arlosh quad. The inscription on the tower "It is later than you think, but it is never too late", refers to the role of the college in educating mature students. In 2018 a new building named Maevadi Hall was completed after two years of construction. It is situated to the west of the Arlosh Hall and contains

2700-987: The Western Allies. Further, the British developed the Inter-Service Topographic Department (ISTD) in October 1940. The ISTD responded to the British topographical intelligence shortage before the April 1940 German invasion of Norway. In fact, the paucity of topographical intelligence on Norway resulted in Royal Air Force Bomber Command pilots relying on 1912 revised Baedeker 's guides—commonly used by foreign travelers— for navigation when attacking airfields in Norway. This lack of intelligence also caused Royal Navy carrier pilots to rely on contourless Admiralty charts during their attack on Narvik 's port. Later,

2775-525: The activities of the Inter-Services Topographical Department (ISTD), a special department responsible for supplying topographical intelligence for all combined operations, and, in particular, for preparing reports in advance of military operations overseas. It relied in large measure upon the Museum and Library organization for the provisions of the geological information incorporated into the reports, such information being written up by

2850-523: The area around the island was the scene of multiple attacks. On April 15, 1986, Libya fired two Scuds at the Lampedusa navigation station, in retaliation for the American bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi , and the alleged death of Colonel Gaddafi 's adopted daughter. However, the missiles passed over the island, landed in the sea, and caused no damage. On 4 January 1989 , U.S. Navy aircraft from

2925-415: The arrivals as economic migrants rather than refugees in fear of persecution. In July 2013, Pope Francis visited the island on his first official visit outside of Rome. He prayed for migrants, living and dead, and denounced their traffickers. In October 2013, the 2013 Lampedusa disaster occurred; a boat carrying over 500 migrants, mostly from Eritrea and Somalia , sank off the coast of Lampedusa with

3000-572: The arts. The majority was Unitarian. In 1840, when age forced him to retire, the college moved back to Manchester, where it stayed until 1853. In 1840, the college started an association with the University of London , and gained the right to present students for degrees from London. Between 1853 and 1889 the college was located in London , in University Hall, Gordon Square . From London it moved to Oxford, opening its new buildings in 1893. In Oxford,

3075-451: The capitulation of the island, when earlier that same day elements of the garrison had also attempted to surrender in unusual circumstances when Sergeant Sydney Cohen, the pilot of a Royal Air Force Fairey Swordfish aircraft landed having run low on fuel and suffering problems with his compass. Cohen's exploits were commemorated in a Yiddish play The King of Lampedusa that ran for six months. The first telephone connection with Sicily

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3150-513: The carrier USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan fighters approximately 200 km (110 nmi) from the island. The NATO base was decommissioned in 1994 and transferred to Italian military control. Since the early 2000s, Lampedusa, the European territory closest to Libya, has become a prime transit point for migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia wanting to enter Europe. In 2004

3225-564: The college chapel on Sundays. The society is affiliated to the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches . Despite being one of the smallest colleges of Oxford University , Harris Manchester boasts the sixth largest college library and offers the best student population to book ratio. It houses a collection of books and manuscripts dating back to the fifteenth century and is famous for its antiquarian books, tract collection, and library of Protestant Dissent. The Tate Library

3300-464: The college moved to York to have him as head. At first he taught all subjects, but hired additional tutors after a year. He always worked hard and several times his health broke. Wellbeloved did not allow the school to be called Unitarian because he wanted students to have an open mind and to discover the truth for themselves. In 1809 he wrote to George Wood , I do not and will not teach Unitarianism or any ism but Christianism . I will endeavour to teach

3375-490: The college offers a wide array of courses. Many undergraduate tutorials are carried out in the college, though for some specialist papers undergraduates may be sent to tutors in other colleges. Members are generally expected to dine in the Arlosh Hall, where there is a twice-weekly formal dinner on Mondays and Wednesdays at which students dress in jackets, ties, and gowns. Although the college does not have its own sports ground, it consistently enters women's and men's teams into

3450-674: The college only accepts students over the age of 21, both for undergraduate and graduate studies. The college tries to continue its liberal and pioneering ethos, considering its mature student focus as a modern means of providing higher education to those that have been excluded from it in the past. The college houses several research centres, including the Commercial Law Centre , directed by Kristin van Zwieten , Clifford Chance Professor of Law and Finance, which engages in research in all aspects of national, international, transnational and comparative law relating to commerce and finance; and

3525-524: The college provided courses for the Workers' Educational Association . Women were permitted to attend some lectures in college from 1876, and in 1877, the college set up a series of examinations in theology, which could be taken by women as well as men. In 1901, Gertrude von Petzold graduated from her training at Manchester College to become a minister in the Unitarian church- the first woman to be qualified as

3600-568: The college supported reforming causes, such as the abolition of slavery (1778), and the repeal of the Test Act (1828) and the Corporation Act (1828). In 1922 the principal, L.P. Jacks , hosted Rudolf Steiner to present a conference on alternative education and the model Waldorf school at Stuttgart , Germany which led to the establishment of such schools in Britain . In the 1920s and 1930s,

