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49-404: The term reflects the analysis of the three-sector model of the economy, in which the primary sector produces raw materials used by the secondary sector to produce goods, which are then distributed to consumers by the tertiary sector. Contrary to this implied sequence, however, the quaternary sector does not process the output of the tertiary sector. It has only limited and indirect connections to

98-720: A 2,250-newton-per-millimetre (12,800 lb f /in), 3,400-metre-long (3,700 yd) underground belt installed at Baodian Coal Mine, part of in Yanzhou Coal Mining Company , China , was reported to provide energy savings of over 15%. Whilst Shenhua Group , has installed several aramid conveyor belts, including a 4,400-newton-per-millimetre (25,000 lb f /in) belt with a length of 11,600 m (7.2 miles). Today there are different types of conveyor belts that have been created for conveying different kinds of material available in PVC and rubber materials. Material flowing over

147-404: A 31-kilometre-long (19 mi) conveyor feeding a 20-kilometre-long (12 mi) conveyor. Cable belt conveyors are a variation on the more conventional idler belt system. Instead of running on top of idlers, cable belt conveyors are supported by two endless steel cables (steel wire rope) which are in turn supported by idler pulley wheels. This system feeds bauxite through the difficult terrain of

196-473: A Louisiana-based company, registered the first patent for all plastic, modular belting. The belt consists of one or more layers of material. It is common for belts to have three layers: a top cover, a carcass and a bottom cover. The purpose of the carcass is to provide linear strength and shape. The carcass is often a woven or metal fabric having a warp & weft . The warp refers to longitudinal cords whose characteristics of resistance and elasticity define

245-581: A cement factory at Chhatak Bangladesh . It is about 17 km (11 miles) long and conveys limestone and shale at 960 t/h (1,060 short tons per hour), from the quarry in India to the cement factory (7 km or 4.3 miles long in India and 10 km or 6.2 miles long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by three synchronized drive units for

294-415: A circular section like a pipe. Like a troughed belt conveyor, a pipe conveyor also uses idler rollers. However, in this case, the idler frame completely surrounds the conveyor belt helping it to retain the pipe section while pushing it forward. In the case of travel paths requiring high angles and snake-like curvatures, a sandwich belt is used. The sandwich belt design enables materials carried to travel along

343-406: A closed loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside

392-549: A conveyor is about to turn on. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has issued regulations for conveyor safety, as OSHA 1926.555. Some other systems used to safeguard the conveyor are belt sway switches, speed switches, belt rip switch, and emergency stops . The belt sway switch will stop the conveyor if the belt starts losing its alignment along the structure. The speed switch will stop

441-480: A corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems . Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar ), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. The belt

490-505: A factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such as grain , salt , coal , ore , sand , overburden and more. Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing, as well as manufacturing and production facilities. In combination with computer-controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail , wholesale , and manufacturing distribution . It

539-428: A given population do not change much, employment in agriculture declines as a proportion of the population. As a result, the demand for machinery production in the secondary sector increases and workers move from agriculture to manufacturing. The transitional way or phase begins with an event which can be identified with the industrialisation : far-reaching mechanisation (and therefore automation) of manufacture, such as

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588-444: A mine to a refinery that converts the coal to diesel fuel. The third longest trough belt conveyor in the world is the 20-kilometre-long (12 mi) Curragh conveyor near Westfarmers, QLD, Australia. Conveyor Dynamics, Inc. supplied the basic engineering, control system and commissioning. Detail engineering and Construction was completed by Laing O'Rourke. The longest single-belt international conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to

637-399: A path of high inclines up to 90-degree angles, enabling a vertical path as opposed to a horizontal one. This transport option is also powered by idlers. Other important components of the belt conveying system apart from the pulleys and idler rollers include the drive arrangement of reducer gear boxes, drive motors, and associated couplings. scrapers to clean the belt, chutes for controlling

686-563: A total power of about 1.8 MW supplied by ABB (two drives at the head end in Bangladesh and one drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-metre (980-foot) lengths on the Indian side and 300-metre (980-foot) lengths on the Bangladesh side. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique{{ }} in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along

735-437: A troughed belt conveyor is used. The trough of the belt ensures that the flowable material is contained within the edges of the belt. The trough is achieved by keeping the idler rollers in an angle to the horizontal at the sides of the idler frame. A pipe conveyor is used for material travel paths that require sharper bends and inclines up to 35 degrees. A pipe conveyor features the edges of the belt being rolled together to form

784-451: Is closely related to the development of national accounts , notably by Colin Clark. The concept of value added is central to national accounting. Value added in the secondary sector of the economy (manufacturing) is equal to the difference between the (wholesale) value of goods produced and the cost of raw materials supplied by the primary sector. Similarly, the value added by the tertiary sector

