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93-615: Born in Bostra , Mamluk Sultanate , Ibn Kathir's teachers include al-Dhahabi and Ibn Taymiyya . He wrote several books, including a fourteen-volume universal history titled al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya ( Arabic : البداية والنهاية ). His renowned tafsir , Tafsir Ibn Kathir , is recognized for its critical approach to Israʼiliyyat , especially among Western Muslims and Wahhabi scholars . His methodology largely derives from his teacher Ibn Taymiyya , and differs from that of other earlier renowned exegetes such as Tabari . He adhered to

186-576: A cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in Bosra is 16.4 °C (61.5 °F). About 247 mm (9.72 in) of precipitation falls annually. In the late 1990s, Bosra had an estimated population of 12,000. Its population increased to 19,683 according to the 2004 census by the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics . The population of its metropolitan area

279-460: A distorted message: "The name of Muhammad has indeed reached their ears, but they do not know his true description and his character. Instead, they heard from the time they were young that a deceitful liar named Muhammad claimed to be a prophet. As far as I am concerned, such people are [excused] like those who the call of Islam has not reached, for while they have heard of the Prophet’s name, they heard

372-669: A great deal on this topic and this is not the place to expound on what they have said. On this matter, we follow the early Muslims ( salaf ): Malik , Awza'i , Thawri , Layth ibn Sa'd , Shafi'i , Ahmad ibn Hanbal , Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh , and others among the Imams of the Muslims, both ancient and modern that is, to let (the verse in question) pass as it has come, without saying how it is meant ( min ghayr takyif ), without likening it to created things ( wa la tashbih ), and without nullifying it ( wa la ta'til ): The literal meaning ( zahir ) that occurs to

465-576: A hub for Islamic learning and endowments. However, it declined into a village during the Ottoman era, only to be revitalized in the 20th century with the construction of the Hijaz railway and due to growing archaeological interest, later prompting tourism -focused development by the Syrian government. Today, it is a major archaeological site and has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . According to

558-618: A major metropolis at the juncture of several trade routes , in particular the Via Traiana Nova , a Roman road that connected Damascus to the Red Sea . It became an important centre for food production and during the reign of Emperor Philip the Arab Bosra began to mint its own coins. The two Councils of Arabia were held at Bosra in 246 and 247 AD. By the Byzantine period, which began in

651-453: A militant jihad and adhering to the renewal of one singular Islamic ummah . In contemporary scholarship, Ibn Kathir is widely regarded as an anti-rationalistic, hadith oriented scholar who adhered to the Athari creed , much like his mentor Ibn Taymiyya. According to Jane McAuliffe in regards of Qur'anic exegesis, Ibn Kathir uses methods contrary to former Sunni scholars, and followed largely

744-545: A murderous tyrant called the Sufyani will spread corruption and mischief, killing women, children and descendants of Muhammad. To save believers from these horrors, the Mahdi will appear and Isa bin Maryam (Jesus) will descend from heaven to assist him. The sun will rise from the west. A breeze will blow causing all believers to inhale it and die peacefully. Following these portents,

837-1039: A newly built mosque in Mizza, the hometown of his father-in-law. In 1366, he rose to a professorial position at the Great Mosque of Damascus . In later life, he became blind. He attributes his blindness to working late at night on the Musnad of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in an attempt to rearrange it topically rather than by narrator. He died in February 1373 ( AH 774) in Damascus. He was buried next to his teacher Ibn Taymiyya . The records from modern researchers such as Taha Jabir Alalwani , Yazid Abdu al Qadir al-Jawas, and Barbara Stowasser has demonstrated important similarities between Ibn Kathir and his influential master Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah , such as rejecting logical exegesis of Qur'an , advocating

930-527: A result of Islam imitating Christianity, but that the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam resemble each other because God's word has been sent by prophets throughout history to all three groups/religions, but that the first two garbled and corrupted his teachings and that only Teachings of Islam has not been corrupted. The events prophesied for the day of resurrection and judgement "are numerous and presented in varying ways", but "a sequence of

