Misplaced Pages

#686313

69-446: IBCS, edition 2, was supported by various Unix versions, such as UnixWare and third-party implementations. A Linux implementation was developed ca. 1994, enabling Linux to run commercial Unix applications such as WordPerfect . There have been several security issues in various iBCS implementations over the years. This Unix -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . UnixWare UnixWare

138-450: A CP/M disk sharing system to help network the Motorola 68000-based hardware that Novell sold at the time. The first S-Net is CP/M-68K -based and shares a hard disk. In 1983, the team was privately convinced that CP/M was a doomed platform and instead came up with a successful file-sharing system for the newly introduced IBM-compatible PC . They also wrote an application called Snipes –

207-502: A desktop . Binary distributions of UnixWare are available for x86 architecture computers. UnixWare is primarily marketed as a server operating system. After the SVR4 effort to merge SunOS and System V , AT&T 's Unix System Laboratories (USL) formed the Univel partnership with Novell to develop a desktop version of Unix for i386 and i486 machines, codenamed "Destiny". Destiny

276-737: A local drive letter to a NetWare volume. Clients log into a server in order to be allowed to map volumes, and access can be restricted according to the login name. Similarly, they can connect to shared printers on the dedicated print server , and print as if the printer is connected locally. At the end of the 1990s, with Internet connectivity booming, the Internet's TCP/IP protocol became dominant on LANs . Novell had introduced limited TCP/IP support in NetWare 3. x ( c.  1992 ) and 4. x ( c.  1995 ), consisting mainly of FTP services and UNIX-style LPR/LPD printing (available in NetWare 3. x ), and

345-593: A DOS or Windows driver allowing companies to consolidate modems and analog phone lines. Promised as early as 1988, when the Microsoft-IBM collaboration was still ongoing and OS/2  1. x was still a 16-bit product, the product didn't become commercially available until after IBM and Microsoft had parted ways and OS/2 2.0 had become a 32-bit, pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading OS. By August 1993, Novell released its first version of "NetWare for OS/2". This first release supported OS/2 2.1 (1993) as

414-553: A Novell-developed webserver (in NetWare 4. x ). Native TCP/IP support for the client file and print services normally associated with NetWare was introduced in NetWare 5.0 (released in 1998). There was also a short-lived product, NWIP, that encapsulated IPX in TCP/IP, intended to ease transition of an existing NetWare environment from IPX to IP. During the early to mid-1980s Microsoft introduced their own LAN system in LAN Manager , based on

483-466: A Support Pack for NetWare 6.5. As Novell initially used IPX/SPX instead of TCP/IP , they were poorly positioned to take advantage of the Internet in 1995. This resulted in Novell servers being bypassed for routing and Internet access in favor of hardware routers, Unix -based operating systems such as FreeBSD , and SOCKS and HTTP Proxy Servers on Windows and other operating systems. A decision by

552-459: A dedicated PC to act as the server, where the server uses DOS only as a boot loader to execute the operating system file NET$ OS.EXE . All memory is allocated to NetWare; no DOS ran on the server. However, a "non-dedicated" version was also available for price-conscious customers. In this, DOS 3.3 or higher remains in memory, and the processor time-slices between the DOS and NetWare programs, allowing

621-426: A higher 16 MiB RAM limit, 80286 processor feature utilization, and 256 MB NetWare volume size limit (compared to the 32 MB that DOS allowed at that time) allowed the building of reliable, cost-effective server-based local area networks for the first time. The 16 MiB RAM limit was especially important, since it makes enough RAM available for disk caching to significantly improve performance. This became

690-550: A license model giving them essentially unlimited per-server users if they let Novell audit their total user count.) Version 4 also introduced a number of useful tools and features, such as transparent compression at file system level and RSA public/private encryption . Another new feature was the NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface (NASI). It allowed network sharing of multiple serial devices, such as modems . Client port redirection occurred via