3675-673: The college's buildings on 17 October 1941 to facilitate the Naval Intelligence and the Inter-Services Topographic Department (ISTD). ISTD operations focussed on gathering of topographical intelligence for the day when the Allies would return to continental Europe. Departments were divided between Oxford and Cambridge, but it was the ISTD section in Manchester College which planned Operation Overlord , known as

3750-742: The course of a visit to the United States in 1944 by a member of the Museum staff, the opportunity was taken to establish contact with the Military Geology Unit of the US Geological Survey , with most helpful results. Considerable assistance was also given to the Naval Intelligence Division, whose handbooks are extensively used by the Services, by Government Departments, and by British embassies abroad. Chapters were contributed on

3825-412: The daytime summer temperatures. Lampedusa (along with coastal Pantelleria , Kasos , Karpathos , Kastellorizo and coastal Malta ) is one of the very few areas along the Mediterranean Sea coast, which have never recorded frost. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Lampedusa was 2.2 °C (36 °F) on February 1, 1999. The fauna and flora of Lampedusa are similar to those of North Africa, with

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3900-501: The deaths of at least 300 people. From January to April 2015, about 1,600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa, making it the deadliest migrant route in the world. The 2017 Oscar-nominated Italian documentary film Fire at Sea documented a part of this migrant crisis and was filmed entirely on the island in 2014 and 2015. The film also won the Golden Bear at the 66th Berlin Film Festival . In September 2023, over 120 boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than

3975-472: The first landings in North Africa. Of special significance, not always apparent at the time that they were supplied, are the reports of North Africa and other Mediterranean territories in 1942; on Yugoslavia , Crete , the Dodecanese , and Möhne Valley , Lampedusa , Pantelleria , the geology of certain Alpine tunnels , and various regions of the Far East in 1943; and those on the flying bomb sites in France in 1944. In connexion with this class of work and in

4050-414: The history of Protestant dissent in England and is home to the Carpenter Library of World Religions, donated to the college by its former principal, J. Estlin Carpenter. Harris Manchester College is located 200 metres from the Bodleian Library , the main research library of Oxford University , as well as the English, History, Social Sciences, and Law faculty libraries. Despite the small student body,

4125-416: The island (together with Linosa and Pantelleria ) into a supply base for Malta. The commission found Fernandez's situation to be very strange, and the treasury demanded an explanation of his conduct. In November 1813, the sloop HMS Partridge was infected with yellow fever, and was sent to Lampedusa until convalescence. This caused most of the population to flee back to Malta, leaving only 50 to 60 people on

4200-403: The island did not see any military engagements until June 1943 when, as a precursor to the Allied invasion of Sicily , the island was secured without resistance in Operation Corkscrew by the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Lookout and ninety-five men of the 2nd Battalion the Coldstream Guards . White flags had been sighted in the port, and when Lieutenant Corbett of Lookout approached the port in

4275-436: The island has two slopes, from west to east, and from north to south of the island. The south-western side is dominated by deep gorges, while the southeastern part is dominated by shallow valleys and sandy beaches. The entire northern coast is dominated by cliffs: gently sloping cliffs on the east coast, and vertical sheer cliffs on the west coast. Lampedusa geologically is part of the " Pelagian Province " ( USGS definition),

4350-408: The island received the Jan Karski Eagle Award , as the first and only time that the award was given out three times in a year. The name Lampedusa derives from the ancient Greek name of the island, Λοπαδούσσα or Λαπαδούσσα ( Lopadoússa/Lapadoússa ). It has been suggested that the name derives from the word λέπας ( lépas ), which means 'rock', due to the rocky landscape of the island; another story

4425-467: The island with some Maltese workers, and he imported livestock and began cultivating the land. The old castle was reconstructed, and a windmill was also built. Gatt hoisted the British flag for protection. On 27 June 1804, the prince conceded the island to Giuseppe Bugeja, another Maltese, although Gatt remained in control of the island. At the time, the British were considering taking over Lampedusa, possibly as an alternative to Malta, which had just become

4500-420: The island, but what happened in subsequent years is unclear. Salvatore Gatt is believed to have died or disappeared sometime between 1813 and 1821, and the island was taken over by Fortunato Frendo, who had murdered Giacoma Gatt, Salvatore's wife. An official expedition was sent to the island from Naples in 1828, and the island was found to be inhabited by members of the Frendo, Gatt, and Molinos families along with

4575-459: The island, while others returned to Malta or went to Tunisia. In the 1840s, the Tomasi family formally sold the island to the Kingdom of Naples. In 1861, the island became part of the Kingdom of Italy , but the new Italian government limited its activities there to building a penal colony . During the Second World War , the island was Axis territory, held by a small Italian garrison. Despite its proximity to Allied-held Malta and North Africa,

