74-495: Indo-Portuguese creoles are the several Portuguese creoles spoken in the erstwhile Portuguese Indian settlements, Cochin Portuguese Creole , Fort Bassein , Goa and Damaon , Portuguese Ceylon etc; in present-day India and Sri Lanka . These creoles are now mostly extinct or endangered. They have substantial European Portuguese words in their grammars or lexicons: The expression Indo-Portuguese may refer not only to
148-620: A semicreole in the concept defined by Holm: a semicreole is a language that has undergone “partial restructuring, producing varieties which were never fully pidginized and which preserve a substantial part of their lexifier’s structure (...) while showing a noticeable degree of restructuring”. Nevertheless, scholars like Anthony Julius Naro and Maria Marta Pereira Scherre demonstrated how every single phenomenon found in Brazilian Portuguese can also be found in regional modern European Portuguese and 1500s and 1600s European Portuguese, such as
222-504: A creole, the Cupópia language from the Quilombo do Cafundó , at Salto de Pirapora , São Paulo, discovered in 1978 and spoken by less than 40 people as a secret language, is better classified as a Portuguese variety since it is structurally similar to Portuguese, in spite of having a large number of Bantu words in its lexicon. For languages with these characteristics, H. H. do Couto has forged
296-579: A liberal economy. Budget cuts have been made at the expense of the social sector and education. The country was controlled by the military council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president. In September 2003,
370-514: A military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems". After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny in October 2004 over pay arrears resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces. In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as
444-533: A position to deny the free trade that the African kings demanded, as they had come to rely on European products and goods as necessities. The Portuguese were never able to maintain the monopoly they wanted; the economic interests of the native leaders and Afro-European traders and merchants never aligned with theirs. During this period the power of the Mali Empire in the region was dissipating. The farim of Kaabu ,
518-483: A second language. Guinea-Bissau Creole , a Portuguese-based creole , is the national language and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% of the population speak Creole as a first language and about 40% speak it as a second language. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The nation is home to numerous followers of Islam , Christianity , and multiple traditional faiths . The country's per capita gross domestic product
592-586: Is no consensus regarding the position of Saramaccan , with some scholars classifying it as Portuguese creole with an English relexification. Saramaccan may be an English creole with Portuguese words, since structurally (morphology and syntax) it is related to the Surinamese creoles ( Sranan , Ndyuka and Jamaican Maroon ), despite the heavy percentage of Portuguese origin words. Other English creole languages of Suriname, such as Paramaccan or Kwinti , have also Portuguese influences. Although sometimes classified as
666-800: Is now Guinea-Bissau is poorly understood by historians. The earliest inhabitants were the Jola , Papel , Manjak , Balanta , and Biafada peoples. Later the Mandinka and Fulani migrated into the region, in the 13th and 15th centuries, respectively. They pushed the earlier inhabitants towards the coast and onto the Bijagos islands . The Balanta and Jola had weak or non-existent institutions of kingship but emphasised decentralization, with power invested in heads of villages and families. The Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjak, and Biafada chiefs were vassals to kings. The customs, rites, and ceremonies varied, but nobles commanded all
740-590: Is one of the lowest in the world . Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone . It was also a member of the now-defunct Latin Union . The deep history of what
814-419: Is the rule in most creoles, the lexicon of these languages can be traced to the parent languages, usually with predominance of Portuguese; while the grammar is mostly original and unique to each creole with little resemblance to the syntax of Portuguese or the substrate language. These creoles are (or were) spoken mostly by communities of descendants of Portuguese, natives, and sometimes other peoples from
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#1732852403768888-478: The Mali Empire . Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others had been under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea . Portuguese control was restricted and weak until the early 20th century, when its pacification campaigns solidified Portuguese sovereignty in the area. The final Portuguese victory over
962-516: The New World . Kaabu was established first as a province of Mali through the conquest in the 13th century of the Senegambia by Tiramakhan Traore , a general under Sundiata Keita . By the 14th century much of Guinea Bissau was under the administration of Mali. It was ruled by a farim kaabu (commander of Kaabu). Mali declined gradually, beginning in the 14th century. By the early 16th century,