759-523: A logical server to be completely mirrored to a separate physical machine. Implemented as a shared-nothing cluster, under SFT-III the OS was logically split into an interrupt-driven I/O engine and the event-driven OS core. The I/O engines serialized their interrupts (disk, network etc.) into a combined event stream that was fed to two identical copies of the system engine through a fast (typically 100 Mbit/s) inter-server link. Because of its non-preemptive nature,

SECTION 10

#1732855715687

828-418: A mixture of technologies such as ARCNET , Token Ring and Ethernet . The operating system is provided as a set of compiled object modules that required configuration and linking. Any change to the operating system requires a re-linking of the kernel . Installation also requires the use of a proprietary low-level format program for MFM hard drives called COMPSURF. The file system used by NetWare 2. x

897-582: A package containing a compatibility guideline book, engineering support lines, self-testing tools, and limited marketing resources, the latter including a license to promote products with a logo stating "Yes, it runs with NetWare" – all free of charge and followed at the vendors' discretion. The second tier required a one-time application fee of $ 7,000 but replaced the logo's byline with a more confident-sounding "Yes, it's NetWare tested and approved" and accorded partners with more extensive support, including on-location testing by Novell Labs. Initially limited to

966-635: A package known as the Integrity XC consisting of a single-system image cluster of Proliant servers with a version of UnixWare 2.1, UnixWare NonStop Clusters . The first results of the Gemini project were made available in early 1998 as UnixWare 7. SCO named the kernel version Unix System V release 5 . The system is largely based on UnixWare 2.1, with features for driver compatibility with OpenServer, allowing use of OpenServer network drivers. System administration utilities from OpenServer, scoadmin , replace

1035-582: A star network topology . This was later joined by NetWare 86 , which could use conventional Intel 8086-based PCs for the server. This was replaced in 1985 with Advanced NetWare 86, which allowed more than one server on the same network. In 1986, after the Intel 80286 processor became available, Novell released Advanced NetWare 286. Two versions were offered for sale; the basic version was sold as ELS I, plus an enhanced version, ELS II. *ELS* stood for "Entry Level System". Advanced NetWare version 2. x , launched in 1986,

1104-403: A text-mode game – and used it to test the new network and demonstrate its capabilities. Snipes [aka 'NSnipes' for 'Network Snipes'] is the first network application ever written for a commercial personal computer, and it is recognized as one of the precursors of many popular multiplayer games such as Doom and Quake . First called ShareNet or S-Net , this network operating system (NOS)

1173-552: A third-party client. NetWare originated from consulting work by SuperSet Software , a group founded by the friends Drew Major , Dale Neibaur, Kyle Powell and later Mark Hurst. This work stemmed from their classwork at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah , starting in October 1981. In 1981, Raymond Noorda engaged the work by the SuperSet team. The team was originally assigned to create

1242-399: Is NetWare File System 286, or NWFS 286, supporting volumes of up to 256 MB. NetWare 286 recognizes 80286 protected mode , extending NetWare's support of RAM from 1 MiB to the full 16 MiB addressable by the 80286. A minimum of 2 MiB is required to start up the operating system; any additional RAM is used for FAT , DET and file caching. Since 16-bit protected mode

1311-408: Is a Unix operating system . It was originally released by Univel , a jointly owned venture of AT&T 's Unix System Laboratories (USL) and Novell . It was then taken over by Novell. Via Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), it went on to Caldera Systems , Caldera International , and The SCO Group before it was sold to UnXis (now Xinuos ). UnixWare is typically deployed as a server rather than

1380-467: Is accomplished using the keyboard interrupt , which requires strict compliance with the IBM PC design model, otherwise performance is affected. Server licensing on early versions of NetWare 286 is accomplished by using a key card. The key card was designed for an 8-bit ISA bus, and has a serial number encoded on a ROM chip. The serial number has to match the serial number of the NetWare software running on

