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69-443: As with Smith's other translations, he reported that he was forced to "study it out in [his] mind" as part of the revelatory process. During the process, Smith occasionally revisited a given passage of scripture at a later time to give it a "plainer translation." Philip Barlow observes the six basic types of changes: The JST/IV was a work in progress throughout Smith's ministry, the bulk between June 1830 and July 1833. Some parts of

138-782: A facsimile transcription of the original manuscripts of the JST/IV was published in 2004. The LDS Church initially viewed the RLDS-published Inspired Version with suspicion, and favoured the Authorized King James Version (KJV) over it, although this suspicion "rapidly faded" during the 1970s. Following polemics by J. Reuben Clark of the First Presidency in favour of the KJV and the Greek Textus Receptus ,

207-532: A notice in BYU's Journal of Undergraduate Research suggesting that Smith borrowed heavily from Methodist theologian Adam Clarke's famous Bible commentary. They contend that "direct parallels between Smith's translation and Adam Clarke's biblical commentary are simply too numerous and explicit to posit happenstance or coincidental overlap." They further posit that this evidence is sufficient to "demonstrate Smith's open reliance upon Clarke" before suggesting Sidney Rigdon

276-459: A rebuttal to the findings of Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón in Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship . Jackson argues that "none of the examples [Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón] provide can be traced to Clarke's commentary, and almost all of them can be explained easily by other means...The few overlaps that do exist are vague, superficial, and coincidental...I do not believe there

345-680: A result, the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) prefers to use reprints of the Book of Commandments text. The Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) accepts the 1844 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, including the Lectures on Faith, which it insists are as much inspired as the revelations themselves. The Restoration Branches generally use the older RLDS Church Doctrine and Covenants, typically sections 1–144. The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints uses

414-616: A significant proportion of the Genesis passages that have been canonized as the Book of Moses "[look] like a word-for-word revealed text," evidence from a study of two sections in the New Testament that were revised twice indicates that the later "New Testament JST is not being revealed word-for-word, but largely depends upon Joseph Smith's varying responses to the same difficulties in the text." Philip Barlow Philip Layton Barlow (born 1950)

483-552: Is Adam Clarke-JST connection at all[.]" Many of Smith's revisions to the Bible led to significant developments in the doctrines of Mormonism . During the process of translation, when he came across troubling biblical issues, Smith often dictated revelations relevant to himself, his associates, or the church. About half of the revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants are in some way connected to this translation process, including background on

552-568: Is a Harvard -trained scholar who specializes in American religious history , religious geography, and Mormonism . In 2019, Barlow was appointed associate director of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship (Maxwell Institute). Barlow was the first full-time professor of Mormon studies at a secular university as the inaugural Leonard J. Arrington Chair of Mormon History and Culture at Utah State University (USU), from 2007 to 2018. Barlow

621-652: Is a part of the open scriptural canon of several denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement . Originally published in 1835 as Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God , editions of the book continue to be printed mainly by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and the Community of Christ (formerly

690-610: Is a thousand times over the best Bible now existing on earth". Some Mormon scholars argue that the term "translation" was broader in meaning in 1828 than it is today, and Smith's work was at the time considered a revision of the English text, rather than a translation between languages; one of "ideas rather than language". It is known that Smith had not studied Hebrew or Greek to produce the JST/IV manuscript, although Smith did later study Hebrew from 1836 on. LDS scholar Royal Skousen discusses whether one should assume that every change made in

759-688: Is published by a private concern. In 1944, the RLDS Church issued a "new corrected edition" that eliminated some of the errors made in the original 1867 edition. In 2024, the Community of Christ transferred ownership of the original manuscripts and Bible used in the Joseph Smith Translation to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as part of a $ 192.5 million acquisition of historic sites, documents, and objects. Today, Herald Publishing House , Community of Christ's publishing arm, sells both

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828-551: The Apocrypha , and marked off the Bible as verses were examined (the Apocrypha was not included in the JST). By 1833, Smith said it was sufficiently complete that preparations for publication could begin, though continual lack of time and means prevented it from appearing in its entirety during his lifetime. He continued to make a few revisions and to prepare the manuscript for printing until he