1023-504: A specific religious duty prescribed by the shari'a -- their īmān , their prayer ṣalāt , almsgiving zakāt , pilgrimage ḥajj , ritual washings wudū' , ghusl , and responsibility to their relatives", respectively. While there is no Original Sin in Islam, the Quran does mention the many inherent flaws in the personalities of human beings – weakness, greed, stinginess, pride, etc. What

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1116-400: A village settled among the ruins. The 2nd century Roman theater , constructed probably under Trajan , is the only monument of this type with its upper gallery in the form of a covered portico which has been integrally preserved. It was fortified between 481 and 1231. Further, Nabatean and Roman monuments, Christian churches, mosques and Madrasahs are present within the half-ruined enceinte of

1209-591: A way of balancing the weight of an individual's good deeds and bad on Judgement day, to see which is heavier, as the occurrence stated in Kitāb aḥwāl al-qiyāma , which will span in fifty thousand years. It is believed those whose good deeds outweigh their bad will be assigned to Jannah (heaven), and those whose bad deeds outweigh the good, Jahannam (hell). How much weight is given to internal and how much to external imam , how much to piety and how much to obedience to Islamic law (the two being intertwined, of course), in

1302-550: Is both "beyond all human time constructs" and generally estimated by many commentators to be forty years. The Afterlife will commence with a trumpet blast (different sources give different numbers of trumpet blasts), signaling the "Day of the Arising", according to the classical Islamic scholar and theologian al-Ghazali . The sounding of the trumpet is mentioned at least two times in the Qur'ān, but "the Qur'an itself does not make explicit

1395-641: Is highly regarded especially among Salafi school of thought. Although Ibn Kathir claimed to rely on at-Tabari , he introduced new methods and differs in content, in attempt to clear Islam from that he evaluates as Isra'iliyyat. His suspicion on Isra'iliyyat possibly derived from Ibn Taimiyya's influence, who discounted much of the exegetical tradition since then. His Tafsir has gained widespread popularity in modern times, especially among Western Muslims, probably due to his straightforward approach, but also due to lack of alternative translations of traditional tafsirs. Ibn Kathir's Tafsir work has played major impact in

1488-753: Is nothing with what Allah describes Himself with nor his Prophet describes Allah with from likening Allah to his Creation (tashbeeh). Whosoever affirms for Allah what has reached Us from the Truthful Ayahs (verses) and Correct Hadeeth (Prophetic narrations) on the way that is befitting the Majesty of Allah while negating from Allah all defects indeed He has traveled the way of guidance." (Tafsir Ibn Kathir 7:54) These words from Ibn Kathir were argued by Athari scholarship as proof of Ibn Kathir not being Ash'arite. According to Salafi Muslims, since Ibn Kathir does not use logical rationale to reject anthropomorphism, he believed

1581-467: Is quite possible for People of the Interval to exist in every time period, whether before [the revelation of the final message of] Islam or after. The message has to have reached them in its pristine purity, without any distortions. In cases where the dawah reaches people in a mutilated form in which its essential components; its fundamental principles of belief, have been substituted, I am the first to say that

1674-541: Is the Day of ˹Final˺ Decision which you used to deny." ˹Allah will say to the angels,˺ "Gather ˹all˺ the wrongdoers along with their peers, and whatever they used to worship instead of Allah, then lead them ˹all˺ to the path of Hell [ ṣirāṭ al-jahīm ]. And detain them, for they must be questioned." ˹Then they will be asked,˺ "What is the matter with you that you can no longer help each other?" (Q.37:21–25) ṣirāṭ al-jahīm "was adopted into Islamic tradition to signify

1767-468: Is unique to his own judgment to preserve, that he regards as best among his traditions." Busra Bosra ( Arabic : بُصْرَىٰ , romanized :  Buṣrā ), formerly Bostra ( Greek : Βόστρα ) and officially called Busra al-Sham ( Arabic : بُصْرَىٰ ٱلشَّام , romanized :  Buṣrā al-Shām ), is a town in southern Syria , administratively belonging to the Daraa District of