1449-746: Is based on the Unix System V release 4.2 kernel. The MoOLIT toolkit is used for the windowing system , allowing the user to choose between an OPEN LOOK or MOTIF -like look and feel at runtime. In order to make the system more robust on commodity desktop hardware, the Veritas VXFS journaling file system is used in place of the UFS file system used in SVR4. Networking support in UnixWare includes both TCP/IP and interoperability with Novell's NetWare protocols ( IPX/SPX );

SECTION 20

#1732855715687

1518-460: Is implemented in the 80286 and every subsequent Intel x86 processor, NetWare 286 version 2. x will run on any 80286 or later compatible processor. NetWare 2. x implements a number of features inspired by mainframe and minicomputer systems that were not available in other operating systems of the day. The System Fault Tolerance (SFT) features includes standard read-after-write verification (SFT-I) with on-the-fly bad block re-mapping (at

1587-525: Is included for integration with Novell NetWare servers. The Advanced Merge application is installed on both the server and personal editions to allow running DOS and Windows 3.1 applications. Novell later released bug-fix versions 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 and finally 1.1.4 on 19 June 1995. UnixWare 2.0, based on the Unix System V release 4.2MP kernel, which added support for multiprocessing , began shipping to OEMs and developers in December 1994, and to

1656-538: The Netscape browser into a bundle dubbed IntranetWare (also written as intraNetWare). A version designed for networks of 25 or fewer users was named IntranetWare for Small Business and contained a limited version of NDS and tried to simplify NDS administration. The intranetWare name was dropped in NetWare ;5. During this time Novell also began to leverage its directory service, NDS, by tying their other products into

1725-511: The SCO Skunkware site. NetWare NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol. The original NetWare product in 1983 supported clients running both CP/M and MS-DOS , ran over a proprietary star network topology and

1794-486: The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) acquired UnixWare from Novell. The exact terms of this transaction were disputed (see SCO vs Novell ); courts have subsequently determined that Novell retained the ownership of Unix. When the transfer was made public SCO announced that it would work towards merging UnixWare with its OpenServer SVR3.2 based OS, but the first release of UnixWare from SCO was version 2.1 in 1996. At

1863-568: The Bindery with a global directory service , in which the infrastructure was described and managed in a single place. Additionally, NDS provided an extensible schema , allowing the introduction of new object types. This allowed a single user authentication to NDS to govern access to any server in the directory tree structure. Users could therefore access network resources no matter on which server they resided, although user license counts were still tied to individual servers. (Large enterprises could opt for

1932-477: The OS core, stripped of non-deterministic I/O, behaves deterministically, like a large finite state machine . The outputs of the two system engines were compared to ensure proper operation, and two copies fed back to the I/O engines. Using the existing SFT-II software RAID functionality present in the core, disks could be mirrored between the two machines without special hardware. The two machines could be separated as far as

2001-680: The Tarantella Division, changed its name to Tarantella, Inc. Caldera International's initial release of UnixWare was renamed OpenUNIX 8. This release is what would have been UnixWare 7.1.2. Caldera International renamed itself to The SCO Group in August 2002, after broadening its product line to include mobile products and services. Later, the newly renamed The SCO Group reverted to the previous UnixWare brand and version release numbering, releasing UnixWare 7.1.3 and 7.1.4. No further OpenUNIX releases were made available and OpenUNIX 8.1.2 (OU812)

2070-631: The United States, this program was rolled out in the United Kingdom in the following year. For a while, Novell also marketed an OEM version of NetWare 3, called Portable NetWare . Originally announced in 1989 by Prime Computer as a product for its Prime EXL range, along with a distinct product for Unix System V, Novell attracted support from a number of other OEMs including Data General , Hewlett-Packard , NCR Corporation , Sun Microsystems and Unisys . An implementation provided by Altos

2139-500: The Windows graphical interface to learning DOS commands necessary to build and control a NetWare server. Novell could have eliminated at least the separately bootable DOS partition requirement at the outset, by retaining the design of NetWare 286, which installed the server file into a Novell partition and allowed the server to boot from the Novell partition without creating a bootable DOS partition. Novell finally added support for this in