897-479: The Godhead and emphasize the importance of faith and works. In 1930, a small volume edited by apostle James E. Talmage titled Latter-day Revelation: Selections from the Book of Doctrine and Covenants was published, which was a highly edited selective version of the Doctrine and Covenants printed in paragraph format rather than verses. Talmage wrote that the book's purpose was "to make the strictly doctrinal parts of

966-595: The Kirtland Temple visitation by Elijah and other angelic beings in D&;C 110; excludes portions based on fragmentary teachings by Smith in D&C 129; includes Smith's Lectures on Faith ; and includes a new appendix titled, "A Prophet’s Prerogative," by Jeff Savage. The following chart compares the current editions of the Doctrine and Covenants used by the LDS Church ( LDS ed. ) and Community of Christ ( CofC ed. ) with

1035-472: The LDS Pearl of Great Price ; thus, they are the only portions of the JST/IV that the LDS Church has canonized as part of its standard works . Additionally, over 600 of the more doctrinally significant verses from the translation are included as excerpts in the current LDS Church edition of the KJV. This step has ensured an increase in the JST/IV's use and acceptance in the LDS Church today. A 1974 editorial of

1104-584: The Quorum of the Twelve , although Willard Richards , apparently acting on behalf of Brigham Young , requested the manuscript from her. Consequently, when Young's followers moved to the Salt Lake Valley , they did so without the new translation of the Bible. Following Smith's death, John Milton Bernhisel asked permission of Emma Smith to use the manuscript to copy notes into his own KJV Bible. Bernhisel spent much of

1173-625: The " standard works ". The LDS Church's version of the Doctrine and Covenants is described by the church as "containing revelations given to Joseph Smith, the Prophet, with some additions by his successors in the Presidency of the Church." The 138 sections and two official declarations in LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants break down as follows: The following sections consist of letters, reports, statements, and other similar documents: 102, 123, 127–131, 134, 135, and Official Declarations 1 and 2. In 1844,

1242-413: The 103 revelations was assigned a "section number"; however, section 66 was mistakenly used twice. Thus, the sections of the original work were numbered only to 102. On February 17, 1835, after the committee had selected the book's contents, the committee wrote that the resulting work represents "our belief, and when we say this, humbly trust, the faith and principles of this society as a body." The book

1311-545: The 1833 Book of Commandments ( BofC ), the 1835 edition published in Kirtland , and the 1844 edition published in Nauvoo . Unless otherwise specified, the document is styled a "revelation" of the person delivering it. Behold, this is my work to my glory, to the immortality and eternal life of man. For behold, this is my work and my glory— to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man. […] for this

1380-407: The 1844 edition. Most recently a facsimile reprint was produced for the church at Voree, Wisconsin by Richard Drew in 1993. The Church of Christ (Temple Lot) contends that the thousands of changes made to the original revelations as published in the Book of Commandments (including the change of the church's name) are not doctrinal and result from Joseph Smith's fall from his original calling. As

1449-452: The Apocrypha (LDS D&C section 91 CofC D&C 88), the three degrees of glory (LDS section 76 CofC Section 85), the eternal nature of marriage and plural marriage (LDS section 132), teachings on baptism for the dead (LDS section 124 CofC Section 107), and various revelations on priesthood (LDS sections 84, 88, 107 CofC Sections 83, 104). Overall, 3,410 verses in the printed editions of JST/IV differ in textual construction from

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1518-562: The CofC scholar Richard P. Howard and the LDS scholar Robert J. Matthews. Matthews's summary of an exhaustive study corroborated the RLDS claims that the 1944 and subsequent editions of JST/IV constituted a faithful rendering of the work of Smith and his scribes—insofar as the manuscripts were then understood. With painstaking effort over a period of eight years, and with the full cooperation of Community of Christ ,

1587-502: The Doctrine and Covenants from NASA photographer M. Edward Thomas traveled to the moon and back in 1972 with astronaut John Young aboard Apollo 16 . In the LDS Church, The Doctrine and Covenants of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints stands alongside the Bible , the Book of Mormon , and the Pearl of Great Price as scripture. Together the LDS Church's scriptures are referred to as