1036-502: The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw] ), is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to its north and Guinea to its southeast . Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu , as well as part of
1110-459: The preposition na , meaning "in" and/or "on", which would come from the Portuguese contraction na , meaning "in the" ( feminine singular ). The Portuguese word for "creole" is crioulo , which derives from the verb criar ("to raise", "to bring up") and a suffix -oulo of debated origin. Originally the word was used to distinguish the members of any ethnic group who were born and raised in
1184-524: The 15th and 16th centuries led to the establishment of a Portuguese Empire with trading posts, forts and colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Contact between the Portuguese language and native languages gave rise to many Portuguese-based pidgins , used as linguas francas throughout the Portuguese sphere of influence. In time, many of these pidgins were nativized , becoming new stable creole languages. As
1258-609: The 17th century, many creole-speaking slaves were taken to other places in Indonesia and South Africa , leading to several creoles that survived until recent times: Portuguese was present on the island of Flores , Indonesia since the 16th century, especially in Larantuka and Maumere ; it probably became extinct in the late 20th century, its traces in the local Malay-based creole language, if any, do not survive (see Larantuka Malay and Maumere Malay ). Portuguese creoles were spoken in
1332-619: The 1860s. The dispute over the status of Bolama was resolved in Portugal's favor through the mediation of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870, but French encroachment on Portuguese claims continued. In 1886 the Casamance region of what is now Senegal was ceded to them. The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) was founded in 1956 under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral . Initially committed to peaceful methods,
1406-592: The 1959 Pidjiguiti massacre pushed the party towards more militarized tactics, leaning heavily on the political mobilization of the peasantry in the countryside. After years of planning and preparing from their base in Conakry , the PAIGC launched the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence on 23 January 1963. Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies , the PAIGC rapidly extended its control over large portions of
1480-474: The Americas, demand for workers was high and the Europeans sometimes pushed for more captives to be taken. The Bijagos were mostly safe from enslavement, as they were out of reach of mainland slave raiders. Europeans avoided having them as slaves. Portuguese sources say the children made good slaves but not the adults, who were likely to commit suicide , lead rebellions aboard slave ships, or escape once reaching
1554-537: The Bangkok neighborhoods of Kudi Chin and Conception , which were former Portuguese colonies settled by Luso-Asians, and in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar. Thai Portuguese Creole was spoken by Luso-Asians in the Bangkok neighborhoods of Kudi Chin and Conception , which were former Portuguese colonies settled by Luso-Asians. The Luso-Thai communities of Kudi Chin and Conception still exist, numbering around 2,000, but
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#17328524037681628-625: The Brazilian linguistic phenomena are the "nativização" , nativization /nativism of a most radically Romanic form. The phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese are Classical Latin and Old Portuguese heritage. This is not a creole form, but a radical Romanic form. Regardless of borrowings and minor changes, it must be kept in mind that Brazilian Portuguese is not a Portuguese creole, since both grammar and vocabulary remain "real" Portuguese and its origins can be traced directly from 16th century European Portuguese. Some authors, like Swedish Parkvall, classify it as
1702-631: The British takeover. Most of the creoles of the Coast of Malabar , namely those of Cananor , Tellicherry , Mahé , Cochin (modern Kerala ), and Quilon ) had become extinct by the 19th century. In Cananor and Tellicherry, some elderly people still spoke some creole in the 1980s. The only creole that is still spoken (by a few Christian families only) is Vypin Indo-Portuguese , in the Vypin Island , near Kerala;
1776-796: The Caribbean) is closely related to the Upper Guinea Creoles: Guinea-Bissau Creole and especially with Cape Verdean Creole. Papiamento has a Portuguese basis, but has undergone a large Spanish and considerable Dutch influence. Traces of a Portuguese-based pidgin have also been detected among the enslaved population in New Netherland . Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau ( / ˌ ɡ ɪ n i b ɪ ˈ s aʊ / ; Portuguese : Guiné-Bissau ; Fula : 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮 , romanized: Gine-Bisaawo ; Mandinka : ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo ), officially
1850-491: The Kingdom of Bissau was founded by the son of the king of Quinara (Guinala), who moved to the area with his pregnant sister, six wives, and subjects of his father's kingdom. Relations between the kingdom and the Portuguese colonisers were initially warm, but deteriorated over time. The kingdom strongly defended its sovereignty against the Portuguese 'Pacification Campaigns', defeating them in 1891, 1894, and 1904. However, in 1915