Intel Binary Compatibility Standard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-478: The arrival of Windows NT Server, Novell claimed 90% of the market for PC based servers. However, the design of NetWare 3. x and later involved a DOS partition to load NetWare server files. While of little technical import, this feature became a liability due to the system administration it required. Compounding this, the NetWare console remained text-based at a time the Windows graphical interface gained widespread acceptance. Especially new users preferred

2277-1073: The bankruptcy court in Delaware. The SCO Group, Inc. then renamed itself TSG Group, Inc., and SCO Operations, Inc. became TSG Operations, Inc., and in August 2012 filed to convert from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 . The rights to Unixware, as well as OpenServer, were acquired by UnXis in 2011. In June 2013 UnXis was renamed as Xinuos and announced product and availability for SCO UnixWare 7.1.4+, now supporting both physical and virtual machines. All versions of UnixWare have included significant open source components including BIND / X11 / Sendmail / DHCP / Perl / Tcl and others. Later releases are bundled with numerous additional open source applications including Apache , Samba , MySQL , PostgreSQL , OpenSSH , and Mozilla software, as well as amenities such as Sudo , Vim , Tar , Gzip , and Red Hat 's RPM Package Manager All versions of SCO operating system distributions including UnixWare also have an extensive set of open source packages available for free download via

2346-525: The base OS, and required that users first buy and install IBM OS/2, then purchase NetWare 4.01, and then install the NetWare for OS/2 product. It retailed for $ 200. By around 1995, and coincidental with IBM's renewed marketing push for its 32-bit OS/2 Warp OS, both as a desktop client and as a LAN server (OS/2 Warp Server), NetWare for OS/2 began receiving some good press coverage. "NetWare 4.1 for OS/2" allowed to run Novell's network stack and server modules on top of IBM's 32-bit kernel and network stack. It

2415-448: The competing NBF protocol. Early attempts to compete with NetWare failed, but this changed with the inclusion of improved networking support in Windows for Workgroups , and then the successful Windows NT and Windows 95 . NT, in particular, offered a sub-set of NetWare's services, but on a system that could also be used on a desktop, and due to the vertical integration there was no need for

2484-496: The consumer market in March 1995. Both the personal and server editions support two processor systems, with the possibility of buying extra Processor Upgrade licenses for the server edition. Supported multiprocessor systems include standard Intel MP 1.1 SMP machines and Corollary C-bus systems. The system supports NetWare ODI network drivers in an effort to increase the number of supported network interfaces. Other new features in

2553-437: The directory. Their e-mail system, GroupWise , was integrated with NDS, and Novell released many other directory-enabled products such as ZENworks and BorderManager . NetWare still required IPX/SPX as NCP used it, but Novell started to acknowledge the demand for TCP/IP with NetWare 4.11 by including tools and utilities that made it easier to create intranets and link networks to the Internet. Novell bundled tools, such as

2622-482: The earlier personal and server editions. The WebTop application from Tarantella, Inc. is included. In 2000 SCO released the UnixWare 7.1.1 update. Simultaneously the UnixWare NonStop Clusters 7.1.1+IP single-system image cluster package was released. This new package allows commodity hardware to be used as well as the proprietary Compaq hardware supported by the earlier Integrity XC product, and

2691-458: The first versions of NetWare originated, all other competing products were based on the concept of providing shared direct disk access. Novell's alternative approach was validated by IBM in 1984, which helped promote the NetWare product. Novell NetWare shares disk space in the form of NetWare volumes , comparable to logical volumes . Client workstations running DOS run a special terminate and stay resident (TSR) program that allows them to map

2760-407: The former were the standard among Unix users at the time of development, while PC networking was much more commonly based on NetWare. Destiny was released in 1992 as UnixWare 1.0, with the intention of unifying the fragmented PC Unix market behind this single variant of the operating system. The system was earlier to reach the corporate computing market than Microsoft's Windows NT , but observers of

