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62-576: The Illawarra is a coastal region in the southeast of the Australian state of New South Wales . It is situated immediately south of Sydney and north of the South Coast region. It encompasses the two cities of Wollongong , Shellharbour and the coastal town of Kiama . Wollongong is the largest city of the Illawarra with a population of 240,000, then Shellharbour with a population of 70,000 and Kiama with

124-464: A carbohydrate energy source. The carbohydrate source can be combinations of discrete sugars or can be derived from other sources such as banana , pineapple , peach , or even tomato puree or coconut water . After the preparation of the agar medium, it is poured into test tubes or jars which are then autoclaved (or cooked in a pressure cooker) to sterilize the medium. After cooking, the medium begins to gel as it cools. The taxonomy of this family

186-401: A seta , knocking the pollinator off the flower. After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary. In 2011, Bulbophyllum nocturnum was discovered to flower nocturnally. Some species, such as in the genera Phalaenopsis , Dendrobium , and Vanda , produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the nodes along the stem , through

248-474: A spur of the labellum ( 8 in the illustration above), or on the point of the sepals, or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the Asparagales . In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following sequence: when the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving

310-551: A velamen , has the function of absorbing humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. In some orchids, the velamen includes spongy and fibrous bodies near the passage cells, called tilosomes. The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients for epiphytic orchids mainly come from mineral dust, organic detritus, animal droppings and other substances collecting among on their supporting surfaces. The base of

372-473: A different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination. A rare achlorophyllous saprophytic orchid growing entirely underground in Australia, Rhizanthella slateri , is never exposed to light, and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it. Catasetum , a genus discussed briefly by Darwin , actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches

434-817: A diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan plants that are found in almost every habitat on Earth except glaciers . The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the tropics . Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, along with the Asteraceae . It contains about 28,000 currently accepted species distributed across 763 genera . The Orchidaceae family encompasses about 6–11% of all species of seed plants . The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species). It also includes Vanilla (the genus of

496-675: A men's match between the Wollongong and Kiama Swim Clubs at Brighton Beach. The Kiama Swim Club prevailed, winning 3-0. Water polo is currently played at UOW Pool through the Illawarra Water Polo Club. Each year, Illawarra also compete at the NSW Country Club Championships, whereby the Illawarra U14's boys won in 2021. Regions of New South Wales In New South Wales on the third tier of elected government after

558-535: A new Geographical Classification called the Australian Statistical Geography Standard. Geography is now divided into Statistical Area Level 1, 2, 3, and 4. Statistical Area Level 4 is the highest (regions of a State) and Statistical Area Level 1 being the lower (Mesh blocks are more refined but not readily available apart from the Census of Population and Housing). For older statistics, such as

620-478: A population of 10,000. These three cities have their own suburbs . Wollongong stretches from Otford in the north to Windang in the south, with Maddens Plains and Cordeaux in the west. The Illawarra region is characterised by three distinct districts: the north-central district, which is a contiguous urban sprawl centred on Lake Illawarra , the western district defined by the Illawarra escarpment , which leads up to

682-455: A semiterrestrial or rock-hugging (" lithophyte ") orchid, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of Psychopsiella limminghei are light brownish-green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of lady's slippers from tropical and subtropical Asia ( Paphiopedilum ), is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also, Phalaenopsis schilleriana

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744-538: A single mass. Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be fertilized. Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. However, some Bulbophyllum species attract male fruit flies ( Bactrocera and Zeugodacus spp.) solely via a floral chemical which simultaneously acts as a floral reward (e.g. methyl eugenol , raspberry ketone , or zingerone ) to perform pollination. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, nectar may be produced in

806-660: A small number of non-geographic specialty networks cover paediatric health, justice and forensic health, and the St' Vincent's Health network. The New South Wales Police Force is organised into approximately 81 local area commands, which are aggregated into six regions: The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service uses the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia bioregions based on ecological factors. These bioregions extend into neighbouring States. Yet another subdivision of New South Wales into regions