1860-479: Is when "all bodies will be resurrected" from the dead, and "all people" are "called to account" for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth . It has been called "the dominant message" of the holy book of Islam , the Quran , and resurrection and judgement the two themes "central to the understanding of Islamic eschatology ." Judgement Day is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims, and one of

1953-496: The tawḥīd of God, have the possibility of being saved." The possibility of intercession on behalf of sinners ( shafaʿa ) on Judgement Day to save them from hellfire, is a "major theme" in the eschatological expectations of the Muslim community and in stories told about the events of Judgement Day. While Quran "is both generally and clearly negative" in regard to the possibility of intercession on behalf of sinners ( shafaʿa ) on

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2046-420: The 1914 Ottoman population statistics , the district of Busra had a total population of 26.355, consisting of 22.485 Muslims, 3.096 Orthodox Greeks , 594 Catholic Greeks and 180 Protestants . Today, Bosra is a major archaeological site, containing ruins from Roman , Byzantine , and Muslim times, its main feature being the well preserved Roman theatre. Every year there is a national music festival hosted in

2139-515: The Athari school of Islamic theology. His full name was Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar ibn Kaṯīr ( أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير ‎ ) and had the laqab (epithet) of ʿImād ad-Dīn ( عماد الدين ‎ "pillar of the faith"). His family trace its lineage back to the tribe of Quraysh . He was born in Mijdal, a village on the outskirts of the city of Busra , in the east of Damascus, Syria , around about AH 701 (AD 1300/1). He

2232-607: The Daraa Governorate and geographically part of the Hauran region. Bosra is an ancient city mentioned in 14th century BC Egyptian sources. A key Nabatean city, it became the prosperous provincial capital of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea following the dissolvement of the Nabatean kingdom . With the advent of Christianity , Bostra flourished as a Metropolitan Archbishopric, under

2325-411: The Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bosra had a population of 19,683 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the nahiyah ("subdistrict") of Bosra which consisted of nine localities with a collective population of 33,839 in 2004. Bosra's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim , although the town has a small Shia Muslim community. Bosra was the first Nabatean city in

2418-509: The Young Turks period and in the Syrian parliament during the French Mandate period. As of the late 1990s, members of the al-Miqdad clan occupied the positions of mayor, the chief imam of the main al-Omari Mosque , the chief of the town's bureau of antiquities as well as manager of Bosra's carpet workshop and the owner of the principal coffeehouse. While their members traditionally resided in

2511-533: The angel of death himself – save God. God will then ask three times, "'To whom belongs the Kingdom this day?' No one answers Him so He answers Himself, saying, 'To God who is one alone, victorious!'" Numerous Qur'ānic mentions that every soul will taste death during "the hour" are thought to underscore the absolute power and tawḥīd of God while the resurrection of life demonstrates "His justice and mercy". The time between annihilation of all life and its resurrection

2604-419: The main theatre . Significant social and economic changes have affected Bosra since the end of the French Mandate in 1946. While up until the 1950s the shopkeepers of Bosra were from Damascus , since then most shop owners are residents of the town. In the late Ottoman era and the French Mandate period, the agricultural relationship was between the small landowner and the sharecroppers, since agrarian reforms in

2697-594: The 13th AD century. while modern scholars such as Marzuq at Tarifi, and Sa'id Musfir al-Qahtani further posited that Abu al-Hasan al-Ashʿari , the eponym of Asharite school, himself was not fond of his "Asharite followers" and pointed out on his book, al-ibāna, that Abu al Hasan was teaching the method similar to Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Kathir, and rejected the Ahl al Kalam and Maturidites such as Al-Razi. In summary, Jon Hoover outlined that Ibn Kathir stance according to scholars were orthodox traditionists and rejected

2790-530: The 2nd century BC. The Nabatean Kingdom was conquered by Cornelius Palma , a general of Trajan , in 106 AD. According to John Malalas , it was called Bostra ( Ancient Greek : Βόστρα ) after Bostras, a Roman general who was sent into the country. Under the Roman Empire Bosra was renamed Nova Trajana Bostra and was the residence of the legio III Cyrenaica . It was made capital of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . The city flourished and became