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4650-762: The island. The Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland , visited Lampedusa and found that Fernandez was running a business venture, so on 15 September 1814 he announced the withdrawal of British troops stationed on the island. The same notice also stated that "it is not the intention of [the British] Government to have any further concern or connection with [Lampedusa]". At this point, Greek privateers deposited provisions and took refuge at Lampedusa while being pursued by Tunisian vessels. Fernandez had left for Gibraltar in 1813, but he continued to make claims on his title in Lampedusa. The British Government refused to compensate him in 1818, and Sicilian courts deprived him of his title soon afterwards. The Gatt family retook possession of

4725-522: The islands. Sicily is farther at 205 kilometres ( 110 + 1 ⁄ 2 nautical miles), while Malta is 176 kilometres (95 nautical miles) east of Lampedusa. Lampedusa has an area of 20.2 km ( 7 + 13 ⁄ 16  sq mi) and a population of about 6,000 people. Its main industries are fishing , agriculture , and tourism . A ferry service links the island with Porto Empedocle , near Agrigento , Sicily. There are also year-round flights from Lampedusa Airport to Palermo and Catania on

4800-411: The public, new maps could be produced for the planning staffs and operations forces. "Inadequate topographic intelligence could result in troops encountering impenetrable terrain, amphibious assaults landing on impassable beaches, or airborne assaults dropping into water. The U.S. Army's plan to provide photographic mapping support to advancing troops illustrates topographical intelligence's importance to

4875-441: The publishers of the ISIS reports and the Geographic Handbooks. Colonel C. Bassett , R.M., and Admiral John Henry Godfrey , directors respectively of the ISTD and Naval Intelligence, RN, assisted in establishing map exchanges between the Allied planning staffs; subsequently a working alliance was maintained through the London Map Division of the OSS." As the war progressed, the Museum and Library staffs participated more and more in

4950-464: The students how to study the Scripture —nice if they find Unitarianism there—well if animism —well if Trinitarianism —well, only let them find something for themselves. Under Wellbeloved's principalship 235 students were educated at the college: 121 divinity students and 114 laymen. Of the former, 30 did not enter the ministry and five entered the Anglican priesthood. Among the lay students were scholars, public servants, businessmen, and notable men in

5025-399: The time the only universities in England – Oxford and Cambridge – were restricted to Anglicans . It taught radical theology as well as modern subjects, such as science, modern languages, language, and history; as well as the classics. Its most famous professor was John Dalton , developer of atomic theory . The college changed its location five times before settling in Oxford. It

5100-402: The title of Prince of Lampedusa from King Charles II of Spain . Tomasi was the ancestor of the writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa . A century after acquiring the island, the Tomasi family began a program of resettlement. In the late 18th century, the Order of St. John maintained a small establishment on Lampedusa, which included a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary . This was manned by

5175-402: The topographical intelligence produced by the ISTD proved invaluable to the Royal Navy midget submarine attack and the Royal Navy torpedo aircraft attack during September 1942 and late 1944, respectively, on the German battleship Tirpitz based in Norway. It was also invaluable during the November 1942 Allied North African landings, and the St. Nazaire commando raid in March 1942. In tribute to

5250-452: The total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours. Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany . According to the Irish Examiner , the majority of the September 2023 migrants arrived from Tunisia and were "young men or unaccompanied minors." Reasons for migration varied, but the Irish Examiner listed a worsening of the "socioeconomic situation in Tunisia" and fleeing danger or persecution. Lampedusa

5325-424: The university leagues, and members routinely join teams from other colleges. The college has a punt, The Royle Yacht, and a croquet lawn. In recent years the college's ice hockey team has been successful, once winning second place in the intercollegiate cuppers tournament, with the Basketball team winning third place in its intercollegiate cuppers tournament the year before. There is also an active pool team and

5400-497: Was added in 1896 and the original windows were made of plain glass until the installation of stained glass windows in 1895 and 1899. Particularly noteworthy are the stained glass windows on the north wall of the chapel, which were installed in 1896 and depict the Six Days of Creation . These were donated by James and Isabella Arlosh in memory of their son Godfrey. The Unitarian-affiliated Manchester College Oxford Chapel Society meets in

5475-479: Was built by Sir Henry Tate , the benefactor behind London's Tate Gallery. The library was expanded in 2011 with the addition of a gallery, designed to blend in with the Victorian Gothic architecture. The library is well stocked in all the major subjects offered by the college including English Literature, Philosophy, Theology, Politics, Economics, Law, History and Medicine. It also holds a significant collection on

5550-474: Was installed only in the 1960s. In the same decade an electric power station was built. In 1972, part of the western side of the island became a United States Coast Guard LORAN-C transmitter station . In 1979, Lt. Kay Hartzell took command of the Coast Guard base, becoming "the first female commanding officer of an isolated duty station". The 1980s, and especially 1985–1986, saw an increase in tensions and

5625-556: Was located in Manchester between 1786 and 1803. It moved to York until 1840. It was located at 38 Monkgate, just outside Monkbar; later this was the first building of the College of Ripon and York St John (now York St John University). The key person in York was Charles Wellbeloved , a Unitarian minister, after whom a function room in the college is named. Because he would not move to Manchester,

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