1656-453: The Doctrine and Covenants of easy access and reduce its bulk" by including only "the sections comprising scriptures of general and enduring value". Ninety-five of the sections of the Doctrine and Covenants were completely omitted—most notably section 132 on plural and celestial marriage —along with parts of 21 others. Twenty complete sections were retained along with parts of 21 others. Fundamentalist Mormons were offended, particularly at

1725-471: The Doctrine and Covenants since 1908. Until 1981, editions of the book used code names for certain people and places in those sections that dealt with the United Order . The 1981 LDS edition replaced these with the real names, relegating the code names to footnotes. The Community of Christ edition still uses the code names. A new edition was released in 2013. Changes included adjustments and corrections to

1794-572: The Inspired Version and the NRSV . Community of Christ considers the NRSV to be a "good, recent translation". Because LDS scholars had not yet had an opportunity to compare the RLDS Church's 1944 IV edition to the original manuscripts, its initial acceptance by LDS Church members was limited. Beginning in the 1960s, explorations of the textual foundations of the JST/IV began in earnest with the pioneering work of

1863-421: The JST/IV constitutes revealed text. Besides arguments that can be made from the actual text of the JST/IV, there are questions regarding the reliability and degree of supervision given to the scribes who were involved in transcribing, copying, and preparing the text for publication. Differences are also apparent in the nature of the revision process that took place at different stages of the work. For example, while

1932-579: The KJV (this uses the verse numbering of the JST/IV as the basis for comparison). Of the total of 1,289 verses changed in the Old Testament, 25 correspond to the additions of Book of Moses chapter 1, and 662 occur in the Book of Genesis. Hence, more than half of the changed verses in the JST/IV Old Testament and 20 percent of those in the entire JST/IV Bible are contained in Moses chapter 1 and Genesis, with

2001-470: The KJV has been firmly established as the approved English-language bible of the LDS Church. Today, the LDS Church describes the creation of the JST/IV as Smith dictating "inspired changes and additions to scribes." However, the LDS church accepts only a portion of the changes found in the JST/IV as canon. Joseph Smith–Matthew and the Book of Moses , containing translations and revelatory expansions of Matthew 24 and Genesis 1–7, respectively, are contained in

2070-419: The LDS Church's change in attitude to polygamy in 1890, these sections were not included in future English editions of the Doctrine and Covenants. In 1921, the LDS Church removed the " Lectures on Faith " portion of the book, with an explanation that the lectures "were never presented to nor accepted by the Church as being otherwise than theological lectures or lessons". The lectures contain theology concerning

2139-592: The LDS Church's local Institute of Religion . He also served as a counselor in a bishopric to Mitt Romney . In 2017, Barlow held the first fellowship at the Maxwell Institute at Brigham Young University . The establishment in 2007 of the Arrington Chair at USU was one prominent symbol of a new era for the study of the Mormon faith in secular higher education. It was part of the new religious studies program at

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2208-698: The LDS Church-owned Church News stated: "The Inspired Version does not supplant the King James Version as the official Church version of the Bible, but the explanations and changes made by the Prophet Joseph Smith provide enlightenment and useful commentary on many biblical passages." Regarding the JST/IV, Bruce R. McConkie (1915–1985) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles said, "The Joseph Smith Translation, or Inspired Version,

2277-417: The New Testament and, for example, the stories of Moses and Elijah." Additional evidence suggests that the Book of Moses itself could be seen as a temple text, in the sense discussed by BYU professor John W. Welch. Smith was killed prior to the publication of the JST/IV. At his death, the manuscripts and documents pertaining to the translation were retained by his widow, Emma Smith , who would not give them to

2346-403: The RLDS Church traditionally disputed their authenticity. The Doctrine and Covenants was first published in 1835 as a later version of the Book of Commandments , which had been partially printed in 1833. This earlier book contained 65 early revelations to church leaders, notably Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery . Before many copies of the book could be printed, the printing press and most of