2829-544: The key to Novell's performance while also allowing larger networks to be built. In a significant innovation, NetWare 286 is also hardware-independent, unlike competing network server systems. Novell servers can be assembled using any brand system with an Intel 80286 CPU, any MFM , RLL , ESDI , or SCSI hard drive and any 8- or 16-bit network adapter for which NetWare drivers are available – and 18 different manufacturer's network cards were supported at launch. The server could support up to four network cards, and these can be

Intel Binary Compatibility Standard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-434: The main NetWare product line took a dramatic turn when version 4 introduced NetWare Directory Services (NDS, later renamed eDirectory ), a global directory service based on ISO X.500 concepts (six years later, Microsoft released Active Directory ). The directory service, along with a new e-mail system ( GroupWise ), application configuration suite ( ZENworks ), and security product ( BorderManager ) were all targeted at

2967-458: The management of Novell also took away the ability of independent resellers and engineers to recommend and sell the product. The reduction of their effective sales force created this downward spiral in sales. Novell priced NetWare 4.10 similarly to NetWare 3.12, allowing customers who resisted NDS (typically small businesses) to try it at no cost. Later Novell released NetWare version 4.11 in 1996 which included many enhancements that made

3036-448: The needs of large enterprises. By 2000, however, Microsoft was taking more of Novell's customer base and Novell increasingly looked to a future based on a Linux kernel . The successor to NetWare, Open Enterprise Server (OES), released in March 2005, offers all the services previously hosted by NetWare 6.5, but on a SUSE Linux Enterprise Server ; the NetWare kernel remained an option until OES 11 in late 2011. The final update release

3105-692: The operating system easier to install, easier to operate, faster, and more stable. It also included the first full 32-bit client for Microsoft Windows -based workstations, SMP support and the NetWare Administrator (NWADMIN or NWADMN32), a GUI-based administration tool for NetWare. Previous administration tools used the Cworthy interface, the character-based GUI tools such as SYSCON and PCONSOLE with blue text-based background. Some of these tools survive to this day, for instance MONITOR.NLM. Novell packaged NetWare 4.11 with its Web server, TCP/IP support and

3174-519: The original UnixWare sysadm utility. Major new features of UnixWare 7 include multi-path I/O, large files and file systems and support for large memory systems. UnixWare 7 lacks the Xenix compatibility features of both its ancestors. In 1999 SCO released the UnixWare 7.1 update which increased the number of editions; the Business (5-user), Department (25 user) and Enterprise (50 user) editions replace

3243-401: The period remarked that UnixWare was "just another flavor of Unix", Novell's involvement being more a marketing ploy than a significant influx of technology. There two editions of Destiny: a Personal Edition , which includes Novell IPX networking but not TCP/IP , and an Advanced Server Edition with TCP/IP and other server software. The personal edition is limited to two active users, while

3312-469: The release include a POSIX Threads library in addition to the older UI threads library. Before SCO licensed UnixWare in 1995, Novell had also announced a project to create a " SuperNOS " based on NetWare 4.1 and UnixWare 2.0 technologies in the future. This never materialized. Instead, a NetWare 4.10 server on Linux was offered as Caldera NetWare for Linux for OpenLinux since 1998, and Novell's Open Enterprise Server finally came in 2005. In 1995,

3381-412: The release of UnixWare 2.1 it was announced that the proposed UnixWare/OpenServer merger was known as project Gemini , to be available in 1997 and a 64-bit version of UnixWare was to be developed for 1998. One controversial change was the adoption of an OpenServer-like user licensing policy. The Univel and Novell releases of UnixWare allow 2 users on the personal edition or unlimited numbers of users on

3450-452: The server computer to be used simultaneously as a network file server and as a user workstation. Because all extended memory (RAM above 1 MiB) is allocated to NetWare, DOS is limited to only 640 KiB; expanded memory managers that used the MMU of 80386 and higher processors, such as EMM386, do not work; 8086-style expanded memory on dedicated plug-in cards is possible however. Time slicing