1924-658: The North Konkan . Those communities were centered on Baçaim , modern Vasai , which was then called the “Northern Court of Portuguese India ” (in opposition to the "Southern Court" at Goa ). The creole languages spoken in Baçaim , Salsete , Thana , Chevai , Mahim , Tecelaria , Dadar , Parel , Cavel , Bandora (modern Bandra ), Gorai , Morol , Andheri , Versova , Malvan , Manori , Mazagão , and Chaul are now extinct. The only surviving Norteiro creoles are: These surviving Norteiro creoles have suffered drastic changes in
1998-458: The Portuguese colonial empire. Until recently creoles were considered "degenerate" dialects of Portuguese unworthy of attention. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. The monogenetic theory of pidgins assumes that some type of pidgin language — dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese — based on Portuguese
2072-678: The Portuguese under the command of Officer Teixeira Pinto and warlord Abdul Injai fully absorbed the kingdom. The Biafada people inhabited the area around the Rio Grande de Buba in three kingdoms: Biguba , Guinala , and Bissege. The former two were important ports with significant lançado communities. They were subjects of the Mandinka mansa of Kaabu. In the Bijagos Islands , people of different ethnic origins tended to settle in separate settlements. Great cultural diversity developed in
2146-490: The archipelago. Bijago society was warlike. Men were dedicated to boatbuilding and raiding the mainland, attacking the coastal peoples as well as other islands. They believed that at sea they had no king. Women cultivated the land, constructed houses, and gathered and prepared foods. They could choose their husbands, and warriors with the best reputations ranked at the top of respected status. Successful warriors could have many wives and boats, and were entitled to one third of
2220-509: The area thereafter. But some smaller Mandinka kingdoms survived until their absorption into Portuguese colonies. The first Europeans to reach Guinea-Bissau were the Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto in 1455, Portuguese explorer Diogo Gomes in 1456, Portuguese explorer Duarte Pacheco Pareira in the 1480s, and Flemish explorer Eustache de la Fosse in 1479–1480. Although the Portuguese authorities initially discouraged European settlement on
2294-454: The candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira , deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau. Foreign monitors described
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2368-546: The colonies from those who were born in their homeland. In Africa it was often applied to locally born people of (wholly or partly) Portuguese descent, as opposed to those born in Portugal; whereas in Brazil it was also used to distinguish locally born black people of African descent from those who had been brought from Africa as slaves. In time, however, this generic sense was lost, and the word crioulo or its derivatives (like "Creole" and its equivalents in other languages) became
2442-466: The country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace . Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009. It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá, against Kumba Ialá as the presidential candidate of the PRS. On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira
2516-619: The creoles but also to the creole people groups of Luso-Indians and Portuguese Burghers , who spoke them on the Indian subcontinent . This pidgin and creole language -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Portuguese creole Portuguese creoles ( Portuguese : crioulo ) are creole languages which have Portuguese as their substantial lexifier . The most widely-spoken creoles influenced by Portuguese are Cape Verdean Creole , Guinea-Bissau Creole and Papiamento . Portuguese overseas exploration in
2590-541: The designation of anticreole , which would be the inverse of a creole language, as they are seen by the non-European input theories (i.e.: creoles = African languages grammar + European languages lexicon; anticreoles = European languages grammar + African languages lexicon). There is a Portuguese dialect in Helvécia, South of Bahia that is theorized as presenting signs of an earlier decreolization. Ancient Portuguese creoles originating from Africa are still preserved in
2664-621: The early 17th century the government attempted to force all Guinean trade to go through Santiago , and to promote trade and settlement on the mainland, while restricting the sale of weapons to the locals. These efforts were largely unsuccessful. With the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, King João IV attempted to restrict the Spanish trade in Guinea that had flourished for the previous 60 years. Afro-Portuguese traders and colonists, however, were not in
2738-407: The eastern Geba region. The slave trade dominated the economy, and the warrior classes grew rich with imported cloth, beads, metalware, and firearms. Trade networks with Arabs and others to North Africa were dominant up to the 14th century. In the 15th century, coastal trade with the Europeans began to increase. In the 17th and 18th centuries an estimated 700 slaves were exported annually from
