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23-454: The Indianapolis Freeman (1884–1926) was the first illustrated black newspaper in the United States. Founder and owner Louis Howland, who was soon replaced by Edward Elder Cooper , published its first print edition on November 20, 1884. Cooper sold the paper to George L. Knox in 1892. Knox shifted the paper's political allegiance from Democratic to Republican because he was one of

46-752: A city that became a publishing center. The paper covered all geographic areas of the AME Church, but regional versions also developed, including the Southern Christian Recorder and the Western Christian Recorder . These two were later merged to create the Southwestern Christian Recorder. In 1952 after the AME Church Book Concern was dissolved, the paper's headquarters moved to Nashville, Tennessee . In 1960

69-648: A wall that let black people into society. The Roanoke Tribune was founded in 1939 by Fleming Alexander , and recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. The Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder is Minnesota's oldest black-owned newspaper and one of the United States' oldest ongoing minority publication, second only to The Jewish World . Many Black newspapers that began publishing in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s went out of business because they could not attract enough advertising. They were also victims of their own substantial efforts to eradicate racism and promote civil rights. As of 2002 , about 200 Black newspapers remained. With

92-706: The Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865–1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee ; Garth C. Reeves Sr. (1919–2019), publisher emeritus of the Miami Times ; and Robert Lee Vann (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier . In the 1940s, the number of newspapers grew from 150 to 250. From 1881 to 1909,

115-536: The National Colored Press Association (American Press Association) operated as a trade association. The National Negro Business League -affiliated National Negro Press Association filled that role from 1909 to 1939. The Chicago-based Associated Negro Press (1919–1964) was a subscription news agency "with correspondents and stringers in all major centers of black population". In 1940, Sengstacke led African American newspaper publishers in forming

138-681: The Reconstruction era , virtually every large city with a significant African American population had newspapers directed towards African Americans. These newspapers gained audiences outside African American circles. Demographic changes continued with the Great Migration from southern states to northern states from 1910 to 1930 and during the Second Great Migration from 1941 to 1970. In the 21st century, papers (like newspapers of all sorts) have shut down, merged, or shrunk in response to

161-661: The 1860s, the newspapers The Elevator and the Pacific Appeal emerged in California as a result of black participation in the Gold Rush. The American Freedman was a New York-based paper that served as an outlet to inspire African Americans to use the Reconstruction era as a time for social and political advancement. This newspaper did so by publishing articles that referenced African American mobilization during that era that had not only local support but had gained support from

184-523: The Freeman's Artist" and "as seen by the artist" in illustration captions. The Freeman employed Black agents across the country from its start, claiming to have over 200 agents in towns and cities nationally by 1914. The Freeman boasted the largest circulation of any Black newspaper, and the publication included more advertisements for Black entertainment than any other paper. Black newspaper As African Americans moved to urban centers beginning during

207-511: The decline of print media and proliferation of internet access, more black news websites emerged, most notably Black Voice News , The Grio , The Root , and Black Voices . The Christian Recorder The Christian Recorder is the official newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is the oldest continuously published African-American newspaper in the United States. It has been called "arguably

230-580: The dominance of the Internet in terms of providing free news and information, and providing cheap advertising. Most of the early African American publications, such as Freedom's Journal, were published in the North and then distributed, often covertly, to African Americans throughout the country. The newspaper often covered regional, national, and international news. It also addressed the issues of American slavery and The American Colonization Society which involved

253-597: The founding of the National Federation of Afro American Women in 1895. It was also one of the first newspapers, along with the National Association Notes , to create journalism career opportunities for Southern black women. Many African American newspapers struggled to keep their circulation going due to the low rate of literacy among African Americans. Many freed African Americans had low incomes and could not afford to purchase subscriptions but shared

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276-522: The global community as well. The name The Colored Citizen was used by various newspapers established in the 1860s and later. In 1885, Daniel Rudd formed the Ohio Tribune , said to be the first newspaper "printed by and for Black Americans ", which he later expanded into the American Catholic Tribune , purported to the first Black-owned national newspaper. The Cleveland Gazette

