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85-734: The Secretariat is composed of the Executive Office of the Secretary for Multidimensional Security and the following main directorates: Secretary General José Miguel Insulza of the Organization of American States created the Secretariat for Multidimensional Security in 2005, as a direct response to the 2003 Declaration on Security in the Americas, adopted in Mexico City . This measure institutionalized

170-647: A 19-month transnational investigation led by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), involved 9 Federal agencies and 67 State and local law enforcement agencies from 8 States. In 2003, it led to the arrests of some 240 individuals charged with transnational drug trafficking. Law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are employed by nation-states to counteract international organized crime. Serious international crime—such as crimes against humanity—may be investigated by

255-449: A TOC entity's objective is to seek profits, and adopting the other's criminal activities is only a means to an end. Recent scholarship suggests that the intersection between both types of organizations is due to overlapping criminal networks creating hybrid forms of violent actors. Some scholars believe that this overlap proves convergence exists between both groups (e.g., terrorist groups will shift their agendas to profit-seeking resembling

340-476: A TOC network may operate these activities at a local/regional level while a larger organization arrange international logistics with the help of middlemen who facilities coordination between both groups. The most common types of crime include the following: TOC is commonly linked to terrorist organizations , serving as patrons and as a reliable alternative to state sponsorship . Frequent transactions with terrorist groups engaging in asymmetric attacks include

425-456: A collective strategy with other nations facing the same threats." In July 2011, the White House released its Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime , which reflects this change and sets forth a strategy " to build, balance, and integrate the tools of American power to combat transnational organized crime and related threats to national security—and to urge our foreign partners to do

510-564: A competent national authority, a principal representative, alternate representatives, and advisors. Member States also appoint one or more National Points of Contact with competence in the field of prevention and elimination of terrorism to serve as the principal liaison among governments of the Member States and with the CICTE Secretariat for developing cooperation programs between them and the CICTE Secretariat. CICTE's Executive Secretary

595-554: A country’s jurisdiction. FinCEN cooperates globally with other FIUs and uses its regulatory authorities to limit further illicit activities by Transnational organized criminal groups within the financial system. Through FinCEN, the Department of the Treasury promotes international efforts to adopt international standards involving anti-money laundering and the combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT). Between 1994 through 1998, FinCEN led

680-527: A criminal organization). In contrast, other scholars downplay convergence frequency among both groups due to differences in goals and motivations. Hence, TOC entities may engage in acts of terrorism against governments and rival organizations depending on their political environment, motive, structure, and criminal enterprise. Traditional enterprises (e.g., Yakuza and Russian Mafia ) are only likely to get involved in political conflict to secure markets and increase profits since they desire minimal attention from

765-498: A defendant, such as when the informant can provide evidence that may exculpate the defendant. The following are some of the methods used by authorities in the US to combat transnational organised crime: In May 2010, the White House released its National Security Strategy , detailing the need to aggressive combat transnational organized crime. This strategy document states, "Combating transnational criminal and trafficking networks requires

850-451: A guide for spatial investigations surrounding transnational organized crime cases, and authoring studies on the confiscation of equivalent and mixed property assets. Other lines of action in the combat against transnational organized crime, include the provision of technical assistance when applying research tools and instruments when investigating criminal investigations; combating illicit mining, such as in artisanal gold; and helping implement

935-670: A level playing field for U.S. businesses abroad. Under the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI) , the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) functions as the financial intelligence unit (FIU) for the United States providing investigative support for government agencies to combat illicit financial activities both domestically and internationally. FIUs are central agencies that assist law enforcement by collecting and analyzing financial information within

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1020-716: A member of the Socialist Party. Following the end of military rule, Insulza was appointed Chilean Ambassador for International Cooperation in 1990. He became Director of Multilateral Economic Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Vice President of the International Cooperation Agency (AGCI) some time later. He became a member of the Chilean Association of Political Science, the Bar Association, and

1105-531: A motivator for criminal pursuits in countries transition to a free market . During the globalization process, developing countries pursue stricter rule of law policies and prosecution of criminal activities, attempting to ensure a suitable and stable environment for economic development and foreign investment . This includes the protection of property rights against criminal actions, professionalization of police , and increasing law enforcement capacities to confront organized crime, all of which are common in