2812-473: The elections as "calm and organized", despite some reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and few "disturbances during campaigning", including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen. Three years later, Sanhá's PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence
2886-645: The epic poetry of Luís de Camões , as well as other Romance languages such as Aranese Occitan , French , Italian and Romanian , classifying these phenomena as a natural Romance drift. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese and its phonetics is more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of a koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese variations brought to Brazil and its natural drift. One Portuguese-based creole language spoken in North America is: Papiamento (spoken on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in
2960-525: The expanding power of Koli Tenguella cut off formerly secure Mali. Kaabu became an independent federation of kingdoms. The ruling classes were composed of elite warriors known as the Nyancho (Ñaanco) who traced their patrilineal lineage to Tiramakhan Traore. The Nyancho were a warrior culture , reputed to be excellent cavalry men and raiders. The Kaabu Mansaba was seated in Kansala, today known as Gabu , in
3034-566: The first elected president to complete his five-year mandate. At the same time, he was eliminated in the first round of the 2019 presidential elections , ultimately seeing Umaro Sissoco Embaló emerge as the victor. Embaló, the first president to be elected without the backing of the PAIGC, took office in February 2020. On 1 February 2022, there was an attempted coup d'état to overthrow President Umaro Sissoco Embaló. On 2 February 2022, state radio announced that four assailants and two members of
Indo-Portuguese creoles - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-732: The former Portuguese feitorias in the Gulf of Guinea , but also in the Congo region. Portuguese pidgins still exist in Angola and Mozambique . The numerous Portuguese outposts in India and Sri Lanka gave rise to many Portuguese creole languages, of which only a few have survived to the present. The largest group were the Norteiro languages , spoken by the Norteiro people , the Christian Indo-Portuguese in
3182-434: The furthest navigable point. These posts traded directly with the peoples of the interior for resources such as gum arabic , ivory , hides, civet , dyes, enslaved Africans, and gold. Local African rulers generally refused to allow Europeans into the interior, to ensure their own control of trade routes and goods. Disputes became increasingly frequent and serious in the late 1500s as the foreign traders sought to influence
3256-521: The host societies to their benefit. Meanwhile, the Portuguese monopoly, always leaky, was being increasingly challenged. In 1580 the Iberian Union unified the crowns of Portugal and Spain . Spain's enemies launched attacks on Portuguese possessions in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde. French, Dutch, and English ships increasingly came to trade with the natives and the independent-minded lançados . In
3330-494: The king of Kassa , and other local rulers began to assert their independence. In the early 1700s the Portuguese abandoned Bissau and retreated to Cacheu after the captain-major was captured and killed by the local king. They did not return until the 1750s. Meanwhile, the Cacheu and Cape Verde Company shut down in 1706. For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a foothold on Bolama Island . Guinea-Bissau
3404-525: The language has not been recorded for centuries. In Myanmar, Burmese Portuguese Creole was spoken by the Bayingyi people , a Luso-Asian group descended from Portuguese mercenaries and adventurers to Burma in the 16th and 17th centuries who were enlisted into the Burmese army and settled there. The Bayingyi community still exists, but the language has not been recorded or spoken for centuries. The Portuguese language
3478-437: The last decades. Standard Portuguese re-influenced the creole of Daman in the mid-20th century. The creoles of the Coast of Coromandel , such as of Meliapor , Madras , Tuticorin , Cuddalore , Karikal , Pondicherry , Tranquebar , Manapar , and Negapatam , were already extinct by the 19th century. Their speakers (mostly the people of mixed Portuguese-Indian ancestry, known locally as Topasses ) switched to English after
3552-635: The last native speaker of the language, William Rozario, died in 2010, but the language is still spoken and understood to some degree by the Luso-Asian community of Kochi . Christians, even in Calcutta , used Portuguese until 1811. A Portuguese creole was still spoken in the early 20th century. Portuguese creoles were spoken in Bengal , such as at Balasore , Pipli , Chandannagore , Chittagong , Midnapore and Hooghly . Significant Portuguese creoles flourished among
3626-540: The last remaining bastion of mainland resistance came in 1915, with the conquest of the Papel -ruled Kingdom of Bissau by the Portuguese military officer Teixeira Pinto and the Wolof mercenary Abdul Injai . The Bissagos , islands off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, were officially conquered in 1936, ensuring Portuguese control of both the mainland and islands of the region. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974,
