Indang , officially the Municipality of Indang ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Indang ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 68,699 people.
124-494: The municipality is situated in the central part of Cavite Province approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from Tagaytay Ridge . The Municipality consists of the Poblacion and surrounding barangays with a total land area of 8,920 hectares (22,000 acres). Indang (originally called Indan ) was established as a town in 1655, when it was administratively separated from the nearby town of Silang, Cavite . Indang derived its name from
248-493: A tropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Aw ) with two pronounced seasons: wet season and dry season. Wet season covers the period from May to December of each year and dry season covers the period from January to April. Due to the rolling landscape of the town, the southern villages near the Mendez and Alfonso borders, due to high elevations and the nearness to Tagaytay, experience cooler temperatures as compared to those in
372-648: A certification to PTK2 H2O authorising it "to utilise, use, or tap" four rivers in Indang. After the certification in 2008, the company began ground clearing operations and excavation in Barangay Kayquit II . Meanwhile, the Save Waters of Indang Movement criticized the DENR Region IV-A for issuing an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) without the required Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that would assess
496-514: A coastline of 190 km (118.1 mi), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east, Bulacan and Pampanga on the north, and Bataan on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km (6,563.7 sq mi) of watershed area, with the Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), it
620-540: A combined population of 1,864,560 at the 2020 Census) are now suburbs of Metro Manila due to increasing urbanization in the late 20th century. This province forms part of the Greater Manila Area . The name "Cavite" comes from the Hispanicized form of kawit (alternatively kalawit ), Tagalog for "hook", in reference to the small hook-shaped peninsula jutting out to Manila Bay . The name originally applied to
744-525: A decline in water quality and deteriorating marine habitats. It also serves a focus for recreation for Metro Manila and is a popular destination for walks and for viewing the sunset. Much of the land fronting the bay along Metro Manila is reclaimed land which now includes important sites such as the Philippine Senate and the Mall of Asia . On September 27, 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by
868-590: A landmark that helped guide sailors into Manila bay. The mansion remained unfinished after the People Power Revolution in 1986 that toppled the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos . The new government renamed it the People's Park in the Sky , to show the excesses of the ousted regime. In 2002, Region IV was split into two parts: Region IV-A, known as Calabarzon ; and Region IV-B, known as Mimaropa . Cavite
992-464: A length of four kilometers. Global warming poses a great threat in the conservation of Manila Bay and its bordering cities. With recent studies predicting that the sea level could rise between .75 and 1.9 metres by 2100 and considering the vast landscape of development, growing industries and overly dense population, the exponential assets exposed to flood-prone zones is a dire issue. The Philippine Country Study to Address Climate Change has depicted
1116-514: A majority of English and Tagalog speakers. Almost all households in the town are bilingual and know how to speak English. Christianity is the predominant faith, composed of Catholics, Protestants, and other independent Christian groups. A considerable percentage of the population are also composed of Muslims. Religious tolerance exists among members of different sects. Poverty incidence of Indang Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The economy of Indang largely depends on agriculture. It
1240-673: A member of the grass family, is one of the most available forest products found in the municipalities of Ternate , Magallanes , Maragondon and General Aguinaldo throughout the year. These lands are being used in various ways, either for agriculture, residences, open areas, etc. Based on the Cavite Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005–2010, Cavite's alienable and disposable lands are further classified into production lands and built-up areas. Production lands in Cavite are intended for agriculture, fishery, and mining . On
1364-508: A proactive approach to this environmental issue through governance of a detailed impact assessment covering the following elements: Physical Environment Habitat and Species Vulnerability Analysis In 2010, at the occasion of the first Inter-LGU Forum on Tidal Flooding in Manila, the Dutch ambassador Robert Brinks recommended to close Manila Bay and build dykes in order to protect Manila and
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#17328523625701488-535: A refinery set up by FilOil Refinery Corporation . An influx of new residents into the north and west parts of Carmona led to the separation of these portions into a new town, General Mariano Alvarez , in 1981. The migration had begun in 1968, when the Carmona Resettlement Project was established under the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC) - an effort to resettle illegal settlers from around
1612-508: A sailor in Cavite, and published the first Latin American novel called "Infortunios de Alonso Ramirez" The years: 1636, 1654, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 70, 89, 225, and 211 Latin-American soldiers from Mexico at Cavite . In 1614, the politico-military jurisdiction of Cavite was established. As with many other provinces organized during the Spanish colonial era, Cavite City, the name of
1736-474: A statement that the use of dolomite is not a known health hazard. As with other beach nourishment projects, the area can serve as additional habitat for a number of species such as sea turtles, as well as sea birds and beach flora. When the beach was first opened to the public, a flock of egrets were seen at the beach area. Water quality significantly improved, especially around the beach area. The DENR reported significant drop of fecal coliform level in
1860-557: Is a natural harbor that serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon ), in the Philippines . Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries, becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to Spanish occupation . With an area of 1,994 km (769.9 sq mi), and