1190-420: A multidimensional perspective. The current Secretary for Multidimensional Security at the Organization of American States is Luis Fernando Lima Oliveira. Prior to Mr. Oliveria, the post was held by Nobel Peace Prize nominee and former Attorney General of Guatemala Claudia Paz y Paz Bailey. She was the first woman ever to assume the position of Attorney General in her country and has been invaluable in developing

1275-404: A multidimensional strategy that safeguards citizens, breaks the financial strength of criminal and terrorist networks, disrupts illicit trafficking networks, defeats transnational criminal organizations, fights government corruption, strengthens the rule of law, bolsters judicial systems, and improves transparency. While these are major challenges, the United States will be able to devise and execute

1360-592: A presentation before the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere that there was no evidence linking Venezuela to terrorist groups. Insulza openly stated his intention to run for President of Chile , but withdrew from the race on January 5, 2009 and vowed to continue as Secretary General of the OAS until the end of his mandate. He gave his support to Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle as

1445-474: A product of capitalism and an "illicit counterparts of multinational corporations” by pursuing geographical positions from which to operate shipments, secure markets, and collaborate with trusted criminal entities. Other scholars associate TOC operations as a security risk affecting public safety , human rights , economic stability , government accountability , and exacerbating internal conflicts . Article III, title: "Scope of application", section II of

1530-522: A relationship of mutual trust with members representing criminal organizations. This results in higher recruitment rates, improved vetting of new recruits, and the formation of new TOC ventures. One example is the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) , evolving a prison gang in São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil , to a prevalent criminal organization operating on multiple continents. Transnational organized crime

1615-468: A relocation of operations to different regions, countries, and even continents. TOCs can operate in various jurisdictions without a physical presence (e.g., internet scams ). Scholars have conflicting views regarding the extent to which globalization has impacted international inequality in general. However, many claim globalization has impacted inequality on measures that affect organized crime and increases in criminal activity. The World Bank published

1700-402: A report suggesting that although developing countries have experienced economic growth , inequality within those countries (between individuals) has increased due to globalization. Studies suggest that high levels of inequality in a given location are correlated with the relative power of organized crime and the high levels of corruption from which they benefit. Phil Williams, Professor at

1785-506: Is organized crime coordinated across national borders , involving groups or markets of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures. In order to achieve their goals, these criminal groups use systematic violence and corruption. Common transnational organized crimes include conveying drugs , conveying arms , trafficking for sex , toxic waste disposal, materials theft and poaching . Given TOC's complex qualities, definitions may vary depending on

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1870-584: Is Alison August Treppel. The function of this department is to provide technical and legislative assistance to Member States belonging to the OAS in the combat against transnational organized crime ( TOC ). DTOC, specifically, assists States in complying with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the three Protocols stated therein: trafficking in persons, illicit trafficking of firearms, and illegal smuggling of migrants. The Department also supports States in complying with

1955-563: Is a Chilean politician, lawyer, and academic serving as a senator for the Arica y Parinacota Region since 2018. He previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1994 to 1999 and Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1999 to 2000 under president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle , as Minister of the Interior from 2000 to 2005 under president Ricardo Lagos , and as Secretary General of

2040-446: Is mandated, as from the 2003 Declaration on Security in the Americas, to coordinate technical assistance and cooperation in the following six areas: The Secretariat of Multidimensional Security offers solutions founded upon the model of Smart Security . This model requires objective, evidence- based and systemic approaches to the development of proposals and solutions, which respond to national or regional necessities and capacities; from

2125-550: Is the main hemispheric entity by which DTOC helps countries in this endeavor. The forum is composed of two Sub-Working Groups: International Cooperation and Confiscation, and Coordination between Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) and Criminal Investigation Organizations (CIO). Progress from GELAVEX initiatives are several: legislative analysis among States to produce a set of guidelines with respect to money laundering, production of studies of money laundering cases linked to other transnational crimes, production of expert reports, creating