299-734: The most influential Black Republicans in Indiana. The paper shifted back toward the Democratic Party in its final days due to the power of the Ku Klux Klan over the Indiana Republican Party . Knox was the publisher from 1893 to 1926. The paper was called "A National Illustrated Colored Newspaper" and was referred to as a national race paper. It had a circulation of 25,000. Sold internationally, it covered everything from small Black communities to sports and entertainment. Booker T. Washington

322-486: The most powerful black periodical of the nineteenth century," a time when there were few sources for news and information about Black communities. The Recorder covered secular as well as religious news, and reported news of the black regiments serving in the Civil War . It advocated support for Union troops. It was also known for having an Information Wanted section, where Black families who had been forcibly separated in

345-496: The press, displaced Black women to the background of a movement they spearheaded. A woman's issue, and a Black woman's issue, was being covered by the press. However, reporting diminished the roles of the women fighting for teacher salary equalization and “diminished the presence of the teachers’ salary equalization fight” in national debates over equality in education. There were many specialized black publications, such as those of Marcus Garvey and John H. Johnson . These men broke

368-570: The publications with one another. African American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. By the 20th century, daily papers appeared in Norfolk , Chicago , Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1870–1940) and John H. Sengstacke (1912–1997), publishers of the Chicago Defender ; John Mitchell Jr. (1863–1929), editor of

391-796: The repatriation of free blacks back to Africa. Some notable black newspapers of the 19th century were Freedom's Journal (1827–1829), Philip Alexander Bell 's Colored American (1837–1841), the North Star (1847–1860), the National Era , The Aliened American in Cleveland (1853–1855), Frederick Douglass' Paper (1851–1863), the Douglass Monthly (1859–1863), The People's Advocate , founded by John Wesley Cromwell and Travers Benjamin Pinn (1876–1891), and The Christian Recorder (1861–1902). In

414-508: The slave trade could seek news about their missing loved ones. The paper's coverage included birth, marriage, and death notices. It also featured music, poetry, and reader stories, and was "a major source of literature by and for African-Americans" during this time period. The paper published Julia C. Collins ' novel as 31 serialized chapters in 1865, as well as many of her essays. It also printed works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and James W. C. Pennington . The Christian Recorder

437-473: The time, the Indianapolis Freeman had a full staff of African American artists dedicated to producing original illustrations for the newspaper. The paper published representations of blackness created by Black artists for a Black viewership. The intention of the newspaper to replace white perceptions of blackness with Black representation of blackness was noted by repetition of the phrases "as observed by

460-567: The trade association known in the 21st century as the National Newspaper Publishers Association . During the 1930s and 1940s, the Black southern press both aided and, to an extent, hindered the equal payment movement of Black teachers in the southern United States. Newspaper coverage of the movement served to publicize the cause. However, the way in which the movement was portrayed, and those whose struggles were highlighted in

483-458: Was a contributor. The paper came out on Sundays and it was said its negative review could ruin a career. Hurt by inflation following World War I and competition from the more locally focused Indianapolis Recorder , the paper ceased publication in 1926. The paper frequently featured the writings of Richard W. Thompson , who was managing editor from 1888 to 1893. Unlike other Black newspapers that reprinted photographs, woodcuts, and drawings at

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506-585: Was established in the 1880s and continued for decades. The national Afro-American Press Association was formed in 1890 in Indianapolis, Indiana . In 1894, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin founded The Woman's Era , the first nationally distributed newspaper published by and for African American women in the United States. The Woman's Era began as the official publication of the National Association of Colored Women , and grew in import and impact with

529-680: Was originally a weekly paper called the Mystery , later The Christian Herald , started by Rev. Augustus R. Green in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . The name was changed to The Christian Recorder in 1852 under the editorship of Rev. M. M. Clark, with approval of the AME Church General Conference. It published ads to reunite black families following emancipation . It was published by the AME Church Book Concern in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,

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