1984-515: Is a first-class municipality. The 80.45% or 7,176.38 hectares are primarily devoted to agriculture. They are predominantly planted with various types of crops like coconut, banana, coffee, fruit trees, and pineapple, while there are small portions of rice, root crops, vegetables, and corn. Most farmers are engaged in multi-cropping farming system. The largest number of employment is farming and trading of agricultural products. Livestock and poultry raisers occupied an area of about 22.76 hectares or 0.32% of
2108-515: Is a university in the province of Cavite in the Philippines . Its 72-hectare (180-acre) main campus, known as the Don Severino de las Alas Campus, is located in the Municipality of Indang, Cavite about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Manila . The educational institution has ten other campuses spread all over the province. The school was established initially as an intermediate school by
2232-400: Is adjacent to meat section of market building. It has complete facilities like corral and hog-holding pen with drainage and sanitation facilities. Land transportation is the principal mode of transporting goods and services in Indang and its neighbouring municipalities and cities. Vehicular routes going to other municipalities are: There are several types of vehicles traversing the place, but
2356-481: Is divided into four physiographical areas, namely: the lowest lowland area, the lowland area, the central hilly area, and the upland mountainous area. Cavite's land resources are categorized into two: forest lands and alienable and disposable lands. Forest lands are being maintained as they play a great role in the ecological balance of the province aside from the fact that they are home to numerous flora and fauna that needs to be protected and preserved. Correspondingly,
2480-453: Is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is 19 km (11.8 mi) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However, width of the bay varies from 22 km (13.7 mi) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point. The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi (3.2 km) towards
2604-496: Is expected to cross Manila Bay and connect the provinces of Bataan and Cavite . The detailed engineering design and marine geophysical surveys for the bridge are currently being completed before the start of the construction. Successive changes in and around Manila Bay are largely due to the intertwining impacts of continued industrialization, unrelenting increase in population, and incessant human activities catering to livelihood and habitation. These factors are directly degrading
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#17328523625702728-422: Is furthermore fairy well dissected by numerous creeks and streams that are deeply cut., characterised by steep and abrupt banks. Rivers, creeks and spring supply the water needed for both agricultural and households purposes. These rivers and creeks also serves as natural drainage into which storm water is discharged and flow in northern direction to discharged into either Manila Bay or Laguna de Bay . Indang has
2852-500: Is in itself triumphant. Further steps to meet the challenge of rehabilitation and sea-level rise within Manila Bay may include additional research to gain insight to the complex nature of existent ecosystems; investment to coastal protection means such as the implementation of concrete walls; laws and policies dedicated to the protection of habitats and restriction or zoning of developments; as well as public educational programs to increase
2976-416: Is one of the oldest in the province. De las Alas later served in newly formed Revolutionary Government as Interior Secretary. The Cavite State University began here in 1906 as an intermediate school and was later transformed into a high school. Named after Severino De las Alas in 1958, it later become a college in 1962 and in 1998 earned university status. In 2008, Previous Mayor Bienvenido Dimero issued
3100-408: Is the third component of production land-use in the province. As of 2009, there are 15 mining and quarrying areas operating in Cavite. Extraction includes filling materials, gravel, and sand. The built-up areas are mainly composed of residential and industrial sites. This also includes commercial and business areas where commerce is transpiring. According to the 2007 Census of Population and Housing by
3224-535: The Calabarzon region, only after Rizal . Cavite occupies a land area of 1,526.28 square kilometers (589.30 sq mi), which is approximately 9.05% of Calabarzon's total land area, 3.07% of the regional area and 0.48% of the total land area of the Philippines. The municipalities of Maragondon and Silang have the biggest land areas, comprising 165.49 square kilometers (63.90 sq mi) and 156.41 square kilometers (60.39 sq mi) respectively, while
3348-551: The Cavite mutiny when 200 Filipinos staged a rebellion within Spanish garrisons. On August 28, 1896, when the revolution against Spain broke out, Cavite became a bloody theater of war. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo , Caviteños made lightning raids on Spanish headquarters, and soon liberated the entire province through the Battle of Alapan . Aguinaldo commanded the Revolution to its successful end –
3472-522: The Maluku Islands , and named this land Ternate after their former homeland. Owing to its military importance, Cavite had been attacked by foreigners in their quest to conquer Manila and the Philippines. The Dutch made a surprise attack on the city in 1647, pounding the port incessantly, but were repulsed. In 1672, the British occupied the port during their two-year control in the Philippines. In
3596-558: The Polytechnic University of the Philippines . Presidential Decree No. 1 of 1972 grouped the Provinces of the Philippines into administrative regions, and Cavite was organized into Region IV. The Luzon mainland provinces of this region - Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon - were prioritized for industrialization, and large amounts of agricultural land in Cavite were acquired for conversion into industrial estates throughout
3720-506: The Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Chavacano : Provincia de Cavite ), is a Philippines province in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . On the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines. As of 2020, it has a population of 4,344,829, making it the most populated province in
3844-629: The Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers (the Aurora , Zhemchug , and Oleg ) managed to make port in then- United States -controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in this conflict, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially came to an end in September 1905. During