3519-526: The server edition includes an unlimited user license. Around 35,000 copies of UnixWare 1.0 were sold. In 1992, UnixWare 1.0 Personal Edition came with DOS Merge 3.0 and Novell's DR DOS 6.0 . In 1993, Novell purchased USL from AT&T and merged USL and Univel into a new Unix Systems Group . In 1994 Novell released UnixWare 1.1, which includes TCP/IP in both the personal and advanced server editions. The MOTIF 1.2 runtime libraries are included for COSE compliance. NUC (NetWare Unix Client) software

SECTION 50

#1732855715687

3588-408: The server edition. With UnixWare 2.1 the server edition includes a license for up to 5 users. Customers wanting more users could purchase 10, 25, 100, 500 or unlimited user license extensions. SCO released three updates to UnixWare 2.1. UnixWare 2.1.1, released in 1996 achieved Unix 95 branding. UnixWare 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, available in 1998, are largely bug fix releases. In 1998 Compaq released

3657-440: The server was in use and the volume was mounted, allowing a server to be expanded without interruption. In NetWare 386 3. x all NLMs ran on the server at the same level of processor memory protection , known as " ring 0 ". This provided the best possible performance, it sacrificed reliability because there was no memory protection, and furthermore NetWare 3. x used a co-operative multitasking model, meaning that an NLM

3726-758: The server-to-server link would permit. In case of a server or disk failure, the surviving server could take over client sessions transparently after a short pause since it had full state information. SFT-III was the first NetWare version able to make use of SMP hardware – the I/O engine could optionally be run on its own CPU. NetWare SFT-III, ahead of its time in several ways, was a mixed success. With NetWare 3 an improved routing protocol, NetWare Link Services Protocol , has been introduced which scales better than Routing Information Protocol and allows building large networks. Version 4 in 1993 introduced NetWare Directory Services, later re-branded as Novell Directory Services (NDS), based on X.500 , which replaced

3795-465: The server. To broaden the hardware base, particularly to machines using the IBM MCA bus, later versions of NetWare 2. x do not require the key card; serialised license floppy disks are used in place of the key cards. Licensing is normally for 100 users, but two ELS versions were also available. First a 5-user ELS in 1987, and followed by the 8-user ELS 2.12 II in 1988. NetWare's 3. x range

3864-460: The time, disks did not have that feature built in) and software RAID1 (disk mirroring, SFT-II). The Transaction Tracking System (TTS) optionally protects files against incomplete updates. For single files, this requires only a file attribute to be set. Transactions over multiple files and controlled roll-backs are possible by programming to the TTS API . NetWare 286 2. x normally requires

3933-491: The unmodified NetWare 4. x server program think it owns all resources on a OS/2 system". It also claimed that a NetWare server running on top of OS/2 only suffered a 5% to 10% overhead over NetWare running over the bare metal hardware, while gaining OS/2's pre-emptive multitasking and object oriented GUI. Novell continued releasing bugfixes and updates to NetWare for OS/2 up to 1998. Novell's strategy with NetWare 286 2. x and 3. x proved very successful; before

4002-445: Was a major step forward. It began with version 3.0 in 1990, followed quickly by version 3.10 and 3.11 in 1991. A key feature was support for 32-bit protected mode , eliminating the 16 MiB memory limit of NetWare 286 and therefore allowing larger hard drives to be supported (since NetWare 3. x cached the entire file allocation table and directory entry table into memory for improved performance). NetWare version 3. x

4071-649: Was also much simpler to install, with disk and network support provided by software modules called a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) loaded either at start-up or when it was needed. NLMs could also add functionality such as anti-virus software, backup software, database and web servers. Support for long filenames was also provided by an NLM. A new file system was introduced by NetWare 3. x  – " NetWare File System 386", or NWFS 386, which significantly extended volume capacity (1 TB, 4 GB files), and could handle up to 16 volume segments spanning multiple physical disk drives. Volume segments could be added while