2883-589: The 5th century, Christianity became the dominant religion in Bosra ( Βόσρα in Greek-Byzantine ). The city became a Metropolitan archbishop 's seat (see below) and a large cathedral was built in the 6th century. Bosra was conquered by the Sasanian Persians in the early 7th century but was recaptured during the Byzantine reconquest. Bosra played an important part in the early life of Muhammad , as described in

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2976-505: The 9th-century Ya'qubi wrote that Bosra was the capital of the Hauran province. After the end of the Umayyad era in 750, major activity in Bosra ceased for around 300 years until the late 11th-century. In the last years of Fatimid rule, in 1068, a number of building projects were commissioned. With the advent of Seljuk rule in 1076, increasing focus was paid to Bosra's defenses. In particular,

3069-501: The Catholic concept of purgatory , sinful Muslim will stay in hell until purified of their sins. According to the scholar Al-Subki (and others), "God will take out of the Fire everyone who has said the testimony" (i.e. the shāhada testimony made by all Muslims, "There is no God but God , Muhammad is his prophet") "all but the mushrikun , those who have committed the worst sin of impugning

3162-465: The Earth will be destroyed. (In surah Al-Haqqah ) When the trumpet is blown with a single blast and the earth and the mountains are lifted up and crushed with a single blow, then, on that day, the terror shall come to pass, and heaven shall be split, for upon that day it shall be very frail. ... " (Q.69:13–16) Verses from another surah ( At-Takwir ) describe When the sun shall be darkened When

3255-448: The Fire having eaten at them. Then he will hurry with them to a river near the gate of the Garden, called [the river of] life. There they will bathe and emerge from it as beardless youths, with kohled eyes and faces like the moon. The "events" of "the judgement process" are concluded with the arrival of resurrected at their final "abode of recompense": either paradise for the saved or hell for

3348-427: The Muslims on the day of judgement". Verse Q.43:86 authorizes "true witnesses" to grant intercession, and in this category "has been found for the inclusion" of Muhammad "as an intercessor for the Muslim community. "One of the most popular and often-cited" stories about Muḥammad as intercessor ("validating" his ability to intercede) revolves around sinners turning to him after being turned down for intercession by all

3441-520: The Roman theater was transformed into a fortress, with a new floor added to the interior staircase tower. With the coming to power of the Burid dynasty in Damascus, the general Kumushtakin was allotted the entire Hauran plain as a fief by the atabeg Tughtakin . Under Kumushtakin, efforts to enhance the Muslim nature of the city increased with the construction of a number of Islamic edifices. Of these projects

3534-557: The Throne. All that exists until the day of resurrection is written on it. Isrāfīl has four wings—one in the East, one in the West, one covering his legs and one shielding his head and face in fear of God. His head is inclined toward the Throne .... No angel is nearer to the throne than Isrāfīl. Seven veils are between him and the Throne, each veil five hundred years distance from the next ... This will wake

3627-567: The ancient Roman governor of Bosra, although other townspeople believe they are of Crusader origins. Regarding land ownership, the Hamd clan owns around 1,000 hectares in the town while the al-Miqdad clan owns roughly 12,000. The latter's members were historically influential in the Hauran region and beyond, having had one of their own in the Ottoman parliament of Abdul Hamid II in Constantinople during

3720-412: The attributes of God cannot be likened to creatures, while simultaneously affirming the verses and hadith about God's Attributes such as residence above His Throne and His Exaltation above all creatures. Salafis rebut Ash'arite claims as Formal fallacy regarding Ibn Kathir tafsir, and other claims such as four madhhab schools as supporting Ash'ari and Maturidites are fabrications. For this, they employ

3813-412: The burning Fire!(Q.69:30-31) "The book" is thought to refer to an account each person has, chronicling the deeds of their life, good and bad. Commentators reports "affirm" that each day in a person's life, "one or two angels" begin a new page, inscribing deeds, and that upon completion, the pages are assembled "in some fashion ... into a full scroll or record". On Judgement Day the book is presented to