3700-456: The late 18th century, European countries gradually began slowing and/or abolishing the slave trade. Portugal abandoned slavery in 1869 and Brazil in 1888, but a system of contract labor replaced it that was only barely better for the workers. Up until the late 1800s, Portuguese control of their 'colony' outside of their forts and trading posts was a fiction. Guinea-Bissau became the scene of increased European colonial competition beginning in
3774-638: The mainland, this prohibition was ignored by lançados and tangomãos , who largely assimilated into indigenous culture and customs. They ignored Portuguese trade regulations that banned entering the region or trading without a royal licence, shipping out of unauthorised ports, or assimilating into the native community. After 1520 trade and settlements increased on the mainland, populated by Portuguese and native traders, as well as some Spanish, Genoese , English, French, and Dutch. The main ports were Cacheu , Bissau , and Guinala . Each river also had such trading centers as Toubaboudougou at their fall lines,
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#17328524037683848-462: The major positions, including the judicial system. Social stratification was seen in the clothing and accessories of the people, in housing materials, and in transportation options. Trade was widespread between ethnic groups. Items traded included pepper and kola nuts from the southern forests; kola nuts, iron, and iron utensils from the savannah-forest zone; salt and dried fish from the coast; and Mandinka cotton cloth. According to oral tradition,
3922-460: The movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when its founder and leader Amilcar Cabral was assassinated. After Cabral's death, party leadership fell to Aristides Pereira , who would later become the first president of the Republic of Cape Verde . Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973, which is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day, a public holiday . The country
3996-407: The name of its capital, Bissau , was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea ). Guinea-Bissau has had a history of political instability since independence. The current president is Umaro Sissoco Embaló , who was elected on 29 December 2019. About 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language , as a first language, and 33% speak it as
4070-455: The name of several specific Upper Guinean communities and their languages: the Guinean people and their Kriol language , Cape Verdean people and their Kriolu language , all of which still today have very vigorous use, suppressing the importance of official standard Portuguese. The oldest Portuguese creole are the so-called crioulos of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese settlements along
4144-680: The northwest coast of Africa. Portuguese creoles are the mother tongues of most people in Cape Verde and the ABC Islands . In Guinea-Bissau , the creole is used as lingua franca among people speaking different languages, and is becoming the mother tongue of a growing population. They consist of two languages: Another group of creoles is spoken in the Gulf of Guinea, in São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea . Many other Portuguese creoles probably existed in
4218-612: The panos cloth that became a standard currency in West Africa. During the 17th and 18th centuries, thousands of captive Africans were taken from the region every year by Portuguese, French, and British companies. An average of 3000 persons were shipped every year from Guinala alone. Many of these captives were taken during the Fula jihads and, specifically, the wars between the Imamate of Futa Jallon and Kaabu . Wars were increasingly waged for
4292-479: The presidential guard had been killed in the incident. The African Union and ECOWAS both condemned the coup. Six days after the attempted coup d'état, on 7 February 2022, there was an attack on the building of Rádio Capital FM, a radio station critical of the Bissau-Guinean government; this was the second time the radio station suffered an attack of this nature in less than two years. A journalist working for
4366-500: The region, many of them from Kaabu. In the late 18th century, the rise of the Imamate of Futa Jallon to the east posed a powerful challenge to the animist Kaabu. During the first half of the 19th century, civil war erupted as local Fula people sought independence. This long-running conflict was marked by the 1867 Battle of Kansala ; the Fuladu effectively defeated the Kaabu and dominated
4440-578: The ritual songs of the Afro-Brazilian animist religions ( Candomblé ) . It has been conjectured that the vernacular of Brazil (not the official and standard Brazilian Portuguese ) resulted from decreolization of a creole based on Portuguese and native languages; but this is not a widely accepted view. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous and mutually intelligible with European Portuguese, and in fact quite conservative in some aspects. Academic specialists compiled by linguist Volker Noll affirm that
4514-465: The rural world, was adopted. In 1980, economic conditions deteriorated significantly, leading to general discontent with the government in power. On 14 November 1980, João Bernardo Vieira , known as "Nino Vieira", overthrew President Luís Cabral. The constitution was suspended and a nine-member Military Council of the Revolution, chaired by Vieira, was established. Since then, the country has moved toward