4140-763: Was based on a Novell-built file server using the Motorola 68000 processor. The company soon moved away from building its own hardware, and NetWare became hardware-independent, running on any suitable Intel-based IBM PC compatible system, and able to utilize a wide range of network cards. From the beginning NetWare implemented a number of features inspired by mainframe and minicomputer systems that were not available in its competitors' products. In 1991, Novell introduced cheaper peer-to-peer networking products for DOS and Windows , unrelated to their server-centric NetWare. These are NetWare Lite 1.0 (NWL), and later Personal NetWare 1.0 (PNW) in 1993. In 1993,

4209-567: Was basically NetWare 4. x running as a service on top of OS/2. It was compatible with third party client and server utilities and NetWare Loadable Modules. Since IBM's 32-bit OS/2 included Netbios, IPX/SPX and TCP/IP support, this means that sysadmins could run all three most popular network stacks on a single box, and use the OS/2 box as a workstation too. NetWare for OS/2 shared memory on the system with OS/2 seamlessly. The book "Client Server survival Guide with OS/2" described it as " glue code that lets

SECTION 60

#1732855715687

4278-570: Was described in one review as "NetWare 386 for PC Unix systems", running in the standard Unix environment, utilising the native filesystem and network interfaces. Portable NetWare's primary purpose was to offer file and print sharing facilities, but a "native" port of Netware to other platforms was considered necessary to offer the broader feature set of Novell's traditional NetWare products. Alongside Hewlett-Packard, IBM collaborated with Novell to offer Portable NetWare and more comprehensive "native" ports of NetWare for its platforms. Portable NetWare

4347-619: Was directly available from SCO. On 2 August 2000, Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) announced that it would sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as rights to the OpenServer and UnixWare products, to Caldera Systems . In March 2001, Caldera Systems became Caldera International (CII), and the SCO purchase was completed in May 2001. The remaining part of the Santa Cruz Operation company,

4416-619: Was later called Novell NetWare. NetWare is based on the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), which is a packet-based protocol that enables a client to send requests to and receive replies from a NetWare server. Initially, NCP was directly tied to the IPX/SPX protocol, and NetWare communicated natively using only IPX/SPX. The first product to bear the NetWare name was released in 1983. The original product, NetWare 68 (AKA S-Net ), ran on Novell's proprietary 68000-based file server hardware, and used

4485-439: Was later known as NetWare for UNIX. As a version of NetWare written in the C programming language, Novell would port functionality from its traditional product to a reference platform, leaving OEMs to port the Novell source code to run on top of their own, typically Unix, operating systems. While NetWare 3. x was current, Novell introduced its first high-availability clustering system, named NetWare SFT-III , which allowed

4554-406: Was never released. The SCO Group continued to maintain UnixWare and issues periodic maintenance updates and support. Between 2007 and 2011, The SCO Group engaged in a series of legal battles . In September 2007, The SCO Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . On 11 April 2011, UnXis bought The SCO Group operating assets and intellectual property rights after having been approved by

4623-463: Was required to yield to the kernel regularly. For either of these reasons a badly behaved NLM could result in a fatal ( ABEND ) error. NetWare continued to be administered using console-based utilities. With version 3. x , Novell increased the rigors of compatibility testing with their third-party vendors, revamping their certification program in October 1992 and unveiling a two-tier cooperating marketing program. The first tier provided Novell's vendors

4692-506: Was version 6.5SP8 of May 2009; NetWare is no longer on Novell's product list. NetWare 6.5SP8 General Support ended in 2010; Extended Support was available until the end of 2015, and Self Support until the end of 2017. The replacement is Open Enterprise Server. NetWare evolved from a very simple concept: file sharing instead of disk sharing . By controlling access at the level of individual files, instead of entire disks, files could be locked and better access control implemented. In 1983 when

4761-454: Was written for the then-new 80286 CPU. The 80286 CPU features a new 16-bit protected mode that provides access to up to 16 MiB RAM as well as new mechanisms to aid multi-tasking. (Prior to the 80286, PC CPU servers used the Intel 8088 /8086 8 -/16-bit processors, which are limited to an address space of 1 MiB with not more than 640 KiB of directly addressable RAM.) The combination of

#686313