2210-432: Is widely opposed on the basis of a number of negative effects. It can undermine democracy, disrupt free markets , drain national assets, and inhibit the development of stable societies. In doing so, it has been argued , national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations. The victims of these transnational crime networks are governments that are unstable or not powerful enough to prevent them, with

2295-642: The Concertación candidate for president. On March 24, 2010, Insulza—the sole candidate—was reelected (with the abstention of Bolivia) as OAS chief for another five-year term. Insulza won the Washington Office on Latin America's prestigious Human Rights Award in 2008. In 2014 Insulza was awarded the prestigious Kalman H. Silvert Award presented by the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. As Secretary General, Insulza

2380-524: The Abu Sayyaf Group . Most illicit trafficking begins or ends in the world's greatest economic powers, such as the G8 (forum) . In other words, the world's largest trading partners are also the world's greatest markets for illicit goods and services. Many of these world powers have recently taken steps to combat TOC in a large, collective, international effort with partners and allies. Several organizations around

2465-678: The Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE). He also taught at the National Autonomous University of Mexico , the Universidad Iberoamericana , and the Diplomatic Studies Institute. He has written numerous publications in his field. He joined the Socialist Party of Chile in 1985. Insulza returned to Chile in early 1988 and joined the Concertación coalition of left-leaning political parties as

2550-708: The Department of State , conducts CTOC operations at home and abroad by delivering justice and fairness and by strengthening police, courts, and corrections systems. These efforts reduce the amount of crime and illegal drugs reaching U.S. shores. INL CTOC efforts include helping foreign governments build effective law enforcement institutions that combat transnational organized crime, everything from money laundering, cybercrime, and intellectual property theft to trafficking in goods, people, weapons, drugs, or endangered wildlife. INL combats corruption by helping governments build transparent and accountable public institutions—a cornerstone of strong, stable, and fair societies that offer

2635-632: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) . According to the Government Accountability Office in 2001, The National Security Council identified FinCEN as one of 34 Federal entities that it considered to have a significant role in the fight against international crime. In 2012, the Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on four key transnational organized crime groups: Camorra from Italy , Brothers' Circle from Russia ,

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2720-736: The Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center at George Mason University ) has said: Transnational crime will be a defining issue of the 21st century for policymakers - as defining as the Cold War was for the 20th century and colonialism was for the 19th. Terrorists and transnational crime groups will proliferate because these crime groups are major beneficiaries of globalization. They take advantage of increased travel, trade, rapid money movements, telecommunications and computer links, and are well positioned for growth. TOCs may be involved in various types illicit activities. Smaller organizations within

2805-836: The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime , defines transnational criminal activity under the following conditions: “(a) committed in more than one state”; (b) committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another state; (c) committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one state; (d) committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state.” Prior to World War I , several organizations were created to formalize international police cooperation, but most quickly failed, primarily because public police institutions were not sufficiently detached from

2890-679: The University of Chile , serving as president of the Law Students Center, vice president of the University of Chile Student Federation (FECH), and President of the National Association of Student Unions (UFUCH). After graduating from law school, he obtained a graduate degree from the Latin American Social Sciences Faculty (FLACSO) and a Master of Arts in political science from the University of Michigan . He

2975-537: The Yamaguchi-gumi ( Yakuza ) from Japan, and Los Zetas from Mexico . The strength and sophistication of a task force's capabilities will be stronger than any single agency's if the task force is multijurisdictional, combining investigative resources from several agencies. The key element in finding out possible links between local crimes and crimes with transnational component is collaboration among law enforcement agencies. To illustrate further, Operation Trifecta,

3060-469: The Americas and its conceptualization of hemispheric security as being multidimensional and comprising traditional threats and new threats, concerns, and challenges to the security of the states of the Hemisphere. The Secretariat's mandates stem from the following documents and political bodies: The mission of the Secretariat for Multidimensional Security (SMS) is to promote and coordinate cooperation among

3145-478: The Chilean Council of International Relations. On March 11, 1994, Insulza became Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs under president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. On September 20, 1994, he rose to the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs . On June 22, 1999, he became Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency. On March 11, 2000, he took office as Minister of the Interior under president Ricardo Lagos. Insulza