2415-488: The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints [RLDS Church]). The book originally contained two parts: a sequence of lectures setting forth basic church doctrine, followed by a compilation of revelations, or "covenants" of the church: thus the name "Doctrine and Covenants". The "doctrine" portion of the book, however, has been removed by both the LDS Church and Community of Christ. The remaining portion of

2484-404: The above, the number of revelations (accounting for sections that are not revelations) presented by each Community of Christ president, are as follows: The Community of Christ removed the "Lectures on Faith" in 1897. The 1970 World Conference concluded that several sections that had been added between the 1835 and 1844 editions—mainly dealing with the subjects of temple worship and baptism for

2553-446: The book contains revelations on numerous topics, most of which were dictated by the movement's founder Joseph Smith , supplemented by materials periodically added by each denomination. Controversy has existed between the two largest denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement over some sections added to the 1876 LDS edition, attributed to founder Smith. Whereas the LDS Church believes these sections to have been revelations to Smith,

2622-522: The book into two parts: a "Doctrine" part and a "Covenants" part. The "Doctrine" part of the book consisted of a theological course now called the " Lectures on Faith ". The lectures were a series of doctrinal courses used in the School of the Prophets which had recently been completed in Kirtland, Ohio . According to the committee, these lectures were included in the compilation "in consequence of their embracing

2691-401: The book's introduction and section introductions. The changes reflect the modern scholarship that came from The Joseph Smith Papers . Officials of the Community of Christ (formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints [RLDS Church]) first published an edition of the Doctrine and Covenants in 1864, based on the previous 1844 edition. A general conference of

2760-517: The church added eight sections not included in the 1835 edition. In the current edition, these added sections are numbered 103, 105, 112, 119, 124, 127, 128, and 135. In 1876, a new LDS Church edition renumbered most of the sections in a roughly chronological order instead of the earlier topical order, and included 26 sections not included in previous editions, now numbered as sections 2, 13, 77, 85, 87, 108–111, 113–118, 120–123, 125, 126, 129–132, and 136. Previous editions had been divided into verses with

2829-456: The church by W. Grant McMurray in 1996: "Become a people of the Temple—those who see violence but proclaim peace, who feel conflict yet extend the hand of reconciliation, who encounter broken spirits and find pathways for healing." The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) uses the 1846 edition that was published in Nauvoo, Illinois ; this version is virtually identical to

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2898-473: The church for informal consideration on January 17, 2010. The numbers of the sections and versification differ from the edition published by the LDS Church and both modern editions differ from the original 1835 edition numeration. The 167 sections of the Community of Christ's Doctrine and Covenants break down as follows: The following sections are not revelations, but letters, reports, statements, and other similar documents: 99, 108A, 109–113, and 123. Based on

2967-516: The church in 1878 approved a resolution that declared that the revelations of the Prophet-President Joseph Smith III had equal standing to those previously included in the work. Since that time, the church has continued to add sections to its edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, containing the revelations of succeeding Prophet-Presidents. The most recent addition was formally authorized on April 14, 2010, after being presented to

3036-482: The church-authorized practice of plural marriage, and the 1978 Official Declaration 2 announces the opening of priesthood ordination to all worthy male members without regard to race or color. The two Official Declarations are not revelations, but they serve as the formal announcements that a revelation was received. In neither case is the revelation included in the Doctrine and Covenants. The text of Official Declaration 1 has been included in every LDS Church printing of

3105-528: The church. These were accounts of two visions, one from Joseph Smith in 1837 and the other from his nephew, Joseph F. Smith , in 1918. The revelations were earlier accepted as scripture when added to the Pearl of Great Price in April 1976. No new revelatory sections have been added since 1981. The LDS Church's 1981 edition contains two "Official Declarations" at the book's conclusion. The 1890 Official Declaration 1 ended

3174-419: The crime of fornication and polygamy, we declare that we believe that one man should have one wife, and one woman but one husband, except in the case of death, when either is at liberty to marry again. This section was removed because it had been superseded by section 132 of the modern LDS edition, recorded in 1843, which contains a revelation received by Joseph Smith on eternal marriage and plural marriage ,

