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56-527: Infineum is a formulator, manufacturer and marketer of petroleum additives for the fuel and lubricant industries. Their products are classified into five distinct groups: driveline additives, engine oil additives, fuel additives , marine additives and industrial products. Their products include small engine , passenger car motor, heavy-duty engine, gas engine , and marine oils along with fuels, transmission fluids , viscosity modifiers , and pour point depressants . They first created pour point depressants in

112-505: A cloud-based business planning platform, had been selected to optimize the company's supply chain with regard to inventory and shipments. In 2001, the company signed a letter of intent to form a joint venture with Sinopec Shanghai Gao Qiao Petrochemical . The joint venture, called Shanghai High-Lube Additives, built a lubricant blending plant in Pudong, Shanghai . In 2013 Infineum opened Infineum (Shanghai) Additives Co, and in 2014 they opened

168-462: A compound from solution. Many solvents are volatile and can easily be evaporated using rotary evaporation. Even less volatile solvents can be removed by rotary evaporation under high vacuum and with heating. It is also used by environmental regulatory agencies for determining the amount of solvents in paints, coatings and inks. Safety is an important consideration when glassware is under vacuum pressure. Scratches and cracks can result in implosions when

224-419: A large diesel engine , comparing it with conventional oil, have described the results as a "game-changer". Are solid or semi-solid lubricant produced by blending thickening agents within a liquid lubricant. Greases are typically composed of about 80% lubricating oil, around 5% to 10% thickener, and approximately 10% to 15% additives. In most common greases, the thickener is a light or alkali metal soap, forming

280-702: A large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels. Burning the lubricant as fuel, typically to generate electricity, is also governed by regulations mainly on account of the relatively high level of additives present. Burning generates both airborne pollutants and ash rich in toxic materials, mainly heavy metal compounds. Thus lubricant burning takes place in specialized facilities that have incorporated special scrubbers to remove airborne pollutants and have access to landfill sites with permits to handle

336-653: A natural water repellent). Whale oil was a historically important lubricant, with some uses up to the latter part of the 20th century as a friction modifier additive for automatic transmission fluid . In 2008, the biolubricant market was around 1% of UK lubricant sales in a total lubricant market of 840,000 tonnes/year. As of 2020 , researchers at Australia's CSIRO have been studying safflower oil as an engine lubricant, finding superior performance and lower emissions than petroleum -based lubricants in applications such as engine -driven lawn mowers , chainsaws and other agricultural equipment. Grain -growers trialling

392-587: A petroleum refinery. The 10 to 40 mmHg absolute pressure in a vacuum distillation column increases the volume of vapor formed per volume of liquid distilled. The result is that such columns have very large diameters. Distillation columns such those in Images 1 and 2, may have diameters of 15 meters or more, heights ranging up to about 50 meters, and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day). The vacuum distillation column internals must provide good vapor–liquid contacting while, at

448-535: A separation by: Petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds generally having from 3 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule , although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range. The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called atmospheric distillation column operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure. Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation". In distilling

504-626: A sponge-like structure that encapsulates the oil droplets. Beyond lubrication, greases are generally expected to provide corrosion protection, typically achieved through additives. To prevent drying out at higher temperatures, dry lubricants are also added. By selecting appropriate oils, thickeners, and additives, the properties of greases can be optimized for a wide range of applications. There are greases suited for high or extremely low temperatures, vacuum applications, water-resistant and weatherproof greases, highly pressure-resistant or creeping types, food-grade, or exceptionally adhesive greases. One of

560-545: A temperature-pressure nomograph using the Clausius–Clapeyron relation . Compounds with a boiling point lower than 150 °C typically are distilled at ambient pressure. For samples with high boiling points, short-path distillation apparatus is commonly employed. This technique is amply illustrated in Organic Synthesis. Rotary evaporation is a common technique used in laboratories to concentrate or isolate

616-507: A useful additive in special greases , where it can function both as a thickener and a lubricant. Under extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away from the area of contact. Ceramic or metal or alloy lubricants must be used then. Inorganic solids: Graphite , hexagonal boron nitride , molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are examples of solid lubricants . Some retain their lubricity to very high temperatures. The use of some such materials

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672-650: A viable option (with the rising price of base stock and crude oil ). Typically various filtration systems remove particulates, additives, and oxidation products and recover the base oil. The oil may get refined during the process. This base oil is then treated much the same as virgin base oil however there is considerable reluctance to use recycled oils as they are generally considered inferior. Basestock fractionally vacuum distilled from used lubricants has superior properties to all-natural oils, but cost-effectiveness depends on many factors. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Again, there

728-413: Is by forming a physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is analogous to hydroplaning, the loss of friction observed when a car tire is separated from the road surface by moving through standing water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are transmitted between