3230-762: The Diplomatic Academy of Chile in 1973. Following the 1973 Chilean coup d'état , Insulza was prohibited from re-entering Chile (he had been at an international conference in Paris at the time). He spent the next 15 years in exile, living first in Rome , Italy from 1974 to 1981 and then in Mexico from 1981 to 1988. There, he worked as a researcher, eventually becoming the Director of the United States Studies Institute at

3315-596: The Hemispheric Plan of Action against TOC and the Chapultepec Consensus. Among its many functions, the combat against money laundering, is a primary task. The DTOC anti-money laundering program assists States in implementing international standards and regulations in the prevention and fight against money laundering, and its linkages with other organized crimes, such as illicit arms trafficking, illegal smuggling of migrants, and human trafficking. The GELAVEX forum

3400-623: The ICPC's General Assembly, held in Berlin, proposed that each country establish a central point of contact within its police structure: the forerunner of the National Central Bureau (NCB). In 1938, the Nazis assumed control of the ICPC and most countries stopped participating, effectively causing the ICPC to cease to exist as an international organization. After World War II, Belgium led the rebuilding of

3485-625: The Inter-American Convention against the illicit Manufacturing of and trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, explosives, and Other Related Materials (CIFTA). Finally, the Secretariat maintains relationships with other agencies and international agencies such as UNODC and the Central American Integration System to carry out its mission. Jos%C3%A9 Miguel Insulza José Miguel Insulza Salinas (born June 2, 1943)

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3570-678: The International Criminal Court, but that Court does not have the power to take suspects into custody, instead relying on the support of law enforcement and military force in relevant countries. On November 15, 2000, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and is appointed to serve as the most significant mechanism for fighting TOC internationally. The first of its kind,

3655-537: The OAS Member States and between them and the Inter-American system and other bodies in the international system, in order to assess, prevent, confront, and respond effectively to threats to security, with a view to being the leading point of reference in the Hemisphere for developing cooperation and capacity-building in the OAS Member States. —Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, 2005 The Secretariat

3740-605: The Organization of American States from 2005 to 2015. Insulza is nicknamed El Panzer in Chile, for his tank-like drive and reputation due to his ability to take political heat with little apparent damage. He is married to Georgina Núñez Reyes (Mexican) and has three children. Insulza completed his primary and secondary education at St. George's College , an elite American English-language school in Santiago , Chile . He demonstrated an early interest in civil service while studying law at

3825-585: The Organization of American States (OAS) in 1986. Each member government appoints a high-ranking representative to the Commission, which meets twice a year. CICAD's Executive Secretary is Adam Namm , an American diplomat and former US Ambassador to Ecuador . The main purpose of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism (CICTE) is to promote and develop cooperation among Member States to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism , in accordance with

3910-568: The Russia government benefits from money gained through cybercrime and through ties between TOC and it energy exporters. China's economy also benefits from cybercrime as well as from counterfeiting. West African and Latin American politicians are either coerced by or maintain financially beneficial relationships with drug traffickers. UNTOC ability to help combat CTOC is compounded by its inability to directly assist countries that are incapable of adhering to

3995-505: The U.S. efforts to combat transnational organized crime both at home and with partners abroad. DHS leverages and deploys numerous CTOC resources, while working closely with other federal, state and local agencies, foreign governments and partners in the private sector. Once TOC threats are identified, DHS works with partners to interdict them through strengthened interdiction, investigations, and prosecutions. The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), an agency of

4080-539: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime highlighted that Southeast Asia produced an estimated 48 tons of heroin in 2011. The vast majority of this cultivation – roughly twice that of Afghanistan, which arguably receives much greater attention – has occurred in the fragile state of Myanmar. The UN report estimated that the revenue generated from this trade to be worth $ 16.3 billion during the same period. The revenues generated from such trafficking often lie at

4165-452: The United States and many of its allies viewed as transnational organized crime. In recent years, that viewpoint has changed. The character of transnational organized crime has changed in three major ways since the war on drugs began. Drug trafficking has become more diversified, criminal networks have harnessed new methods of conducting business, and the structure of criminal networks has changed. Organized crime has gone global, giving way to