3243-480: The dead —had been published without proper approval of a church conference. As a result, the World Conference removed sections 107, 109, 110, 113, and 123 to a historical appendix, which also includes documents that were never published as sections. Of these, only section 107 was a revelation. The World Conference of 1990 subsequently removed the entire appendix from the Doctrine and Covenants. Section 108A contained

3312-450: The early versifications generally following the paragraph structure of the original text. It was with the 1876 edition that the currently used versification was first employed. In 1876, section 101 from the 1835 edition (and subsequent printings) was removed. Section 101 was a "Statement on Marriage" as adopted by an 1835 conference of the church, and contained the following text: Inasmuch as this Church of Christ has been reproached with

3381-415: The exclusion of section 132, and accused the church of "changing the scriptures." As a result, church president Heber J. Grant ordered the withdrawal of the book from sale with the remaining copies shredded in order to "avoid further conflict with the fundamentalists". Sections 137 and 138 were added to the LDS Church's 1981 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, which is the edition currently in use by

3450-484: The focus of the work could be more doctrinal in nature, and less administrative. The record of these leadership changes are still maintained in the form of published "letters of counsel." Prophet-President Stephen M. Veazey has conformed to this pattern. Although these letters are not formally published in the Doctrine and Covenants, they are still deemed to be inspired, and are dealt with in the same manner that revelations are (that is, they must be deliberated and approved by

3519-720: The green light" to publish. Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón's findings were then published in full on June 26, 2020 in Producing Ancient Scripture: Joseph Smith's Translation Projects in the Development of Mormon Christianity published through University of Utah Press. Wayment then published another article on the topic in the July 2020 issue of the Journal of Mormon History . In October 2020, Latter-day Saint JST scholar and then-former BYU professor Kent P. Jackson published

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3588-536: The important doctrine of salvation." The "Covenants" part of the book, labeled "Covenants and Commandments of the Lord, to his servants of the church of the Latter Day Saints", contained a total of 103 revelations. These 103 revelations were said to "contain items or principles for the regulation of the church, as taken from the revelations which have been given since its organization, as well as from former ones." Each of

3657-636: The legitimacy of these change led to the formation of the Restoration Branches movement, the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . While some of the prose in the new revelations seems designed to guide the denomination on matters of church governance and doctrine, others are seen as inspirational. One such example can be cited from section 161, presented as counsel to

3726-564: The minutes of a business meeting, which, because of its historical nature, was moved to the Introduction in the 1970s. After 1990, the Introduction was updated, and what was section 108A was removed entirely. The ongoing additions to the Community of Christ edition provide a record of the leadership changes and doctrinal developments within the denomination. When W. Grant McMurray became Prophet-President, he declared that instruction specific to leadership changes would no longer be included, so that

3795-641: The most extensive modifications occurring in Genesis chapters 1–24. As a proportion of page count, changes in Genesis occur four times more frequently than in the New Testament and twenty-one times more frequently than in the rest of the Old Testament. The changes in Genesis are not only more numerous, but also more significant in the degree of doctrinal and historical expansion. Jeffrey M. Bradshaw has suggested that one reason for this emphasis may have been "early tutoring in temple-related doctrines received by Joseph Smith as he revised and expanded Genesis 1–24, in conjunction with his later translation of relevant passages in

3864-460: The older RLDS Church version of the Doctrine and Covenants up to section 144, and also 19 new revelations from their previous president, Frederick Niels Larsen . "Remnant" movement , a spiritual movement in schism with the LDS Church, published an online "Restoration" edition of the Doctrine and Covenants in 2017. It includes any sections authored by Joseph Smith. It also: includes a new version of D&C 54, as revised by Denver Snuffer ; excludes

3933-480: The origin of the principles of which the LDS Church traces to as early as 1831. During the 1880s, five foreign editions contained two revelations to John Taylor that were received in 1882 and 1883; these revelations "set in order" the priesthood, gave more clarification about the roles of priesthood offices—especially the seventy —and required "men who ... preside over my priesthood " to live plural marriage in order to qualify to hold their church positions. Due to