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#17328524037684588-713: The so-called Burgher and Kaffir communities of Sri Lanka: Bengali Portuguese Creole was spoken by Luso-Asians and Roman Catholics in Bangladesh until its extinction in the late 19th to early 20th century. Bangladeshi Luso-Asians who spoke Bengali Portuguese Creole were concentrated in Chittagong , in the old Portuguese settlement of Firingi Bazar , formerly the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Bengal. A smaller but still significant population of Bengali Portuguese Creole speakers
4662-486: The sole purpose of capturing slaves to sell to the Europeans in exchange for imported goods. They resembled man-hunts more than conflicts over territory or political power. The nobles and kings benefited, while the common people bore the brunt of the raiding and insecurity. If a noble was captured, they were likely to be released, as the captors, whoever they were, would generally accept a ransom in exchange for freeing them. The relationship between kings and European traders
4736-422: The spoils gained by warriors who used their boats in any expedition. Bijago night raids on coastal settlements had significant effects on the societies attacked. Portuguese traders on the mainland tried to stop the raids, as they hurt the local economy. But the islanders also sold considerable numbers of villagers captured in raids as slaves to the Europeans. With colonisation underway in other parts of Africa and
4810-456: The territory. Aided by the jungle-like terrain, it had easy access to borders with neighbouring allies and large quantities of arms from Cuba , China , the Soviet Union , and left-leaning African countries. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although
4884-413: Was a partnership, with the two regularly making deals on how the trade was to be conducted, defining who could be enslaved and who could not, and the prices of the slaves. Contemporary chroniclers questioned multiple kings on their part in the slave trade, and noted that they recognised the trade as evil but participated because otherwise the Europeans would not buy any other goods from them. Beginning in
4958-476: Was again appointed as an interim president. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties. The 2014 general election saw José Mário Vaz elected President of Guinea-Bissau. Vaz became
5032-525: Was among the first regions whose people engaged in the Atlantic slave trade . For centuries its warriors had sent captives as slaves to North Africa. While it did not produce the same number of enslaved people to export to the Americas as other regions, the effects were still significant. In Cape Verde, Guinean slaves were instrumental in developing the labor-intensive plantation economy: they cultivated and processed, growing indigo and cotton , and also wove
5106-406: Was appointed the first president of Guinea-Bissau . Independence had begun under the best of auspices. The Bissau-Guinean diaspora had returned to the country en masse. A system of access to school for all had been created. Books were free and schools seemed to have a sufficient number of teachers. The education of girls, previously neglected, was encouraged and a new school calendar, more adapted to
5180-442: Was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed. On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai , who had been killed in an explosion the day before. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in
5254-555: Was formally recognized as independent on 10 September 1974. Nicolae Ceaușescu 's Romania was the first country to formally recognise Guinea-Bissau and the first to sign agreements with the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde . Upon the nation's independence, it declared Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada as its national anthem. Until 1996, this was shared with Cape Verde , which later adopted its own official national anthem Cântico da Liberdade . Luís Cabral , brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC,
5328-648: Was located in the smaller Firingi Bazar of Dhaka; the word Firingi is derived from the Persian word farang meaning foreigner. In the past, Portuguese creoles were also spoken in Myanmar and Bangladesh . The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in Malacca , Malaysia , as well as in the Moluccas . After the takeover of those places by the Dutch in
5402-547: Was present in Portugal's colony Macau since the mid-16th century. A Portuguese creole, Patua, developed there. Macanese is primarily derived from Cantonese and Portuguese, with influence and vocabulary from Malay and Sinhala . It is nearly extinct in Macau, being spoken by an estimated 50 people in 2007, but more Macanese speakers likely exist among the diaspora. A few Portuguese creoles are found in South America: There
5476-485: Was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. According to this theory, this variety may have been the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. This may explain to some extent why Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages, such as
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