4250-451: The United States began the War on Drugs . At the time, the flow of illicit narcotics into its borders was deemed a major risk to the health and safety of Americans, and as a result, enormous resources were spent in the effort to curtail both the supply of and demand for illegal drugs. In the three decades that followed President Nixon's declaration, drug trafficking served as the dominant form of what

4335-645: The United States takes in CTOC is the use of multijurisdictional task forces that combine investigative resources from several agencies so that the strength and sophistication of a task force's capabilities are greater than any single agency. Collaboration among law enforcement agencies is a key element in discovering possible links between local crimes and crimes with a transnational component. The National Guard Bureau uses such an organization in CTOC. Its Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training (MCTFT) program and its Western Regional Counterdrug Training Center provide

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4420-459: The University of Pittsburg and fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations suggested that “[Globalization's] disruptive effect has actually caused people to have to go into organized crime and operate in illicit markets as coping mechanisms.” Citizens in developing countries may experience relative deprivation , or the perception of poverty relative to others rather than absolute poverty, becoming

4505-508: The collective efforts of its member states to reduce the production, trafficking and use of illegal drugs. The Hemispheric Drug Strategy, approved in May 2010, expresses the firm commitment of Member States to deal with the consequences of drug trade, which poses a growing threat to health, economic development, social cohesion, and the rule of law. CICAD was established by the General Assembly of

4590-576: The concept of multidimensional security, ensuring that the public and citizens were at the center of the Secretariat's policy discussion. The SMS works in close coordination with the Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Public Security in the Americas (MISPA) and the Meeting of Justice Ministers and Attorneys General in the Americas (REMJA). The scope of activity of the SMS is defined by the Declaration on Security in

4675-439: The context. Generally, TOCs are organizations that engage in illicit criminal activities in more than one country with the intent of gaining influence or material benefit. TOCs come in a variety of forms and constantly change in structure. More often than not, they're a collection of groups part of a fluid international network or are part of a temporary collective of small organizations. Some scholars may emphasize TOC's role as

4760-571: The convention identified TOC as criminal actions that cannot be sufficiently combated by pacts tailored to a single commercial enterprise. The Ad Hoc Committee was established by the United Nations General Assembly to deal with this problem by taking a series of measures against transnational organized crime. These include the creation of domestic criminal offences to combat the problem, and the adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition, law-enforcement cooperation, and technical assistance and training. A recent report by

4845-575: The convention's guidelines. Most countries agreed for a necessary, innovative, and more strategic approach at the 2010 conference of parties, yet to date no significant employment of tactics or policy has been determined. Voluntary contributions account for nearly all of UNODC's funding and the organization suffers from chronic funding and staffing shortages. This limits UNODC's overall effectiveness. The UN General Assembly has also issued many resolutions to combat TOC; however, most have been ineffective because of their vagueness and irrelevancy. The idea of

4930-460: The core of National Guard Bureau training and collaboration among law enforcement agencies at all levels. As the lead U.S. agency responsible for directing illicit trafficking detection and monitoring activities, U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) conducts operational and tactical activities in support of whole-of-government efforts to combat transnational organized crime in the maritime approaches to Central America. SOUTHCOM focuses on strengthening

5015-480: The executive director states, "there is a lack of information on transnational criminal markets and trends. The few studies that exist have looked at sections of the problem, by sector or country, rather than the big picture. Without a global perspective there cannot be evidence-based policy." In response to the threat, law enforcement agencies have created a number of effective approaches for combating this transnational organized crime. Louise I. Shelley (Director of

5100-554: The fight against the common enemy of humankind: the ordinary criminal." This second Congress created the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), which served as the direct forerunner of Interpol. Founding members included police officials from Russia, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. In 1926,

5185-556: The likelihood of detection, and better management of cross-border business ties and outreach for new opportunities through innovations like high-speed travel, telecommunications , and the internet proliferated TOC entities and arranged them into complex criminal networks. Money laundering and other financial crimes link illicit and licit businesses creating new avenues for capital. In effect, domestic authorities are less capable of dismantling TOCs without international support, as targeting them in their local jurisdictions could result in