833-611: Is considered a labor-saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with labor expense . Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Products are conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. Belt conveyors are also manufactured with curved sections that use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around

882-504: Is equal to the difference between the retail price paid by consumers and the wholesale price paid to manufacturers. The concept of value added is less useful in relation to the quaternary and quinary sectors. Conveyor belt A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of conveyor systems . A belt conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with

931-582: Is in the developing stages and will prove to be an efficient innovation. The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara . It was built in 1972 by Friedrich Krupp GmbH (now thyssenkrupp) and is 98 km (61 miles) long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun . The longest conveyor system in an airport is the Dubai International Airport baggage handling system at 63 km (39 miles). It

980-420: Is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor ) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications, the beds in which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. The exception to

1029-417: Is not the case, since the service occupations also include cleaning services, shoeshining, parcel delivery service etc. The high level of income equality predicted by Fourastié also did not take place; in fact, the opposite development has happened: the inequality of income distribution has been increasing in most OECD countries. Fourastié described the tertiary sector - which is usually seen as equivalent with

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1078-420: Is scientifically not yet very developed, with a negligible use of machinery . The state of development corresponds to that of European countries in the early Middle Ages , or that of a modern-day developing country . Workforce quotas: More machinery is deployed in the primary sector, which reduces the number of workers needed to produce a given output of food and raw materials. Since the food requirements of

1127-410: The check-out counter to move shopping items, and may use checkout dividers in this process. Ski areas also use conveyor belts to transport skiers up the hill. Industrial and manufacturing applications for belt conveyors include package handling, trough belt conveyors, trash handling, bag handling, coding conveyors, and more. Integration of Human-Machine Interface(HMI) to operate the conveyor system

1176-420: The industrial economy characterized by the three-sector model. In a modern economy, the generation, analysis and dissemination of information is important enough to warrant a separate sector instead of being a part of the tertiary sector. This sector evolves in well-developed countries where the primary and secondary sectors are a minority of the economy, and requires a highly educated workforce. For example,

1225-479: The 19th century. In 1868, an English shipwright Joseph Thomas Parlour from Pimlico patented a grain elevator with a conveyor belt while Illinoisan Charles Denton of Ames Plow Co. patented a reaper with a belt "conveyer". By the 1880s conveyor belts were used in American elevators, sugarcane mills and sawmills , as well as British maltings . In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to

1274-485: The B. F. Goodrich Company patented a Möbius strip conveyor belt, that it went on to produce as the "Turnover Conveyor Belt System". Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. Such Möbius strip belts are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1970, Intralox ,

1323-658: The Darling Ranges to the Worsley Alumina refinery. The second longest single trough belt conveyor is the 26.8-kilometre-long (16.7 mi) Impumelelo conveyor near Secunda, South Africa. It was designed by Conveyor Dynamics, Inc. based in Bellingham, Washington, USA and constructed by ELB Engineering based in Johannesburg South Africa. The conveyor transports 2,400 t/h (2,600 short tons per hour) coal from

1372-830: The French society REI created in New Caledonia the longest straight-belt conveyor in the world in that moment, at a length of 13.8 km (8.6 miles). Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer. . The longest conveyor belt is that of the Bou Craa phosphate mine in Western Sahara (1973, 98 km in 11 sections). The longest single-span conveyor belt is at the Boddington bauxite mine in Western Australia (31 km). In 1957,

1421-461: The Twentieth Century he wrote of the increase in quality of life , social security, blossoming of education and culture, higher level of qualifications, humanisation of work, and avoidance of unemployment . The distribution of the workforce among the three sectors progresses through different stages as follows, according to Fourastié: Workforce quotas: This phase represents a society which

1470-463: The belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher . Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as elevator belts , are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Belt conveyor technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators , as well as on many manufacturing assembly lines . Stores often have conveyor belts at

1519-614: The belt. Steel conveyor belts are used when high strength class is required. For example, the highest strength class conveyor belt installed is made of steel cords. This conveyor belt has a strength class of 10,000 N/mm (57,000 lb f /in) and it operates at Chuquicamata mine, in Chile . Polyester, nylon and cotton are popular with low strength classes. Aramid is used in the range 630–3,500 N/mm (3,600–20,000 lb f /in). The advantages of using aramid are energy savings, enhanced lifetimes and improved productivity. As an example,

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1568-429: The development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905, Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company 's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972,

1617-456: The discharge direction, skirts for containing the discharge on the receiving belt, take up assembly for "tensioning" the belt, safety switches for personnel safety and technological structures like stringer, short post, drive frames, pulley frames make up the balance items to complete the belt conveying system. In certain applications, belt conveyors can also be used for static accumulation or cartons. Primitive conveyor belts have been in use since

1666-480: The highly developed third phase which also has a significant secondary sector. The best example to counter this is Germany: in German economy , the secondary sector has sharply declined since the 1950s, but not quite to the level that Fourastié predicted due to Germany's high exports . Another Fourastié's false prediction states that the tertiary sector would always place high demands on employees in terms of education, which