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3968-728: The Thomasites , a group of American teachers brought by the United States during the early part of the American colonial period to revamp the system of education in the country. By 1964, the school has grown into a college known as the Don Severino Agricultural College (DSAC). It became a university on January 22, 1998, and was renamed as the Cavite State University. Cavite Province Cavite , officially
4092-580: The World War II , Corregidor Island was captured by the Japanese forces based in Manila Bay. Much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the Battles of La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. The bay remains important for commerce and industry, including fishing, although rapid urban growth and industrialization are contributing to
4216-418: The 17th century, encomiendas (Spanish Royal land grants ) were given in Cavite and Maragondon to Spanish conquistadores and their families. By the end of the 1700s, Cavite was the main port of Manila and was a province of 5,724 native families and 859 Spanish Filipino families . The religious orders began acquiring these lands, with some donated, enlarging vast haciendas (estates) in Cavite during
4340-489: The 18th and 19th centuries, enriching themselves. These haciendas became the source of bitter conflicts between the friar orders and Filipino farmers and pushed a number of Caviteños to live as outlaws. This opposition to the friar orders was an important factor that drove many Cavite residents to support reform, and later, independence. In 1872, Filipinos launched their revolt against Spain. Three Filipino priests— Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora —were implicated in
4464-477: The 1968 formation of the Communist Party of the Philippines as the reason for the social unrest of the period. There were clashes between government and communist protesters in the rural areas and the western highlands of Cavite. Another conflict faced by the Philippines throughout the last part of the 20th century had some of its roots in Cavite - the moro conflict, which was largely sparked by outrage in
4588-525: The 1970s and early 1980s. However, these government-owned or corporate-owned estates were unsuccessful at first, and many of them became unused lands well into the Philippine economic collapse of the early 1980s. Old Cavite residents who were primarily engaged in agriculture were displaced and left the province, replaced by a rising number of residents from the capital region. Rosario was the first Cavite town to have several large industrial projects, including
4712-546: The 1987 Constitution (Article II, Section 16) there exists legal basis for environmental protection with the provision that: “the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.” Manila Bay Declaration 2001 recognized Manila Bay as a source of food, employment and income for the people as well as the gateway for tourism and recreation. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
4836-523: The Bataan area, species of mangrove swamps that are found thriving include: Plantations of Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) co-exists with the mangroves found in these areas. Covering about 4,600 hectares, wetlands around Manila Bay are useful in: Mudflats , sand flats, swamps , beaches and rocky shores form part of the wetlands in Manila Bay. Found mostly along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga, mudflats are suitable habitats for shellfish. Contributing to
4960-455: The FACGF raised a regiment in each of the administrative units and also created attached special battalions. Overall, three special battalions, one medical battalion, one signal company, one hospital unit, and Division GHQ and Staff were raised to provide administrative and combat support. Later on, the FACGF, with a peak of 14,371 Enlisted Men and 1,245 officers, grew into a formidable force to take on
5084-693: The Japanese discovered his guerilla connection and raided his house in the attempt to capture him, but he escaped along with Col. Lamberto Javalera by swimming the Imus river up to Salinas, Bacoor and finally joined his comrades in the field in Neneng, the General Headquarters of the Fil American Cavite Guerilla Forces (FACGF) located in Dasmariñas . At this time due to his organizational skills
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5208-524: The Japanese occupiers, and protected at all costs the National Highway 17 (Aguinaldo Highway) from Tagaytay City to Las Piñas that serve as the vital supply route of the U.S. 11th Airborne Division, paving the way towards the road to the bitter but victorious Battle of Manila . The economic growth of the country began to creep its way to the province following the end of the Second World War and
5332-638: The North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. Manila Bay was connected to Laguna de Bay (pronounced "bai") approximately 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the Pasig River . The bay
5456-561: The North and 6.5 mi (10.5 km) wide on the South side. Mariveles , in the province of Bataan , is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and Sangley Point is the former location of Cavite Naval Base . On either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage: 40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite . Across
5580-701: The Philippine Statistics Authority, there are 611,450 occupied housing units in Cavite. Moreover, according to the Housing and Land-Use Regulatory Board, there are around 1,224 housing subdivisions with issued license to sell in the province until 2009 which occupies an area of 9,471 hectares (23,400 acres). Meanwhile, the industrial sector also develops rapidly in the province. For 2009, operational industrial estates cover around 2,939 hectares (7,260 acres). Tourism establishments are also considered built-up areas such as golf courses, leisure farms, resorts and
5704-694: The Philippines for example had issued the Metro Manila Development Authority an order to "demolish illegal structures and dwellings along riverbanks and waterways connected to Manila Bay by 2015" in March 2011 as an attempt to decrease mass occurrences of water pollution. Projects involving the wider communities include organization of the "Manila Bay Clean Up Run," which essentially supports the Philippine Environment Agencies with their objectives to raise funding and awareness towards
5828-487: The Philippines . Both Gillego and Dizon are honored at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought authoritarian rule under Marcos. Other Caviteños honored there include Philippine Navy Captain Danilo Vizmanos , musician Benjie Torralba, activists Modesto "Bong" Sison, Florencio Pesquesa, and Artemio Celestial, Jr. , and Nemesio Prudente who would later become president of
5952-502: The Philippines under Martial Law . This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Cavite went through many social and economic ups and downs. The excesses of the Marcos Family prompted opposition from various Filipino citizens despite the risks of arrest and torture . Among the prominent Caviteño oppositionists were Armed Forces Colonel Bonifacio Gillego , who spoke out against human rights abuses by