784-545: Is considerable reluctance to this use as the additives, soot, and wear metals will seriously poison/deactivate the critical catalysts in the process. Cost prohibits carrying out both filtration (soot, additives removal) and re-refining ( distilling , isomerization, hydrocrack, etc.) however the primary hindrance to recycling still remains the collection of fluids as refineries need continuous supply in amounts measured in cisterns, rail tanks. Occasionally, unused lubricant requires disposal. The best course of action in such situations

840-476: Is disadvantaged by it being necessary for the base metal (or ceramic) having to undergo some wear first to generate sufficient oxide debris. It is estimated that about 50% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Common disposal methods include recycling , burning , landfill and discharge into water, though typically disposal in landfill and discharge into water are strictly regulated in most countries, as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate

896-431: Is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e.g. protecting the valve train in a car engine at startup. The base oil itself might also be polar in nature and as a result inherently able to bind to metal surfaces, as with polyolester oils. Both gas and liquid lubricants can transfer heat. However, liquid lubricants are much more effective on account of their high specific heat capacity . Typically

952-610: Is of interest in a number of technological applications. Strongly hydrated brush polymers such as PEG can serve as lubricants at liquid solid interfaces. By continuous rapid exchange of bound water with other free water molecules, these polymer films keep the surfaces separated while maintaining a high fluidity at the brush–brush interface at high compressions, thus leading to a very low coefficient of friction. Biolubricants are derived from vegetable oils and other renewable sources. They usually are triglyceride esters (fats obtained from plants and animals). For lubricant base oil use,

1008-416: Is often used in large industrial plants as an efficient way to remove salt from ocean water, in order to produce fresh water. This is known as desalination . The ocean water is placed under a vacuum to lower its boiling point and has a heat source applied, allowing the fresh water to boil off and be condensed. The condensing of the water vapor prevents the water vapor from filling the vacuum chamber, and allows

1064-608: Is sometimes restricted by their poor resistance to oxidation (e.g., molybdenum disulfide degrades above 350 °C in air, but 1100 °C in reducing environments. Metal/alloy: Metal alloys, composites and pure metals can be used as grease additives or the sole constituents of sliding surfaces and bearings. Cadmium and gold are used for plating surfaces which gives them good corrosion resistance and sliding properties, Lead , tin , zinc alloys and various bronze alloys are used as sliding bearings, or their powder can be used to lubricate sliding surfaces alone. Aqueous lubrication

1120-652: Is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. Modern automotive lubricants contain as many as ten additives, comprising up to 20% of the lubricant, the main families of additives are: In 1999, an estimated 37,300,000 tons of lubricants were consumed worldwide. Automotive applications dominate, including electric vehicles but other industrial, marine, and metal working applications are also big consumers of lubricants. Although air and other gas-based lubricants are known (e.g., in fluid bearings ), liquid lubricants dominate

1176-424: Is to return it to the manufacturer where it can be processed as a part of fresh batches. Environment: Lubricants both fresh and used can cause considerable damage to the environment mainly due to their high potential of serious water pollution. Further, the additives typically contained in lubricant can be toxic to flora and fauna. In used fluids, the oxidation products can be toxic as well. Lubricant persistence in

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1232-1292: The Vacuum Oil Company . This technology allowed the purification of very non-volatile substances, which are common in many lubricants. A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics: Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils ) and less than 10% additives . Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins , esters , silicones , fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity , improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation , aging or contamination, etc. Non-liquid lubricants include powders (dry graphite , PTFE , molybdenum disulphide , tungsten disulphide , etc.), PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems; however, practical use

1288-442: The free molecular flow regime, i.e. the mean free path of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, the rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. That is, because the continuum assumptions of fluid dynamics no longer apply, mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics. Thus,

1344-432: The piping from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself. The constraint imposed by limiting the column inlet crude oil to a temperature of less than 370 to 380 °C yields a residual oil from the bottom of the atmospheric distillation column consisting entirely of hydrocarbons that boil above 370 to 380 °C. To further distill the residual oil from the atmospheric distillation column,

1400-452: The 1930s. In 2001, Texaco purchased Infineum's blending facility in Ghent , Belgium . Under the agreement between Texaco and Infineum, Texaco would continue manufacture of Infineum's Viscosity Modifier products at the plant. In March 2007, Infineum and Chevron Fuel & Marine Marketing entered into an agreement concerning the global supply of fuel additives to the marine industry . In 2011,

1456-577: The China Business & Technology Center. In 2016, the company opened an additive blending plant in China's Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu province. The Zhangjiagang plant is Infineum's first wholly owned blending plant in China and it can produce up to 100,000 tonnes of lubricant additive a year. Lubricant A lubricant (sometimes shortened to lube ) is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces

1512-463: The amorphous glazes seen in pottery. The required high temperatures arise from metallic surfaces sliding against each other (or a metallic surface against a ceramic surface). Due to the elimination of metallic contact and adhesion by the generation of oxide, friction and wear is reduced. Effectively, such a surface is self-lubricating. As the "glaze" is already an oxide, it can survive to very high temperatures in air or oxidising environments. However, it

1568-425: The clearance between moving parts through the capillary force, thus sealing the clearance. This effect can be used to seal pistons and shafts. A further phenomenon that has undergone investigation in relation to high-temperature wear prevention and lubrication is that of a compacted oxide layer glaze formation. Such glazes are generated by sintering a compacted oxide layer. Such glazes are crystalline, in contrast to

1624-529: The company announced that it would be collaborating with Nano Terra, a Boston-based nanotechnology company, to research the development of a "new class of materials". In 2012, Infineum began construction of a calcium salicylate plant on Jurong Island in Singapore. Calcium salicylate is used as a detergent in Infineum's engine oil formulations. In February 2017, Infineum announced that Logility Voyager Solutions,

1680-424: The cooling with the result that the turbo charger experiences total failure, typically with seized bearings . Non-flowing lubricants such as greases and pastes are not effective at heat transfer although they do contribute by reducing the generation of heat in the first place. Lubricant circulation systems have the benefit of carrying away internally generated debris and external contaminants that get introduced into

1736-410: The crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because high molecular weight components in the crude oil will undergo thermal cracking and form petroleum coke at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the furnace that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in

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1792-406: The distillation must be performed at absolute pressures as low as 10 to 40 mmHg / Torr (About 5% atmospheric pressure) so as to limit the operating temperature to less than 370 to 380 °C. Figure 2 is a simplified process diagram of a petroleum refinery vacuum distillation column that depicts the internals of the column and Figure 3 is a photograph of a large vacuum distillation column in

1848-422: The effect to run continuously without a loss of vacuum pressure. The heat from condensation of the water vapor is removed by a heat sink, which uses the incoming ocean water as the coolant and thus preheats the feed of ocean water. Some forms of distillation do not use condensers, but instead compress the vapor mechanically with a pump. This acts as a heat pump , concentrating the heat from the vapor and allowing for

1904-433: The environment largely depends upon the base fluid, however if very toxic additives are used they may negatively affect the persistence. Lanolin lubricants are non-toxic making them the environmental alternative which is safe for both users and the environment. Vacuum distillation Vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows

1960-473: The heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity . In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking ( oils and fats in use in frying pans and baking to prevent food sticking), to reduce rusting and friction in machinery , through

2016-434: The heat to be returned and reused by the incoming untreated water source. There are several forms of vacuum distillation of water, with the most common being multiple-effect distillation , vapor-compression desalination , and multi-stage flash distillation . Molecular distillation is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr (1.3 Pa). 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above high vacuum , where fluids are in

2072-408: The inherently adhesive qualities of a given compound while lubricants are designed to reduce friction between any two surfaces. Lubricants are typically used to separate moving parts in a system. This separation has the benefit of reducing friction, wear and surface fatigue, together with reduced heat generation, operating noise and vibrations. Lubricants achieve this in several ways. The most common

2128-520: The largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil , is protecting the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Anti-tack or anti-stick coatings are designed to reduce the adhesive condition (stickiness) of a given material. The rubber, hose, and wire and cable industries are the largest consumers of anti-tack products but virtually every industry uses some form of anti-sticking agent. Anti-sticking agents differ from lubricants in that they are designed to reduce

2184-863: The life of the machine (engine) as well as make the system inefficient. Lubricants known as hydraulic fluid are used as the working fluid in hydrostatic power transmission. Hydraulic fluids comprise a large portion of all lubricants produced in the world. The automatic transmission 's torque converter is another important application for power transmission with lubricants. Lubricants prevent wear by reducing friction between two parts. Lubricants may also contain anti-wear or extreme pressure additives to boost their performance against wear and fatigue. Many lubricants are formulated with additives that form chemical bonds with surfaces or that exclude moisture, to prevent corrosion and rust. It reduces corrosion between two metallic surfaces and avoids contact between these surfaces to avoid immersed corrosion. Lubricants will occupy

2240-405: The liquid lubricant is constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on

2296-461: The lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from thermal stress is susceptible to catastrophic failure during sudden system shut downs. An automotive oil-cooled turbocharger is a typical example. Turbochargers get red hot during operation and

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2352-631: The market, followed by solid lubricants. Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil plus a variety of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Although generally lubricants are based on one type of base oil, mixtures of the base oils also are used to meet performance requirements. The term " mineral oil " is used to refer to lubricating base oils derived from crude oil . The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil: The lubricant industry commonly extends this group terminology to include: Can also be classified into three categories depending on