868-628: A sticky disc near the top of the column. Just below the pollinia is a second, larger sticky plate called the stigma . The complex mechanisms that orchids have evolved to achieve cross-pollination were investigated by Charles Darwin and described in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). Orchids have developed highly specialized pollination systems, thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods, rendering unpollinated flowers long-lasting in cultivation. Most orchids deliver pollen in

930-525: Is a land area made up of a group of interacting ecosystems that are repeated in similar form across the landscape. Regions and subregion cross state and territory boundaries. The bioregions that are located within all or part of New South Wales include: New South Wales is also informally divided into a smaller number of regions. These regions have no general administrative function or status. Many of them are only vaguely defined, or are defined in different ways for different purposes. For example, departments of

992-553: Is a non-capital, urban region of one or more adjoining areas, with a population of 25,000 or more. The SDist is defined with consideration of a 20-year growth forecast. The SDist does not need to conform to LGA boundaries or to state territory boundaries. The thirteen Statistical Districts in New South Wales are: The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) is a biogeographic regionalisation of Australia; divided into 89 bioregions and 419 subregions. Each region

1054-418: Is a pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The jewel orchid ( Ludisia discolor ) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its white flowers. Some orchids, such as Dendrophylax lindenii (ghost orchid), Aphyllorchis and Taeniophyllum depend on their green roots for photosynthesis and lack normally developed leaves, as do all of the heterotrophic species. Orchids of

1116-417: Is achieved by removing the pollinia with a small instrument such as a toothpick from the pollen parent and transferring them to the seed parent. Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination , especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower has not been visited by any pollinator, and the pollinia then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise,

1178-445: Is as follows: This classification subdivides the most commonly accepted notion of "The Riverina" into two separate regions, "Riverina" and "The Murray". The "Blue Mountains" is also included as it own distinct region, which is usually considered a district of the state capital "Sydney". Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae ( / ˌ ɔːr k ɪ ˈ d eɪ s i . iː , - s i . aɪ / ),

1240-542: Is in constant flux, as new studies continue to clarify the relationships between species and groups of species, allowing more taxa at several ranks to be recognized. The Orchidaceae is currently placed in the order Asparagales by the APG III system of 2009. Five subfamilies are recognised. The cladogram below was made according to the APG system of 1998. It represents the view that most botanists had held up to that time. It

1302-651: Is linked to Sydney in the north by several passes, a motorway ( Southern Freeway ) and an electric railway (see Illawarra railway line ); to the west by the Illawarra Highway and Picton Road; and to the south by the Princes Highway . At Albion Park Rail the Illawarra Regional Airport serves the region. The Illawarra Steelers Rugby league Football Club played in the NSWRL rugby league competition, then

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1364-592: Is often called a backbulb. Backbulbs still hold nutrition for the plant, but then a pseudobulb usually takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off, too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years. Orchids without noticeable pseudobulbs are also said to have growths, an individual component of a sympodial plant. Like most monocots , orchids generally have simple leaves with parallel veins , although some Vanilloideae have reticulate venation . Leaves may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate, and very variable in size on

1426-608: Is the common base unit for each of the larger regional structures. The boundaries of the SLA are designed to be typically coterminous with Local Government Areas unless the LGA does not fit entirely into a Statistical Subdivision (SSD), or is not of a comparative nature to other LGA's. Bureau of Statistics provides statistics for Local Government Areas, as well as three other statistical structures: Statistical Divisions , Statistical Regions , and Statistical Districts . Statistical Divisions (SD) form

1488-419: Is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops. In warm and constantly humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs. Epiphytic orchids, those that grow upon a support, have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis , called

1550-418: Is variously translated as "pleasant place near the sea" or "high place near the sea." The prefix of " illa " is also known to mean "white clay;" with the suffix " warra ," sometimes spelled as " wurra ," meaning "mountain" in the local indigenous language. George Bass and Matthew Flinders were the first Europeans to visit the area, with Flinders recording that it 'was called " Allowrie " by the natives'. For