6076-630: The Quezon Memorial Park area in Quezon City. A site in Carmona was selected, and by the mid-1970s, the resettlement area soon attracted poor and middle class migrants alike from Quezon City, Manila, Makati and Parañaque. Their clamor to have a municipality of their own resulted in the creation of General Mariano Alvarez. Bacoor, given its proximity to Metro Manila, saw the building of the first residential villages during this time, providing accommodation
6200-498: The Rivera de Cavite shipyard. Docks were in place to construct galleons and galleys, but without a dry dock, ships were repaired by careening along the beach. Fort San Felipe , La Fuerza de San Felipe, was built between 1609 and 1616. This quadrilateral structure of curtained walls , with bastions at the corners, contained 20 cannons facing the seashore. Three infantry companies, 180 men each, plus 220 Pampangan infantry, garrisoned
6324-412: The agricultural sector. Having rich marine resources and long coastlines, the province is home to numerous fishery activities providing livelihood to many Caviteños. In some lowland and even upland areas, fishery, in the form of fish ponds are also producing a large amount of fish products. Some areas in Cavite are also engaged in fish processing and production of fish products like fish sauce . Mining
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#17328523625706448-401: The alienable and disposable lands are the built-up areas as well as production areas. These lands are intended for urban, economic and demographic developments. Cavite province lies in the western monsoon forest zone. This location is very beneficial for the formation of tropical rainforests , which are characteristically made through natural vegetation. In 2007, the existing forest area within
6572-717: The areas of Malolos , Orion , Mariveles , and Corregidor Island. Within the watershed of Manila Bay upland forests abound which are sources of food, timber, fuel wood and other products, as well as habitats for wildlife. These forests provide protection from soil erosion and help maintain the water levels and water quality in rivers and streams. Mount Makiling , Angat Dam watershed, La Mesa Dam watershed, Mounts Palay-Palay / Mataas na Gulod, Mount Arayat and other portions of national parks located in Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal and Tarlac form part of these upland forest ecosystem. Largely intended for use in human settlement and industrial development, land reclamation projects contributed to
6696-401: The balanced functioning of the ecosystem around Manila Bay, coral reefs in the area provide sanctuary for fishes. Consequently, its decline through the years has directly affected the fish yield. As a diverse ecosystem, seagrass beds provide shelter for fishes and other marine life forms. Like the coral reefs, most of the seagrass beds in Manila Bay are found near its mouth, most notably in
6820-482: The bay area. The endangered Chinese Egret ( Egretta eulophotes ) and Black-winged cuckoo-shrike were sighted in the area. A large number of migratory birds, catfish and mackerels were once abundant in these waters. Their decline ushered in the appearance of squid, shrimp, and small pelagic species such as herrings and anchovies. The mangrove ecosystem around Manila Bay has both ecological and socioeconomic uses with its association of unique plant and animal species. Of
6944-517: The bay. The bay's salinity is also affected by strong seasonal variations. As indicated by the exposed roots of the coconut trees, continuing soil erosion has been a major factor in the changing shoreline of Manila Bay. Apart from soil erosion, other environmental processes such as siltation and sea level rise have also contributed to changing the bay's coastline. In some parts of the bay, however, erosion are prevented by seawalls and breakers particularly in areas where land has been reclaimed. With
7068-422: The border of Cavite and Batangas and encompasses three peaks, Palay-Palay, Pico de Loro and Mataas na Gulod . The five unclassified forests are found along Tagaytay Ridge , Maragondon , Magallanes, Ternate and Alfonso . The other mountain peaks in the province are Mt. Buntis, Mt. Nagpatong, Mt. Hulog and Mt. Gonzales (Mt. Sungay). Cavite's forest provides an abundance of different forest products. Bamboo ,
7192-584: The capital, was applied to the whole province, Cavite. The province covered all the present territory except for the town of Maragondon , which used to belong to the Corregimiento of Mariveles . Maragondon was ceded to Cavite in 1754 when Bataan province was created from Pampanga province. Within Maragondon is a settlement established in 1660 by Christian Papuan exiles brought in by the Jesuits from Ternate in
7316-456: The communities of Bacoor and Kawit, opposite the Spanish city to trade silks, porcelain and other oriental goods. "A defensive curtained wall was constructed the length of Cavite's western side," beginning from the entrance, "La Estanzuela", and continuing to the end of the peninsula, "Punta de Rivera", with the eastern shore unprotected by a wall. Cavite contained government offices, churches, mission buildings, Spanish homes, Fort San Felipe and
7440-434: The contact between permeable pyroclastics and impermeable tuff above the river course. The full production of Ikloy Spring alone is estimated to meet the water demand of Indang Water District. The electric services are provided by Meralco , the sole electric power distributor in Indang and Greater Manila Area . The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) and Digital Telecommunications Philippines (Digitel) are
7564-497: The country if the independent cities of Cebu are excluded from Cebu's population figure. The de facto capital and seat of the government of the province is Trece Martires , although Imus is the official ( de jure ) capital while the City of Dasmariñas is the largest city in the province. For over 300 years, the province played an important role in both the country's colonial past and eventual fight for independence, earning it
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#17328523625707688-434: The cutting down of trees, which also allegedly lacked an ECC. Indang is a landlocked municipality with an area of 8,920 hectares (22,000 acres). It is centrally located in the province of Cavite. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Naic and the city of Trece Martires , on the south by the municipality of Mendez and the city of Tagaytay , on the west by the municipalities of Alfonso and Maragondon , and on