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5270-575: The modern international system, it's cited by scholars as one of the main factors contributing to the growth of TOCs in the late 20th century . Globalization, characterized by increases in economic interdependence , the emergence of the global financial system , and advances in technology and communications has diminished national barriers integral to the Westphalia nation-state system . This shift provided TOCs with new possibilities for criminality. Improvements in coordination for illicit operations decreased

5355-428: The networks conducting illegal activities that provide them with profits. Transnational organized crimes interrupt peace and stability of nations worldwide, often using bribery , violence, or terror to meet their needs. TOC is insufficiently understood, according to the executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. In the most recent full-scale United Nations assessment of TOC, conducted in 2010,

5440-449: The organization known today as Interpol was born at the first International Criminal Police Congress, held in Monaco in 1914. It was officially created in 1923 with the name, International Criminal Police Commission, and renamed in 1956 with the name, Interpol. Today, it is the largest international police organization in the world and is made up of 190 member nations. Each member nation staffs

5525-456: The organization, with a new headquarters in Paris and a new name - Interpol . The United Nations did not recognize Interpol as an intergovernmental organization until 1971. On June 17, 1971, President Nixon declared "America's public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive." With this declaration,

5610-513: The political centers of their respective states to function autonomously as expert bureaucracies. In 1914, the First International Criminal Police Congress was held in Monaco, which saw police officers, lawyers and magistrates from 24 countries meeting to discuss arrest procedures, identification techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings. This organization appeared poised to avoid

5695-582: The political forces that ended earlier organizations, but the outbreak of World War I disorganized the Congress. In 1923, a second International Criminal Police Congress was held in Vienna, on the initiative of Johannes Schober , President of the Austrian police. Schober, eager to avoid the politics that doomed previous international police efforts, noted that "ours is not a political but a cultural goal. It only concerns

5780-644: The principles of the OAS Charter, with the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism, and with full respect for the sovereignty of states, the rule of law, and international law, including international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international refugee law. CICTE is composed of all Member States of the OAS and holds one regular session each year as a forum for discussion and decision-making on counter terrorism issues, measures, and cooperation. Member States designate

5865-412: The promise of confidentiality. In many cases, CIs are engaged in criminal activity themselves and can therefore provide valuable direct evidence regarding the criminal activities being conducted by their criminal associates. Such evidence frequently enables law enforcement officers to obtain warrants authorizing electronic surveillance. In rare cases, the court may order the disclosure of a CIs identity to

5950-569: The root of instability and violence in the region. Additionally, the same routes used to smuggle drugs will likely be used to transport weapons and militants in the event that the current conflict expands. Reconciling the numerous armed ethnic groups that exist within Myanmar continues to be a challenge for the nascent government. A strong drug trade will only complicate negotiations between government officials and these groups. Combating TOC internationally proves difficult because so many governments and economies benefit enormously from TOC. For example,

6035-414: The rule of law and transforming the justice sector. The DPS works with Member States to develop mechanisms to evaluate and strengthen their institutional capacity to address threats to public security. These efforts focus on the following areas: the strengthening of security legislation, the improvement of law enforcement coordination and practices, the prevention of crime and violence, victim assistance and

6120-411: The sale of high-yield weapons that can inflict substantial damage to populations, as well as small firearms and common explosives . In recent decades, organized crime and terrorist organizations have participated in overlapping illicit activities, leading to difficulty in categorizing them. Traditionally, motive distinguishes their categorization as terrorist organization's goals are ideological while

6205-748: The same. " This strategy document set out five overarching policy objectives consistent with the vision and priorities of the National Security Strategy: In keeping with the U.S. National Security Council 's strategy to combat transnational organized crime, the National Guard Bureau established the CTOC Center of Excellence (COE) to educate and train Combatant Commands , military services, federal agencies , state and local law enforcement, and community leaders. Another approach

6290-617: The second most important tool is undercover operations, Through undercover operations, law enforcement agents can infiltrate the highest levels of organized crime by posing as criminals themselves when real criminals discuss their plans and seek assistance in committing crimes. Over time, agents can gain the confidence of criminals and induce them to reveal information on past or ongoing criminal activities. followed by CIs refers to individuals who are not willing to testify but who provide information or assistance to law enforcement in exchange for money or lenient treatment for their own crimes and with

