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55-510: † I. punjabiensis (Lydekker, 1884) † I. zdanskyi (Qiu & Tedford, 2003) † I. sinensis (Zdansky, 1924) † I. vireti (Villalta & Crusafont, 1943) † I. arctoides (Deperet, 1895) † I. anthracitis (Weithofer, 1888) † I. salmontanus (Pilgrim, 1913) † I. atticus (Weithofer, 1888) † I. bakalovi (Kovachev, 1988) † I. lagrelli (Zdansky, 1924) † I. oregonensis (Merriam et al., 1916) † I. nevadensis (Macdonald, 1959) Indarctos

110-606: A herbivorous diet, and it was ancestral to the later I. punjabensis . I. punjabiensis : This species is the geologically youngest and last species of Indarctos . It had a wide distribution 6.3–6.5 Ma during the Late Miocene , across Eurasia. It is known from the Karabulak formation of Kazakhstan , to China and the Dhon Pathan formation of Indo- Pakistan . It descended from the earlier I. arctoides , but unlike its ancestor, it

165-515: A junior synonym of A. horribilis , and A. kurteni a synonym of A. palanderi . The species Amphimachairodus hezhengensis was described in 2023. Amphimachairodus has been suggested to be a paraphyletic evolutionary grade that evolved from species of the genus Machairodus , and is in turn ancestral to later homotherines like Homotherium . There was marked sexual dimorphism in A. giganteus , with males being much larger than females. The species Amphimachairodus coloradensis , from

220-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

275-520: A long chase, but it most likely was a good jumper. It probably used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey, severing the major arteries and possibly crushing the windpipe. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were not as delicate as those of most other saber-toothed cats of the time, which had extremely long canines that hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Amphimachairodus , however, were able to easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long enough to be effective for hunting. This specimen

330-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

385-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

440-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

495-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

550-484: Is an extinct genus of bear, endemic to North America , Europe and Asia during the Miocene . It was present from ~11.1 to 5.3 Ma , existing for approximately 6.2 million years . The oldest member is from Arizona (~11.1—7.7 Ma) and youngest is (~9.0—5.3 Ma) from Kazakhstan . In North America this animal was contemporary with Plionarctos (~10.3—3.3 Ma). A molar (designated to MNA 1839/km-83) discovered from

605-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

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660-409: Is rather long, but rivaled by the skulls of the two largest species of extant cats: the lion and tiger . When compared with the skull of a regular lion, it is long and very narrow, particularly in the muzzle and width of the zygomatic arches . Its sagittal crest is well pronounced. Compared with other machairodonts, the canines are stout and capable of large amounts of stress. This characteristic

715-452: Is slightly remodeled in females, whose canines are slimmer and generally longer. Compared with females, the orbit of males are smaller, muzzles larger, the anterior-most portion of the nasal bones generally flare upwards slightly, and the downward slope of the dorsal edge of the skull in front of the orbit is not as pronounced, producing a straighter profile. Compared with the most well known machairodont Smilodon , commonly referred to as

770-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

825-426: Is suggested to have weighed over 350 kg (770 lb). This would make it comparable in size to Xenosmilus , Machairodus horribillis and slightly smaller than Smilodon populator . In 2022, this species was proposed to be reassigned to a separate genus, called Adeilosmilus . Amphimachairodus was about 2 metres (6.6 feet) long and probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain

880-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

935-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

990-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1045-630: The Karabulak formation in 1988 was tentatively assigned to Indarctos sp . In 2017 it was re examined and assigned to I. punjabensis. The tooth was found to belong to a young individual, which might possibly be a male, and is the largest tooth known from the species. This might be due to sexual dimorphism since extant male bears are larger than the females. Indarctos is known from several species spread widely across Eurasia, North America, and North Africa , however, most of them are known from fragmentary remains which leaves us with insufficient knowledge of

1100-411: The anatomy , lifestyle, taxonomy and paleoecology of some species. These species are usually established based on poor remains, where the presence of sexual dimorphism, paleogeographical variation and individual variation is not taken into account, resulting in a number of species whose taxonomic validity is doubted. The following are some species of this genus: I. arctoides : This species had

1155-529: The late Miocene epoch . The genus Amphimachairodus was first proposed by Miklos Kretzoi for the species Machairodus palanderi . Machairodus horribilis was first described in 1903 by Schlosser, who failed to correctly designate a holotype specimen, and thus the species was largely ignored until a 2008 paper redescribed the species and properly designated a lectotype for it. It was subsequently suggested to be reassigned to Amphimachairodus by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2019). Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus

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1210-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1265-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1320-400: The "saber-toothed cat", the canines are much shorter, the facial portion again is much longer, and the teeth not reduced so far in number. Several machairodonts, namely Megantereon , bear flanges on the mandible, which are very reduced in A. giganteus though characteristics of the mandible associated with the flanges are present, particularly the lateral flattening of the anterior portion of

1375-476: The United States (formerly Machairodus coloradensis ) was a significantly large animal, about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) at the shoulder, according to skeletal and life reconstructions, potentially making it one of the largest known felids. All Amphimachairodus species have a developed mandibular flange, however, A. colaradensis is distinguishable from A. giganteus and A. kurteni by subtle differences in

1430-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1485-538: The bear and possibly also stealing kills from hyenas such as Thalassictis and from Metailurus when the opportunity arose. In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Amphimachairodus coloradensis shared territory with Agriotherium as it had in Africa and Eurasia, but also shared territory with the feliform Barbourofelis and the canids such as Vulpes , Epicyon and Borophagus , and herbivores like