7812-452: The discharges from industries. These factors directly impacted the health of Manila Bay's waters. Aside from oil spills, trace metals such as copper , cadmium and zinc at the surface of the water were found at the bay coming from sea-based and land-based (e.g., domestic sewage, industrial effluents, runoff, combustion emissions, and mining operations) sources. In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used pesticides in surface sediment
7936-560: The early 1970s largely falling flat in light of the Crony Capitalism and economic crises of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Philippines' gradual postwar recovery took a turn for the worse in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis being one of the early landmark events. Economic analysts generally attribute this to the ramp-up on loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign , although Marcos blamed
8060-550: The early September 2020, work began on Manila Bay Beach, which was constructed through the process of beach nourishment , which a common practice in the creation of beaches around the world. It is part of an overall integrated coastal zone management aimed at coastal defense of the Manila Bay rehabilitation. When the Manila Bay Beach project came to wider public attention, the project has received criticism from environment and heritage conservationist groups. Among these include
8184-445: The east by the municipality of Amadeo and the city of General Trias . The topography of Indang is characterised by gently sloping or rolling terrain. Almost 40.36% of its total land area is within the slope grade of 3-8%, while 2,135 hectares is within the slope range of 8-15% which is characterised by undulating or sloping terrain. The land elevation ranges from 230 to 380 metres (750 to 1,250 ft) above sea level. The land area
8308-633: The edge of the sea, and counters vagrancy and mendicancy. Reviving Manila's waterfront through the Baywalk injected vibrance and historic appreciation into the public space with the statues of Arsenio Lacson , Ninoy Aquino and Evelio Javier placed in key areas. At the onset, lack of funds hampered the revival of the Baywalk. Eventually, planning for the Baywalk means understanding and regulating diversity of functions with appropriate policy. Manila Bay and its corresponding resources are considered critical recipients of environmental protection. As indicated in
8432-400: The entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located 3 kilometers from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, and to the south, is Carabao Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area, supports
8556-628: The fall of Bataan and Corregidor Island , the Japanese Imperial forces occupied Cavite and made their presence felt in each town of the province and Cavite City itself, as well as in the young city of Tagaytay established in the 1930s. After surviving the Bataan Death March and released from Capas, Tarlac concentration camp United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) Col. Mariano Castañeda , returned to Cavite and secretly organized
8680-403: The fort. The galleons Espiritu Santo and San Miguel , plus six galleys were constructed between 1606 and 1616. From 1729 to 1739, "the main purpose of the Cavite shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run." The vibrant mix of traders, Spanish seamen from Spain and its Latin-American colonies, as well as local residents, gave rise to
8804-423: The guerilla forces in the province. The Japanese authorities pressured him to accept the position as Provincial Governor of Cavite, he refused many times over until his excuses did not work, much against his will he was forced to accept the position by the Japanese, and by thinking that it would be beneficial to further organize the resistance movement as Governor by day and a guerilla commander by night. Eventually,
8928-415: The inhabitants in the coastal areas. From 1990, approximately 1,200 hectares of mangroves were cleared, with the land converted for aquaculture or used as salt beds. In 1993 much of the fisheries resources steadily declined due to overfishing and overharvesting. With then Mayor Lito Atienza 's program Buhayin ang Maynila (Revitalize Manila) in 2002, the local government made the initiative of enhancing
9052-560: The likes. The hydrological network of the province is composed of seven major rivers and its tributaries. These river systems generally flows from the highlands of Tagaytay and Maragondon to Manila Bay. Numerous springs, waterfalls and rivers found in the upland areas of the province, have been developed for tourism. In the lowland areas, hundreds of artesian wells and deep wells provide water supply for both residential and irrigation purposes. Manila Bay Manila Bay ( Filipino : Look ng Maynila ; Spanish : Bahía de Manila )
9176-432: The living condition of the rural populace. On the other hand, the 93.10% of farm-to-market roads are not passable particularly during rainy seasons. The widening and improvement of these roads would ensure faster, easier, and safer transport of farm products. There are 30 bridges connecting the 36 barangays of this municipality, these are classified as national, provincial, and barangay bridges. The original waterworks system
9300-441: The locality. Smart has currently five mobile base station towers, Globe has only eight mobile transceiver facility. Cellular phones are commonly used by the residents especially in remote barangay where telephone landline services are not available. Newspapers, magazines, and other related reading materials reach the municipality. Likewise, radio and television sets have a good reception. All these forms of communication channels make
9424-498: The main staging ground where they could launch their bulky galleons. It would later become the most important port linking the colony to the outside world through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade. In 1571, Spanish colonizers established the port and City of Cavite and fortified the settlement as a first line of defense for the city of Manila . Galleons were built and fitted at the port and many Chinese merchants settled in
9548-424: The major crops being produced in the province are rice , corn , coffee , coconuts , cut flowers and vegetables . Included in the agricultural land use are livestock farms that range from piggery , poultry , goat and cattle farms. The climatic suitability of Cavite makes the province ideal for integrated farming, having crops and livestock raising in one farm. Fishery is also another major component of
9672-462: The massive concrete and steel ruins of Fort Drum , an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay. Being smaller of the two harbors,