1612-754: The Jamberoo Valley, which stretches until it reaches Kiama . South of Kiama is Saddleback Mountain and south of that the Shoalhaven plains and the outcrop of Coolangatta Mountain. Ecologically, the coastal grassy region of the Illawarra is within the Illawarra Lowlands Grassy Woodland biome. Characteristic tree species in the region include Eucalyptus tereticornis , Eucalyptus eugenioides , Eucalyptus longifolia , Eucalyptus bosistoana and Melaleuca decora . Shrub species include Acacia mearnsii , Dodonaea viscosa and as well as

1674-573: The NRL , from 1982 to 1998, and currently forms one half of the St George Illawarra Dragons joint venture, who play six of their twelve home games at WIN Stadium in Wollongong. The Illawarra Steelers still field teams in the lower rugby league divisions. Many famous footballers, such as Bob Fulton , Graeme Langlands , Mick Cronin , Rod Wishart , Paul McGregor , Craig Fitzgibbon , Luke Bailey , Steve Roach , Garry Jack , Warren Ryan , and

1736-454: The vanilla plant ), the type genus Orchis , and many commonly cultivated plants such as Phalaenopsis and Cattleya . Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species into cultivation in the 19th century, horticulturists have produced many hybrids and cultivars . Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident derived characteristics or synapomorphies . Among these are: bilateral symmetry of

1798-688: The 2006 Census of Population and Housing, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has multiple regional structures for which it analyses and reports data. These regional structures derive from the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (AGSC). The AGSC defines at the very smallest level, the Census Collection District (CCD). These CCD's aggregate to form the Statistical Local Area (SLA), which

1860-548: The Australian climate. The Illawarra Central Co-operative Dairy Factory was used by the Illawarra Central Co-operative Dairy Co. Ltd. for the intake of milk and cream from dairy farmers in the local area. Coal mining has been a key part to the Illawarra's economy for over 200 years. The southern part of the region has been a source of crushed-stone construction aggregate and railway track ballast material for over 140 years. The Illawarra region

1922-679: The Hawks through the NBL's Next Star program. In April 2020, LaMelo Ball and his business manager, Jermaine Jackson announced they had bought the Hawks. The Wollongong Wolves participated in the now defunct NSL , winning back to back premierships in 2000 and 2001. The Wolves were not selected for the NSL's replacement, the A-League , and instead chose to compete in the New South Wales Premier League under

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1984-793: The New South Wales government, such as the New South Wales Police Force , or the Ministry of Health , define regions of the State for their own internal administrative purposes. These regions may be defined in completely different ways, as shown by the maps in the references. The original basis for descriptive regional names in New South Wales is based on the geography of the State. The State can be divided into four components: These four components are then typically divided into north, central and southern components based upon their location relative to Sydney . This two-way subdivision gives rise to

2046-738: The Stewart brothers Brett and Glenn , have come from the Illawarra region. The Illawarra Hawks have represented the region (previously known as The Hawks and the Wollongong Hawks) since the foundation year of the NBL , 1979. They won the NBL championship in 2001 defeating the Townsville Crocs 2-1 in the best of 3 finals. They also finished as runners-up in 2005 and 2010 seasons. The team caught global attention when American teen sensation LaMelo Ball announced on ESPN's show The Jump that he will be joining

2108-428: The accumulation of growth hormones at that point. These shoots are known as keiki . Epipogium aphyllum exhibits a dual reproductive strategy, engaging in both sexual and asexual seed production. The likelihood of apomixis playing a substantial role in successful reproduction appears minimal. Within certain petite orchid species groups, there is a noteworthy preparation of female gametes for fertilization preceding

2170-499: The act of pollination. The ovary typically develops into a capsule that is dehiscent by three or six longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. The seeds are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. After ripening, they blow off like dust particles or spores. Most orchid species lack endosperm in their seed and must enter symbiotic relationships with various mycorrhizal basidiomyceteous fungi that provide them

2232-541: The anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in Holcoglossum amesianum ). The slipper orchid Paphiopedilum parishii reproduces by self-fertilization . This occurs when the anther changes from a solid to a liquid state and directly contacts the stigma surface without the aid of any pollinating agent or floral assembly. The labellum of the Cypripedioideae is poke bonnet-shaped , and has