1540-511: The camels Aepycamelus and Hemiauchenia the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx , horses like Dinohippus , Neohipparion and Nannippus , the peccary Prosthennops and rhinoceroses like Teleoceras and Aphelops . At the Optima fossil site in Oklahoma isotopic analysis suggest a high degree of niche partitioning within the carnivore guild ( Agriotherium , Borophagus , Eucyon , &

1595-425: The fauna living there was much the same, differing only by species in many cases. Among the creatures it shared its environment with were bovids such as Parabos , Lutung monkeys, the proboscidean Anancus , the rhino Aceratherium , antelopes such as Tragoportax and Miotragocerus as well as gazelles and deer, a very large species of hyrax , early goats, various giraffes, camels such as Paracamelus ,

1650-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1705-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

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1760-465: The genus Megantereon . In addition, animals such as crocodiles, three-toed horses, fish, monkeys, hippos, aardvarks, turtles, rodents, giraffes, snakes, antelopes, pigs, mongooses, foxes, hyenas, otters, honey badgers and the hominid Sahelanthropus dwelled here, providing ample food. Based on these and other fossils, it is theorized that the Djurab was once the shore of a lake, generally forested close to

1815-493: The horse Hipparion , a species of aardvark , the chalicothere Ancylotherium and the beaver-like Dipoides . Other carnivores it shared its territory with include the percrocutid Dinocrocuta , the bear Agriotherium , fellow machairodonts Metailurus and Paramachairodus and hyenas like Thalassictis . The larger herbivores were likely common prey for Amphimachairodus , and it likely would have competed with Agriotherium for food, possibly yielding kills to

1870-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1925-574: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Amphimachairodus Amphimachairodus is an extinct genus of large machairodonts . It is also a member of the tribe Homotherini within Machairodontinae and is most closely related to such species as Xenosmilus , Homotherium itself, and Nimravides . It inhabited Eurasia , Northern Africa and North America during

1980-575: The mandible, creating a cross section more square than semi-circular. The dental formula for this specimen is 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.1 . Amphimachairodus giganteus was an inhabitant of woodlands and open floodplains as based on finds in Pikermi in Greece and Shanxi Province in China, indicating it had habitat preferences similar to modern lions in many respects. Specimens recovered from Turolian deposits indicate that

2035-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

2090-449: The mustelid Pliotaxidea ) with A. coloradensis having a preference for horses (61.4%) as opposed to camels, mastodons, pronghorns & rhinos (38.7%). A. coloradensis also had the lowest degree of moderate & heavy tooth wear, suggesting it primarily fed on soft tissues. In the Djurab desert in northern Chad, Amphimachairodus kabir co-existed with fellow machairodonts Lokotunjailurus , Tchadailurus and early representatives of

2145-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

2200-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

2255-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

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2310-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

2365-399: The shape of the mandible and placement of lower carnassials . In size and proportions, the Eurasian species A. giganteus was remarkably similar to a modern lion or tiger and had a shoulder height of 1.1 m (3.6 ft). This species has a skull length of around 14 in (36 cm). The African species A. kabir (formerly Machairodus kabir , from Arabic kabir = "big")

2420-467: The shore with savannah-like areas some distance away. The great number of cat species in the environment indicates that there was significant prey and available niches for multiple species of large felids to coexist. In the middle Miocene of the Tibetan Plateau , Amphimachairodus hezhengensis would have coexisted with a number of other large carnivores including two species of medium-sized bears,

2475-677: The species I. punjabiensis is known from the Karabulak formation which dates to 6.3–6.5 Ma ( Late Miocene ). It coexisted with three mustelids ( Martes sp ., Promeles sp. , Plesiogulo crassa Teilhard ), three feliforms ( Adcrocuta eximia , Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides orlovi , Amphimachairodus kurteni ), four perissodactyls ( Hipparion hippidiodus , H. elegans , Chilotherium sp. , Sinotherium zaisanensis ) , and six artiodactyls ( Cervavitus novorossiae , Procapreolus latifrons , Samotherium cf. irtyshense , Paleotragus (Yuorlovia) asiaticus , Tragoportax sp. , Gazella dorcadoides ). The climate that Indarctos punjabensis lived in

2530-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

2585-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

2640-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2695-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2750-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2805-430: Was omnivorous and bigger in size. Based on the resemblance of its forelimbs to those of the modern brown bear , it possibly had similar locomotor adaptations. Evolutionary features such as this led to the migration of Indarctos -like bears into North America. At the end of the Late Miocene , Indarctos punjabiensis went extinct as the last species of its genus. Some sites and specimen ages: In Kazakhstan ,

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2860-561: Was described in 1988 by Joan Pons-Moyà based on fossils from the early Pliocene, found on the Iberian Peninsula. But Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019 considered the fossils too scarce to confirm its assignment to the genus. Machairodus kurteni was described in 1992. The same paper also resurrected the previously-synonymized Pogonodon copei as Machairodus copei , and reassigned the subspecies Machairodus aphanistus taracliensis as Machairodus giganteus taracliensis . Machairodus kabir

2915-435: Was described in 2005, and reassigned to Amphimachairodus in 2007. The describing paper also considered the species Machairodus tingii , Machairodus leoninus , Machairodus taracliensis , and Machairodus palanderi synonyms or subspecies of "Machairodus" giganteus . Amphimachairodus alvarezi was described by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019. In 2023, a review of the genus considered species Amphimachairodus irtychensis

2970-524: Was from a large male A. giganteus with the skull measuring 14 in (36 cm) from the Late Miocene in China , comparable to a male lion or tiger. Deformation of the skull through natural fossilization processes has changed the shape slightly, making it asymmetrical, but overall it remains an excellent specimen for studying the cranial morphology of this particular genus and species. For felines, this skull

3025-505: Was mild and arid. It was a habitat of wide, open steppes . Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

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