9796-468: The military and later exposed the fact that Ferdinand Marcos had faked most of his military medals. Another was Roman Catholic Priest Fr. Joe Dizon , who led protest actions against government corruption and human rights abuses during martial law in the Philippines, political dynasties, and the pork barrel system and brought social issues to the attention of the Catholic Bishops Conference of
9920-469: The most commonly used vehicles for public conveyances are busses, jeepneys and a number of tricycles plying within the Poblacion area and nearby barangays. Indang has 25.57 km barangay roads, 4.982 km municipal roads, 28.64 km provincial roads, 29.64 km national roads, and 46.433 km farm-to-market roads within the municipality. The barangay roads primarily provide the delivery of goods, services, and facilities which bring improvement on
10044-614: The municipal government decided and declared December 1 as "Indang Day" which was annually celebrated thereafter by its people. During the Philippine Revolution, Indan was known by its Katipunan name " Walang Tinag " . It was also during this time that the letter "g" was added to its name; thus it is now called Indang. It belongs to the Magdiwang faction, which rivaled the Magdalo faction. In Barangay Limbon , Andrés Bonifacio
10168-513: The municipality of Noveleta has the smallest land area as indicated by 5.41 square kilometers (2.09 sq mi) or 0.38% of the provincial total and area. Situated at the entrance of Manila Bay, Cavite is characterized by rolling hinterlands punctuated by hills; a shoreline fronting Manila Bay at sea level; and a rugged portion at the boundary with Batangas where the Dos Picos mountains are located. The province has two mountain ranges. Cavite
10292-461: The north, especially from November to February. Indang is politically subdivided into 36 Barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Indang, was 68,699 people, with a density of 920 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,400 inhabitants per square mile. There are five (5) residential subdivisions within the municipality which occupies 44.75 hectares of land. The municipality of Indang has
10416-427: The nutrient concentration and presence of nitrate , ammonia and phosphate in the bay, from the 1980s, through to the 1990s and beyond are not only attributed to agricultural runoff and river discharges but also on fertilizers from fishponds. On 25 July 2024, the oil tanker MT Terra Nova , carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized in Manila Bay during Typhoon Gaemi , causing an oil spill with
10540-500: The omnipresent rule of the Japanese in the province. At its peak the force contained 14 infantry regiments: On January 31, 1945, the liberation of the province of Cavite started with the combined forces of the American 11th Airborne Division under General Joseph Swing and Col. Harry Hildebrand and the valiant Caviteño guerilleros of the Fil-American Cavite Guerilla Forces, which liberated the province of Cavite from
10664-587: The original 54,000 hectares of mangroves existing at the turn of the 20th century, only 794 hectares are remaining as recorded in 1995. A few of the mangrove swamps remaining in Pampanga Bay are of considerable value for research and conservation education. As natural habitats, mangroves considerably help in acting as a protective buffer against cyclones and storms. Predominant in the bay area are Avicennia marina (gray or white mangrove) together with 15 species of mangroves belonging to 9 families that grow there. In
10788-414: The other hand, built-up areas are mainly for residential areas, commercial, industrial and tourism areas. Majority of production land-use is for agriculture . Considering that 50.33% of the total provincial land area is engaged in agriculture, it can be generalized that in spite of rapid urbanization in the province, Cavite remains to have an agricultural economy that makes food security attainable. Some of
10912-647: The overall environment of Manila Bay and these impacts are manifested in the continued deterioration of the water quality within the bay. Several industries operate along the bay in the highly urbanized Metro Manila area, while there are shipyard facilities in Cavite and in Bataan, several more heavy industries, refineries and a power plant are present. At the shipping ports and ferry terminals, an average of 30,000 ships arrive and depart annually to transport passengers, manufactured goods and raw materials. Industrial waste discharges and discharges of untreated domestic wastes from drainage and sewer outlets have contributed to
11036-400: The peninsula, Cavite La Punta (now Cavite City ) and the adjacent lowland coastal area of Cavite Viejo (now Kawit , reverting to the original native spelling). The peninsula was also known in the pre-colonial era as Tangway , from Tagalog for "peninsula". Edmund Roberts , in his 1821 memoir, stated that the "natives" called it Caveit due to the "crooked point of land extending into
11160-429: The physical features of the bay whereby what used to be irregular shoreline in 1944 has become more linear by 1977. Shoreline retreat continued as man-made structures such as fish pens occupied the coastal areas, with progradation dominant from 1977 to 1991. Most area of the bay, except those near the ports, are largely used as a major fishing ground, with fisheries and aquaculture as the dominant source of livelihood for
11284-609: The poblacion or urban area while in the rural, the trading establishments are dominated by sari-sari stores. Agro-business commercial farms raise large volumes of livestock and poultry. As per record of the municipal agricultural office, there are existing hog farms, broiler farms, layer and breeder farms. Indang Public Market and Slaughterhouse stand on 20,316 square metre government-owned property along J. Dimabiling St., Poblacion IV. This public market has three simple market buildings and "Bagsakan" for wholesale trading. The slaughterhouse occupies an area of 1,800 square metres, which
11408-458: The populace of Indang well-informed and up-to-date in terms of national and international issues. M. V. Santiago Medical & Diagnostic Centre is the only hospital in Indang, located in A. Luna St. Poblacion 3, Indang, Cavite and was founded on May 27, 2013. The following are the elected officials of the town elected last May 09, 2022 which serves until 2025: The Cavite State University , ( CvSU ) ( Filipino : Pamantasang Estado ng Cavite),
11532-656: The possible environmental hazards the project would cause. PTK2 H2O also only secured the ECC after the water permits were issued. "In other words, the ECC is incomplete and issued as an afterthought. Under the law, the ECC and the requisite EIS are conditioned prior to and not after the issuance of permits," reads the petition. The ECC allows the company to build an intake structure, booster pumps, flocculation, and sedimentation basin, pressure filter tanks, effluent channels, booster pumping stations, water pipes, and administration buildings in Barangay Kayquit II . The project also led to