2294-401: The city of Wollongong , the fourth largest urban area in New South Wales. North of Wollongong the plain narrows to a small strip of land between the coast and the escarpment. At Coalcliff and Stanwell Park small valleys are formed allowing further settlement. To the south it widens, and becomes increasingly hillier before reaching Stockyard Mountain, a long divide between the main plain and

2356-580: The east and the mountainous, almost impassable Illawarra escarpment (forming the eastern edge of the Southern Highlands plateau) to the west. In the middle of the region is Lake Illawarra, a shallow lake formed when sediment built up at the entrance to a bay. The district extends from the southern hills of the Royal National Park in the north to the Shoalhaven River in the south, and contains

2418-565: The endangered orchard Pterostylis gibbosa . The wet elevated areas of the Illawarra, where rainfall exceeds 1300mm, are within the Southern Lowland Wet Sclerophyll Forests and Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests biomes which generally feature tall, compact eucalyptus forests 30m-60m tall and understorey that include moist shrubs, tree ferns , a few vines and a uninterrupted herbaceous groundcover . The Illawarra-Shoalhaven subtropical rainforest lies in

2480-508: The federal and state governments are the local government authorities, which are responsible for the local government areas . The types of LGAs in New South Wales are cities , municipalities , shires and regions . New South Wales has more than 150 local government areas which have an elected council and carry out various functions delegated to them by the Government of New South Wales . The Australian Bureau of Statistics has moved towards

2542-537: The flower ( zygomorphism ), many resupinate flowers, a nearly always highly modified petal (labellum), fused stamens and carpels , and extremely small seeds . All orchids are perennial herbs that lack any permanent woody structure. They can grow according to two patterns: Terrestrial orchids may be rhizomatous or form corms or tubers . The root caps of terrestrial orchids are smooth and white. Some sympodial terrestrial orchids, such as Orchis and Ophrys , have two subterranean tuberous roots . One

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2604-536: The flower develops, it undergoes a twisting through 180°, called resupination , so that the labellum lies below the column . The labellum functions to attract insects, and in resupinate flowers, also acts as a landing stage, or sometimes a trap. The reproductive parts of an orchid flower are unique in that the stamens and style are joined to form a single structure, the column . Instead of being released singly, thousands of pollen grains are contained in one or two bundles called pollinia that are attached to

2666-436: The flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. In horticulture, artificial orchid pollination

2728-409: The flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants. Males of such species as Euglossa imperialis or Eulaema meriana have been observed to leave their territories periodically to forage for aromatic compounds, such as cineole, to synthesize pheromone for attracting and mating with females. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of

2790-571: The fringe of Greater Metropolitan Sydney including the Macarthur in the northwest, and to the Southern Highlands region in the southwest, which is historically semi-rural, but now defined by increasing urbanisation. The word " illawarra " is derived from the Aboriginal Tharawal word " allowrie ," also sometimes spelled as " elouera " or " eloura ." According to A. W. Reed , the word

2852-510: The function of trapping visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor. In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus Ophrys , the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape, and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers. Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees , which visit

2914-522: The generic pattern of regions, and in some cases, subregions: The Australian Bureau of Meteorology divides New South Wales into sixteen districts. The Department of State and Regional Development lists fourteen regions in New South Wales. The Office of Local Government listed twelve regions: Local governments in New South Wales have created regional groupings. The NSW Regional Organisations of Councils , typically with names like " Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils " (WSROC) have

2976-430: The genus Corallorhiza (coralroot orchids) lack leaves altogether and instead have symbiotic or parasitic associations with fungal mycelium, though which they absorb sugars. Orchid flowers have three sepals , three petals and a three-chambered ovary . The three sepals and two of the petals are often similar to each other but one petal is usually highly modified, forming a "lip" or labellum . In most orchid genera, as