2408-399: The oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is very short (i.e. high flow rate). If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area after a high-speed drive and stopping the engine) the oil that is in the turbo charger immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits. Over time these deposits can completely block the oil ways, reducing

2464-406: The prevailing compositions: Petroleum-derived lubricant can also be produced using synthetic hydrocarbons (derived ultimately from petroleum), " synthetic oils ". These include: PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable temperature range up to 350 °C and chemical inertness make it

2520-463: The product have welcomed the innovation, with one describing it as needing very little refining, biodegradable , a bioenergy and biofuel . The scientists have reengineered the plant using gene silencing , creating a variety that produces up to 93% of oil, the highest currently available from any plant. Researchers at Montana State University ’s Advanced Fuel Centre in the US studying the oil’s performance in

2576-440: The purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points. This technique is used when the boiling point of the desired compound is difficult to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose. Reduced pressures decrease the boiling point of compounds. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using

2632-458: The same time as changing the oil. In closed systems such as gear boxes the filter may be supplemented by a magnet to attract any iron fines that get created. It is apparent that in a circulatory system the oil will only be as clean as the filter can make it, thus it is unfortunate that there are no industry standards by which consumers can readily assess the filtering ability of various automotive filters. Poor automotive filters significantly reduce

2688-553: The same time, maintaining a very low-pressure increase from the top of the column top to the bottom. Therefore, the vacuum column uses distillation trays only where products are withdrawn from the side of the column (referred to as side draws ). Most of the column uses packing material for the vapor–liquid contacting because such packing has a lower pressure drop than distillation trays. This packing material can be either structured sheet metal or randomly dumped packing such as Raschig rings . The absolute pressure of 10 to 40 mmHg in

2744-513: The surfaces through the lubricant. Typically the lubricant-to-surface friction is much less than surface-to-surface friction in a system without any lubrication. Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction. Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may contain polar additives known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there

2800-405: The system to a filter where they can be removed. Lubricants for machines that regularly generate debris or contaminants such as automotive engines typically contain detergent and dispersant additives to assist in debris and contaminant transport to the filter and removal. Over time the filter will get clogged and require cleaning or replacement, hence the recommendation to change a car's oil filter at

2856-574: The time of the pyramids. In the Roman era , lubricants were based on olive oil and rapeseed oil , as well as animal fats. The growth of lubrication accelerated in the Industrial Revolution with the accompanying use of metal-based machinery. Relying initially on natural oils, needs for such machinery shifted toward petroleum-based materials early in the 1900s. A breakthrough came with the development of vacuum distillation of petroleum, as described by

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2912-418: The toxic ash. Unfortunately, most lubricant that ends up directly in the environment is due to the general public discharging it onto the ground, into drains, and directly into landfills as trash. Other direct contamination sources include runoff from roadways, accidental spillages, natural or man-made disasters, and pipeline leakages. Improvement in filtration technologies and processes has now made recycling

2968-480: The use of motor oil and grease , bioapplications on humans (e.g., lubricants for artificial joints ), ultrasound examination, medical examination, and sexual intercourse. It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute to a better, more efficient functioning of a mechanism. Lubricants have been in some use for thousands of years. Calcium soaps have been identified on the axles of chariots dated to 1400 BC. Building stones were slid on oil-impregnated lumber in

3024-467: The vacuum column is most often achieved by using multiple stages of steam jet ejectors . Many industries, other than the petroleum refining industry, use vacuum distillation on a much smaller scale. Copenhagen-based Empirical Spirits, a distillery founded by former Noma chefs, uses the process to create uniquely flavoured spirits. Their flagship spirit, Helena, is created using Koji, alongside Pilsner Malt and Belgian Saison Yeast. Vacuum distillation

3080-792: The vacuum is applied. Wrapping as much of the glassware with tape as is practical helps to prevent dangerous scattering of glass shards in the event of an implosion. Industrial-scale vacuum distillation has several advantages. Close boiling mixtures may require many equilibrium stages to separate the key components. One tool to reduce the number of stages needed is to utilize vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation columns (as depicted in Figures 2 and 3) typically used in oil refineries have diameters ranging up to about 14 meters (46 feet), heights ranging up to about 50 meters (164 feet), and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day). Vacuum distillation can improve

3136-415: The vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high oleic canola oil , castor oil , palm oil , sunflower seed oil and rapeseed oil from vegetable, and tall oil from tree sources. Many vegetable oils are often hydrolyzed to yield the acids which are subsequently combined selectively to form specialist synthetic esters. Other naturally derived lubricants include lanolin (wool grease,

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