11656-479: The presence of ports, sea-based sources of pollution around the bay are from ships and motorized boats. Twelve oil spills were recorded in 1995, but it was in 1999 where the highest total volume of oil spill occurred in the Manila South Harbor and Limay, Bataan. Increased presence of oil and grease in the waters are attributed to maritime activities at the harbors, together with the presence of oil terminals and
11780-682: The proclamation of the First Republic of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, in Kawit. During the Spanish–American War , American forces attacked the Spanish squadron in Cavite. The Spanish defeat marked the end of Spanish rule in the country. A captured Spanish cannon from the Cavite arsenal now sits in Village Green Park in Winnetka, Illinois , United States of America . In May 1942, after
11904-695: The province totaled only to 8,625 hectares (21,310 acres). These forest areas were categorized as Protected Landscape under the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) and the rest, unclassified forest (Non-NIPAS). A total of 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) are located within the Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape , a protected area in Ternate and Maragondon created by Proclamation Number 1594 on October 26, 1976. The park lies at
12028-503: The provincial government, acting thus as the de facto capital of the province. Also, Tagaytay's high location and cool temperatures would enable it to become a secondary summer capital and a vacation spot especially during the Christmas season, given its proximity to the Manila area. The economy of Cavite remained largely agricultural during the decades after the war, from the 1940s to the 1980s, with attempts to create industrial estates in
12152-582: The recruits to death, with only one survivor managing to live by feigning death. The exposes angered the Philippines' Muslim minority enough to trigger the Moro conflict , eventually leading to the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president in 1973, Ferdinand Marcos placed
12276-700: The reduction of mangroves around the area, as well as significant reduction in Metro Manila's shoreline. From 1944 to 1991, approximately 600 m of shoreline have been reclaimed in the northern part. In 2009, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) said that there are 7,000 hectares of foreshore areas in Cavite and 5,000 hectares of shallow coastal waters to expand Sangley Point naval base as part of reclamation projects, which are mostly funded by foreign investors. Conversion of mangrove and mudflat areas into fishponds have impacted
12400-568: The rehabilitation of Manila Bay's natural environments. In 2019, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources started a rehabilitation program that is being administered by different government agencies. Because of the rehabilitation, the 10th Philippine International Pyromusical Competition that was scheduled on February 16, 2019, at the SM Mall of Asia bayside area was postponed before being moved to SM City Clark on February 23, 2019. In
12524-423: The residents of the former great difficulty in transacting officials' business and attending religious services. This led the people of Indang to petition higher authorities for the conversion of the barrio into a separate municipality. The exact month and day of the municipality's establishment have no verification. However, existing documents proved that Indang was instituted during the cold month of 1655. Therefore,
12648-439: The restoration of independence. Given its proximity to Manila, the province soon began to feel a transformation into an economic provider of food and industrial goods not just for Metro Manila but for the whole of the country. In 1954, Trece Martires City was created out as a planned capital city from portions of Tanza, Indang, Naic, and General Trias. Despite the transfer of capital status to Imus in 1979, it retains many offices of
12772-467: The rising number of workers from the nearby capital. One geographical feature of Cavite, Mount Sungay , was significantly altered in 1979 when First Lady Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of the Palace in the Sky, a mansion originally intended as a guesthouse for former California Governor Ronald Reagan (who never arrived). This drastically reduced the height of the mountain, which had once been
12896-403: The sea". The present Cavite City was once a mooring place for Chinese junks that came to trade with the settlements around Manila Bay. The land was formerly known as "Tangway". Archeological evidence in coastal areas shows prehistorical settlements. The Spanish colonizers who arrived in the late 16th century saw the unusual tongue of land jutting out on Manila Bay and saw its deep waters as
13020-487: The seaside promenade of Manila through urban renewal, upkeep and improvements. What later became known as Baywalk, the facelift of the 2 km strip of central public space aimed at creating a venue for social interaction and recreation. With reference to its colonial history, Manila's waterfront expresses power through the dominant classes which uses the Baywalk for exercise, fishing or socialization. The mix of land utilization and social activity provides public access to
13144-458: The severe decline in the quality of water and sediments in the bay as well as impacted on the existing marine habitats. According to a 2011 study by Jacinto et al., Manila Bay has an average surface salinity of 32.6 psu (practical salinity unit). Due to the river influx, the areas near the coasts have low salinity especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River in the eastern part of
13268-409: The spring source is 580 cubic metre of which only 26.6 percent is accounted for. The total water demand for various design years is derived from the demands for domestic, commercial, institutional and public faucets demands including an allowance for leakage and wastage. The possible sources of water supply for Indang are springs, namely, Ikloy, Ipie I and Ipie II. All the springs emanate from fissures on
13392-653: The storm surge caused by Typhoon Pedring . Even the United States Embassy, Museo Pambata and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding. It was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair. In April 2012, the sea walls were once again opened to the public, having been redesigned to withstand a strong storm surge. Coastal and marine habitats in the area include upland forests, mangrove, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass and coral reefs. A total of 19,139 birds belonging to 330 families and 99 species were observed at various monitoring sites along