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3906-459: The chronology involved with the blowing(s) of the horn" and "it has been for the followers of the Prophet to determine for themselves the exact sequence of events after that." Know that Isrāfīl is the master of the horn [ al-qarn ]. God created the preserved tablet [ al-lawḥ al-maḥfuz ] of white pearl. Its length is seven times the distance between the heaven and the earth and it is connected to

3999-582: The city as his base when he claimed the sultanate in Damascus on two separate occasions, reigning between 1237–38 and 1239–45. In 1596 Bosra appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as Nafs Busra , being part of the nahiyah of Bani Nasiyya in the Qada of Hauran . It had a Muslim population consisting of 75 households and 27 bachelors, and a Christian population of 15 households and 8 bachelors. Taxes were paid on wheat , barley , summer crops, fruit- or other trees, goats and/or beehives and water mill. According to

4092-569: The city. The structure of the cathedral, a central plan with eastern apses flanked by 2 sacristies, exerted a decisive influence on the evolution of Christian architectural forms, and to a certain extent on Islamic style. Al-Omari Mosque of Bosra is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Islamic history. Close by are the Kharaba Bridge and the Gemarrin Bridge , both Roman bridges . Bosra has

4185-473: The clans and between the Sunni and Shia communities having increased significantly. Day of Resurrection In Islam , "the promise and threat" ( waʿd wa-waʿīd ) of Judgement Day ( Arabic : یوم القيامة , romanized :  Yawm al-qiyāmah , lit.   'Day of Resurrection' or Arabic : یوم الدین , romanized :  Yawm ad-din , lit.   'Day of Judgement'),

4278-751: The common order is of Judgement Day at this point is unclear based on hadith as they disagree on the way God reveals to "the various categories of individuals what their fate is to be". There are special conditions to those who did not receive teachings of Islam during their life accordingly, the people of the period are judged differently on the Day of Judgement . There is a difference of opinion between scholars of Islam on their afterlife. The rationalist Mu'tazilites believed that every accountable person ( Arabic : مكلف , mukallaf ) must reject polytheism and idolatry and believe in an All-Powerful God. Failure to meet these requirements would result in eternal punishment. On

4371-810: The contemporary movements of Islamic reform. Salafi reformer Jamal al-Din Qasimi 's Qurʾānic exegsis Maḥāsin al-taʾwīl was greatly influenced by Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Kathīr, which is evident from its emphasis on ḥadīth , Scripturalist approaches, the rejection of Isrāʾīliyyāt , and a polemical attitudes against the Ahl al-raʾy . From the 1920s onwards, Wahhabi scholars also contributed immensely to popularisation of ḥadīth-oriented hermeneutics and exegeses, such as Ibn Kathīr's and al-Baghawī ’s Qurʾān commentaries and Ibn Taymiyya’s al-Muqaddima fī uṣūl al-tafsīr , through printing press. The Wahhābī promotion of Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Kathīr’s works through print publishing during

4464-440: The dawah has not reached them.” The saved and the damned now being clearly distinguished, the souls will traverse over hellfire via the bridge of sirat . This story is based on verses in the Quran (Q.36:66, Q.37:23–24), both of which "are rather indefinite". Only Q.37:23–24 mentioning hell in the form of al-jahīm with ṣirāṭ at least sometimes being translated as 'path' rather than 'bridge'. ˹They will be told,˺ "This

4557-449: The dead from their graves. Bodies will be resurrected and reunited with their spirits to form "whole, cognizant, and responsible persons". The first to arise will be the members of the Muslim community, according to "an often-quoted saying" of Muhammad, but will be "subdivided into categories" based on their sins while on earth. The classification of the resurrected into groups comes from "certain narratives" about Judgement Day that "suggest"

4650-406: The early twentieth century emerged instrumental in making these two scholars popular in the contemporary period and imparted a robust impact on modern exegetical works. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm is controversial in western academic circles. Henri Laoust regards it primary as a philological work and "very elementary". Norman Calder describes it as narrow-minded, dogmatic, and skeptical against