1715-477: The naming convention, the quaternary sector does not add value to the outputs of the tertiary sector, but provides services directly with limited reliance on purchased inputs. The output of the quaternary sector is difficult to measure. The volume of information produced has grown rapidly, in line with Moore's Law . Definitions of the quinary sector vary significantly. Some define it as merely non-profit work such as for charities and NGOs . Others define it as

1764-470: The running properties of the belt. The weft represents the whole set of transversal cables allowing to the belt specific resistance against cuts, tears and impacts and at the same time high flexibility. The most common carcass materials are steel , polyester , nylon , cotton and aramid (class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers, with Twaron or Kevlar as brand names). The covers are usually various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of

1813-411: The secondary and finally to the tertiary sector. Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development ; the main part of their national income is achieved through production in the primary sector. Countries in a more advanced state of development, with a medium national income, generate their income mostly in the secondary sector. In highly developed countries with a high income,

1862-418: The secondary sector ( tertiary ). The model was developed by Allan Fisher , Colin Clark , and Jean Fourastié in the first half of the 20th century, and is a representation of an industrial economy . It has been criticised as inappropriate as a representation of the economy in the 21st century. According to the three-sector model, the main focus of an economy's activity shifts from the primary through

1911-431: The secondary to the tertiary sector would eliminate the problem of unemployment as, in his opinion, this sector could not be rationalized. When he conceived of the theory in the 1930s , however, he did not foresee the enormous technological progress made in the service sector, such as the invention of the modern computer bringing with it the digital revolution. Fourastié's false prognosis is that there will be no country in

1960-532: The sector that focuses on human services and control, such as government and some charities, as well as creation or non-routine use of information and new technologies, linking slightly with the quaternary sector . Sometimes referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they include special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quinary activities. The 3 sector model

2009-680: The service or post-industrial society . Today the service sector has grown to such an enormous size that it is sometimes further divided into an information-based quaternary sector , and even a quinary sector based on human services. The quaternary sector, sometimes referred to as the research and development sector, consists mainly of businesses providing information services, intellectual activities and knowledge based activities aimed at future growth and development. Activities include, and are mainly composed of: scientific research, ICT/computing, education, consulting, information management and financial planning. Contrary to what might be inferred from

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2058-405: The service sector - as a production sector enjoying little to no technical progress and thus offering at best a slight increase in labor productivity. Confinement of the service sector within the tertiary sector today is only tenable in few areas. Instead, addition of the fourth "information sector" can be seen, leading towards the development of a knowledge society . Further development has led to

2107-461: The standard belt conveyor construction is the sandwich belt conveyor. The sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, instead of one. These two conventional conveyor belts are positioned face to face, to firmly contain the items being carried in a "sandwich-like" hold. Belt conveyors can be used to transport products in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. For conveying bulk materials, over gentle slopes or gentle curvatures,

2156-470: The terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 metres (16 ft) above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods. Conveyors used in industrial settings include tripping mechanisms such as trip cords along the length of the conveyor. This allows for workers to immediately shut down the conveyor when a problem arises. Warning alarms are included to notify employees that

2205-462: The tertiary and quaternary sectors form the largest part of the UK economy , employing 76% of the workforce. Three-sector model The three-sector model in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials ( primary ), manufacturing ( secondary ), and service industries which exist to facilitate the transport, distribution and sale of goods produced in

2254-485: The tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy. The rise of the post-industrial economy in which an increasing proportion of economic activity is not directly related to physical goods has led some economists to expand the model by adding a fourth quaternary or fifth quinary sectors , while others have ceased to use the model. Fourastié saw the process as essentially positive, and in The Great Hope of

2303-414: The three-sector hypothesis, but employment in the primary sector fell far more than Fourastié predicted. Germany's Federal Statistical Office study shows the following employment proportions for 2014: primary sector at 1.5%, secondary sector at 24.6%, and tertiary sector at 73.9%. Furthermore, four incorrect predictions can be found in his book on the subject: Fourastié predicted that the transition from

2352-429: The use of conveyor belts . The tertiary sector begins to develop, as do the financial sector and the power of the state. Workforce quotas: The primary and secondary sectors are increasingly dominated by automation, and the demand for workforce numbers falls in these sectors. It is replaced by the growing demands of the tertiary sector, where productivity growth is slower. Various empirical studies seemingly confirm

2401-407: Was installed by Siemens and commissioned in 2008, and has a combination of traditional belt conveyors and tray conveyors. Boddington Bauxite Mine in Western Australia is officially recognized as having the world's longest single flight conveyor. Single flight means the load is not transferred, it is a single continuous system for the entire length. This conveyor is a cable belt conveyor system with

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