13516-556: The surrounding lakes reaches the waters of Manila Bay. Compounds from these pesticide residues find themselves in food items with metamidophos, endosulfan , chlorpyrifos and diazinon among the common contaminants. While chronic toxic effects on inhabitants of the bay are not found, impairment of marine biota were more evident. In 1997, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, compounds common in transformers, hydraulic fluids , paint additives and pesticides were determined in sediments and oysters sampled from Manila Bay. The increase in
13640-468: The surrounding provinces from the sea level rise that is expected as a result of climate change . However, he also noted that closing Manila Bay by means of a dyke would also require a new harbor location to replace the Port of Manila. Due to the low profile of environmentalism and its objectives within the nation of the Philippines, official awareness of global warming and the investment to applicable research
13764-615: The timing of the project which was implemented amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping dolomite on the polluted Manila Bay. According to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau , the project will benefit tourism, commerce and the environment. It will also protect coastal properties from erosion and storm surges, and beach nourishment is preferred over hard beach stabilizing structures (such as seawalls and groynes ). The Department of Health released
13888-804: The title "Historical Capital of the Philippines". It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit . The old provincial capital, Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America . Originally an agricultural province, its northern cities of Bacoor , Imus , and Dasmariñas (with
14012-426: The total agricultural area. Indang has a public market, located in Poblacion 4, where goods such as vegetables, seafood, meat, and household items are sold. On the trade and industry, existing commercial and agribusiness establishments play a relatively major role in the predominantly agri-based economy of Indang. Municipal record on this establishment shows the wholesale and retail trade stores are clustered within
14136-532: The two leading telephone companies serving the municipality. The PLDT has its branch office at barangay Kaytapos, while the Digitel branch office is located at Tagaytay . Year 2010, Globe Telecom is now operating their telephone lines bundled with DSL to selected barangays of Indang including Poblacion, Kaytapos and Alulod. Smart Communications , Globe Telecom and Dito Telecommunity installed their Mobile Base Transceiver Stations and Telecommunication Antenna Tower in
14260-549: The use of pidgin Spanish called Chabacano . A great number of Mexican men had settled at Cavite, spread throughout Luzon, and had integrated with the local Philippine population. Some of these Mexicans became Tulisanes (Bandits) that led peasant revolts against Spain. Mexicans weren't the only Latin Americans in Cavite, as there were also a fair number of other Latin Americans, one such was the Puerto Rican , Alonso Ramirez, who became
14384-511: The wake of exposes about the Jabidah Massacre . The exposes told the story of how a group of moro men were recruited by the military for Operation Merdeka, Marcos' secret plan to invade Sabah and reclaim it from Malaysia, and trained them on the island of Corregidor, which is administered by Cavite province. When for various reasons the recruits decided that they no longer wanted to follow their officers' orders, their officers allegedly shot all
14508-641: The waters around the beach, from 2.2 million mpn/100ml last January 4, 2021 to 523,000 mpn/100 ml in February 2021, based on the average count from three monitoring stations. Plans of constructing a bridge or bridge-tunnel that crosses Manila Bay have been around since 1987. In January 2020, the National Economic and Development Authority approved the plan to construct the Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge , also known as Manila Bay Bridge, which
14632-399: The words "Inrang" or "yndan", a tree which was also called "Anubing". The tree of Inrang was used to be abundant in the local since the early times. Indang was part of Silang , Cavite for about 70 years, the municipality of Indang was organized with a prominent native, Juan Dimabiling, as the first gobernadorcillo. The distance between the barrio of Indang and the Poblacion of Silang caused
14756-494: Was adopted in 2001 and enforced in 2004. Despite the issues generally associated with developing countries, such as poverty, over-population and food security, there is surprisingly a growing concern for the environmental vitality of Manila Bay. Rehabilitation, which in this case refers to an attempt to improve an aquatic system and prevent further damage to the natural ecosystems, is a responsibility assumed both by government and non-government organizations. The Supreme Court of
14880-497: Was arrested after he left from Tejeros Convention and prevented from pursuing his counter-revolutionary plan according to witnesses. One of these witnesses was Severino de las Alas, a resident of the town, who accused Bonifacio of trying to threaten the people and burning the Church of Indang , dedicated to the town patron, Saint Gregory the Great. The church was built in the 17th century and
15004-528: Was constructed in 1922–1924 with Ikloy Spring as its source and covers only the Poblacion. The system consists of a spring chamber, pumphouse with hydro turbine prime over and centrifugal pump, ground reservoir, 2 km transmission pipelines and distribution facilities. In 1980, a separate distribution pipe and ground reservoir in Barangay Kaytambog was included in the system. Total registered concessionaires were 463 as of August 1980. Water production from
15128-475: Was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT ). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in Manila Bay sediments have been influenced by human activities. PAH come principally from petrogenic sources (e.g., oil discharges from ships, refineries and industries) and pyrolytic sources (from combustion sources). Pesticide residues from rice paddy water draining into irrigation canals, which later on empty into river systems and eventually flowing into
15252-548: Was made part of Region IV-A, which is also known as the Southern Tagalog Mainland. Cavite is surrounded by Laguna province to the east, Metro Manila to the northeast, and Batangas province to the south. To the west lies the South China Sea . It is located within the Greater Manila Area , not to be confused with adjacent Metro Manila , the defined capital region. Cavite is the second-smallest province in
15376-455: Was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States' naval strength. All major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy and industry. During
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