4002-494: The printed copies were destroyed by a mob in Missouri . On September 24, 1834, a committee was appointed by the general assembly of the church to organize a new volume containing the most significant revelations. This committee of Presiding Elders , consisting of Smith, Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon , and Frederick G. Williams , began to review and revise numerous revelations for inclusion in the new work. The committee eventually organized

4071-409: The revision ( Genesis and the four Gospels ) were completed from beginning to end, including unchanged verses from the KJV; some parts were revised more than once, and others revised one verse at a time. The manuscripts were written, re-written, and in some cases, additional edits were written in the columns, pinned to the paper or otherwise attached. Smith relied on a version of the Bible that included

4140-574: The spring of 1845 working on this project. The LDS Church has Bernhisel's Bible in its archives, but it contains less than half of the corrections and is not suitable for publication. For many years the "Bernhisel Bible" was the only JST/IV source for LDS Church members living in the Salt Lake Valley. In 1866, Emma Smith gave the manuscript into the custody of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church), of which she

4209-699: The university, the first program in Utah enabling students to major in religion. Since the establishment of the Arrington Chair, Richard Bushman was inaugurated as the Howard W. Hunter Chair of Mormon Studies at Claremont Graduate University of Religion, which was followed by the 2012 creation of the Richard Lyman Bushman chair of Mormon Studies at University of Virginia . As Author: As Editor: Doctrine and Covenants The Doctrine and Covenants (sometimes abbreviated and cited as D&C or D. and C. )

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4278-462: The voting members of a World Conference). A modern revelation that resulted in some "disaffection" and "led to intense conflict in scattered areas of the RLDS Church" is contained in the Community of Christ version's section 156, presented by Prophet–President Wallace B. Smith and added in 1984, which called for the ordination of women to the priesthood and set out the primary purpose of temples to be "the pursuit of peace". A resulting schism over

4347-417: The work "bore record" of the book's truth. At the end of the conference, the church "by a unanimous vote" agreed to accept the compilation as "the doctrine and covenants of their faith" and to make arrangements for its printing. In 1835, the book was printed and published under the title Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God . A copy of

4416-629: Was a member, and her son Joseph Smith III , its prophet-president . In 1867, the RLDS Church published the first edition of the IV and obtained a copyright for it. The RLDS Church, now known as Community of Christ, publishes the Inspired Version of the Holy Scriptures through the Herald House , its publishing arm. The copyright has expired on the 1867 edition and a bound photo reproduction of that edition

4485-465: Was first introduced to the church body in a general conference on August 17, 1835. Smith and Williams, two of the Presiding Elders on the committee, were absent, but Cowdery and Rigdon were present. The church membership at the time had not yet seen the Doctrine and Covenants manuscript as it had been compiled and revised solely by the committee; however, various church members who were familiar with

4554-478: Was killed in 1844. Regarding the completeness of the JST/IV as we have it, Robert Matthews has written: [T]he manuscript shows that Smith went all the way through the Bible from Genesis to Revelation. But it also shows that he did not make all the necessary corrections in one effort. This situation makes it impossible to give a statistical answer to questions about how much of the Translation was completed or how much

4623-459: Was likely responsible for urging the use of Clarke's source material. In a May 2018 interview, Wilson-Lemmón indicated that she had provided copies of the research manuscript to the dean of BYU Religious Education . Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón subsequently provided copies to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church. This prompted a meeting between Wayment and unidentified church authorities , after which they "got

4692-472: Was not completed. What is evident, however, is that any part of the Translation might have been further touched upon and improved by additional revelation and emendation by Smith. Some scholars infer that Smith had access to Old Testament pseudepigrapha and included insights from these texts in his translation. In March 2017, Brigham Young University (BYU) professor Thomas A. Wayment and his undergraduate research assistant Haley Wilson-Lemmón published

4761-569: Was raised in Bountiful, Utah . He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In 1975, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in history from Weber State College . In 1980 and 1988, respectively, he received a master's degree in theological studies and a doctorate of theology (Th.D.) from the Harvard Divinity School . While in the Boston area, Barlow taught at

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