6375-507: The security capacities of U.S. partners in Central America. Another primary focus of SOUTHCOM CTOC efforts is supporting the interdiction of drug trafficking. SOUTHCOM collaborates with other agencies and nations to support CTOC efforts through detection & monitoring, information sharing, and partner nation capacity building. Charged with securing the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) plays an integral role in

6460-403: The social reintegration of convicted criminals. The Department of Public Security's Director is Paulina do Carmo Arruda Vieira Duarte. The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) is the Western Hemisphere's policy forum for dealing with the drug problem. The CICAD Executive Secretariat supports the Commission by strengthening the human and institutional capabilities and channeling

6545-454: The state. By comparison, narco-terrorist organizations (e.g., Mexican drug cartels ) perform public warnings against perceived enemies through paramilitary violence that resembles an insurgent group targeting government security forces and citizens alike. Various criminal organizations engage in activities that overlap with terrorism, including the Tamil Tigers , FARC , Shinning Path , and

6630-405: The station of being a coup d'état instigator. ) Three days later, Chávez responded to Insulza by calling for his resignation and referring to him as a pendejo —a Spanish profanity equivalent to "dumbass". Insulza later received the support of several OAS members, including the US, and Chávez conceded he had gone too far with his words. In April 2008, Chávez congratulated Insulza for stating in

6715-659: The term transnational organized crime. Global governance has failed to keep pace with economic globalization. Antonio Maria Costa , former executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , effectively summarized the change in TOC over the last quarter century by saying, "as unprecedented openness in trade, finance, travel and communication has created economic growth and well-being, it has also given rise to massive opportunities for criminals to make their business prosper." Due to Globalization's impact in reshaping

6800-526: The transition to a capitalist free market. This resulted in a sharp increase in adult and juvenile crime rates as crime organizations are more likely to operate in developing countries with high levels of corruption and in regions distant from state interference. Higher imprisonment rates may proliferate TOC activities as prisons are an essential recruitment network center for criminal enterprises. Detainees prove proper criminal credentials while serving their prison sentence and are given ample time to develop

6885-655: The use of confidential informants (CIs), with electronic surveillance being the single most important and effective law enforcement tool against TOC. Electronic surveillance provides reliable, often irrefutable evidence of crimes through a participant's own words or image. This form allows law enforcement to learn of conspirators' plans before they are carried out and is particularly helpful in combating TOC because it enables law enforcement in any country to obtain evidence of co-conspirators in other countries. Obtaining evidence of conspiratorial planning internationally would otherwise be very difficult. After electronic surveillance,

6970-501: The world have initiated efforts to combat TOC whose success or failure have yet to be determined. According to the UN Asia and Far East Institute (UNAFEI), combating transnational organized crime relies first and foremost on effective investigative techniques and prosecutorial tools. Three techniques in particular stand out as the most important in combating transnational organized crime: electronic surveillance , undercover operations , and

7055-633: Was criticized for not taking enough action against human rights abuses in the Americas. In 2008, the Human Rights Foundation started the "Inter-American Democratic Charter and Mr. Insulza" program, to inform Insulza every month of human rights abuses taking place in the Americas. In 2019, Insulza joined the inaugural meeting of the so-called Puebla Group in Buenos Aires, a conference of left-leaning political leaders. Transnational organized crime Transnational organized crime ( TOC )

7140-415: Was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on May 2, 2005, following Mexican Foreign Secretary Luis Ernesto Derbez 's withdrawal from the race. ( See 2005 Organization of American States Secretary General election .) On January 5, 2007, Insulza criticized Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez 's decision not to renew television channel RCTV 's broadcast license (Chávez had accused

7225-699: Was professor of Political Theory at the University of Chile and of Political Science at the Catholic University in Chile until 1973. Insulza was a member of the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU) from 1969 to 1973. He ran for deputy for the Third District of Santiago, Puente Alto, in the 1973 parliamentary election but was unsuccessful. He served as Political Advisor to the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Director of

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