3038-455: The individual plant. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally alternate on the stem, often folded lengthwise along the centre ("plicate"), and have no stipules . Orchid leaves often have siliceous bodies called stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not present in the Orchidoideae ) and are fibrous. The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of

3100-401: The largest orchid in the world, Grammatophyllum speciosum (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some Dendrobium species have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length; some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves. With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it

3162-738: The main function of lobbying the State Government on various matters, coordinating economic development, joint purchasing between councils and regional promotion. They have no formal administrative function. There are thirteen networks of regional organisation, in addition to the six networks in Greater Metropolitan Sydney: The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment divides New South Wales into ten regions: The New South Wales Ministry of Health divided New South Wales into fifteen separate regions, called Local Health Districts. These are: Additionally,

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3224-423: The main structural hierarchy of statistical analysis. These regions are structured to provide a broad range of social , demographic and economic statistics. The basis for the boundary delineations center on socioeconomic criteria. The thirteen divisions for New South Wales are: The Statistical Region (SR) structure was established in 1986 as a means for labor force analysis. The Statistical District (SDist)

3286-550: The name Wollongong FC . The Wolves organisation collapsed in 2008, and was taken over by Wollongong Community Football Club . The Wolves have continued to play in the New South Wales Premier League. Cricket has also been played in the Illawarra for at least one hundred and fifty years with the Keira Cricket Club being founded in 1862. The first recorded match of water polo in the Illawarra came in 1894, in

3348-418: The necessary nutrients to germinate, so almost all orchid species are mycoheterotrophic during germination and reliant upon fungi to complete their lifecycles. Only a handful of orchid species have seed that can germinate without mycorrhiza , namely the species within the genus Disa with hydrochorous seeds. As the chance for a seed to meet a suitable fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all

3410-517: The period around 1806, the region was called "Five Islands"; referring to the group of five islands off Red Point. In 1817 Governor Macquarie , referring to region, wrote: 'part of the coast known generally by the name of the Five Islands, but called by the natives " Illawarra ". The region consists of a grassy coastal plain, narrow in the north and wider in the south, bounded by the Tasman Sea on

3472-658: The plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the laminae are covered by a waxy cuticle to retain their necessary water supply. Shade-loving species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves. The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is, they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves as in Catasetum , shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs. The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of Macodes sanderiana ,

3534-453: The purposes of local government administration , the Illawarra region is contained within the cities of Wollongong , Shellharbour and the Municipality of Kiama . The main industries in the area have traditionally been farming, coal mining and steel making . Australia's largest steel-works, BlueScope , operates at Port Kembla . The area, especially around Port Kembla and Wollongong ,

3596-563: The region. For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives , the Illawarra region is contained within the electoral Divisions of Cunningham , Whitlam and the northern tip of Gilmore . For the purposes of New South Wales elections for the NSW Legislative Assembly , the Illawarra region is contained within the electoral districts of Wollongong , Keira , Shellharbour , Heathcote , and Kiama . For

3658-417: The seeds released grow into adult plants. In cultivation, germination typically takes weeks. Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating orchid seeds on an artificial nutrient medium, eliminating the requirement of the fungus for germination and greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. The usual medium for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is agar gel combined with

3720-419: The stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form a pseudobulb that contains nutrients and water for drier periods. The pseudobulb typically has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves, and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in some small species of Bulbophyllum , it is no longer than two millimeters, while in

3782-410: Was once known for its mainly industrial jobs, but since the 1990s commerce has played an increasing role in the city, overtaking industry in many areas. Illawarra cattle were originally bred in Illawarra and are now Australia's 3rd largest breed in population. They are large dark red cows sometimes with white patches. They produce large amounts of high butter fat and high protein milk and are suited to

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3844-594: Was supported by morphological studies , but never received strong support in molecular phylogenetic studies. Apostasioideae : 2 genera and 16 species, south-eastern Asia Cypripedioideae : 5 genera and 130 species, from the temperate regions of the world, as well as tropical America and tropical Asia Vanilloideae : 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America Epidendroideae : more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species, cosmopolitan Orchidoideae : 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan In 2015,

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