4743-670: The eastern quarter of old Bosra, they are currently prevalent throughout the town. Bosra also has a small Shia Muslim community of some fifty families. According to Palestinian American historian Hanna Batatu , the Shia inhabitants of Bosra were "relatively recent arrivals," and immigrated to the town from the city of Nabatieh in South Lebanon . Most of the working members of the Shia community are artisans or laborers. Batatu also asserts that social changes in Bosra since Syrian independence have led to tribal diffusion, with intermarriage between

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4836-475: The end of the world. Jesus (known in Islam as Isa ) will make a second coming in Islam, but not to preside over Last Judgement. Instead he will help another Islamic saviour figure ("The Mahdi "), crush evildoers and restore order and justice before the end of the world, including (according to some Islamic hadiths) correcting the erring ways of the world's Christians by converting them to Islam. Muslims do not believe these matching prophecies about Judgement Day are

4929-616: The entry for the Christian monk Bahira . The forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under general Khalid ibn Walid captured the city from the Byzantines in the Battle of Bosra in 634. Throughout Islamic rule, Bosra would serve as the southernmost outpost of Damascus, its prosperity being mostly contingent on the political importance of that city. Bosra held additional significance as a center of

5022-419: The events" for the day can be made based on both the many details "suggested by the Qur'an" and also on "the elaborations and additions provided as usual by the hadiths, the manuals, and the interpretations of theologians". Four segments of end times in Islam can be presented: Many verses of the Quran , especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the Day of Resurrection. In Islam

5115-510: The fact that: Ibn Kathir wrote a famous commentary on the Qur'an named Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm better known as Tafsir Ibn Kathir which linked certain Hadith , or sayings of Muhammad , and sayings of the sahaba to verses of the Qur'an, in explanation and avoided the use of Isra'iliyyats . Many Sunni Muslims hold his commentary as the best after Tafsir al-Tabari and Tafsir al-Qurtubi and it

5208-560: The first architectural developments in the city was the construction of eight large external towers in the Roman theater-turned-fortress. The project began in 1202 and were completed in 1253, towards the end of the Ayyubid period. The two northern corner towers alone occupied more space than the remaining six. After al-Adil's death in 1218, his son as-Salih Ismail inherited the fief of Bosra who resided in its newly fortified citadel. During Ismail's rule, Bosra gained political prominence. Ismail used

5301-403: The generation of Sahaba Salaf , where Zubayr ibn al-Awwam , one of The ten to whom Paradise was promised also taught this view. Contemporary researchers notes that these anti rationalistic, anti Ash'arite methods of Ibn Kathir shared with his teacher Ibn Taimiyyah; were proven in his tafseer regarding the Day of Resurrection and Hypocrisy in Qur'an. Ibn Kathir states: "People have said

5394-644: The grave before Resurrection Day). The resurrected will gather for "The Perspiration" — a time when all created beings, including men, angels, jinn , devils and animals will sweat, unshaded from the sun, awaiting their fate. Sinners and nonbelievers will suffer and sweat longer on this day, which some say will last for "50,000 years" (based on Q.70:4) and others only 1000 (based on Q.32:5). The final judgment (Reckoning, ḥisāb ) where God judges each soul for their lives lived on earth, will be "carried out with absolute justice" accepting no excuses, and examine every act and intention—no matter how small, but "through

5487-446: The grouping, and are based on "a number of scattered verses in the Qur'an indicating the woeful condition" of resurrected sinners. In the time between resurrection and judgement will be an agonizing wait (Q.21:103, Q.37:20) at the place of assembly [ al-maḥshar ], or the time of standing before God [ al-mawqūf ], giving sinners "ample opportunity to contemplate the imminent recompense for his past faults" (just as sinners suffer in

5580-405: The intellectual achievements of former exegetes. His concern is limited to rate the Quran by the corpus of Hadith and is the first, who flatly rates Jewish sources as unreliable, while simultaneously using them, just as prophetic hadith, selectively to support his prefabricated opinion. Otherwise, Jane Dammen McAuliffe regards this tafsir as "deliberately and carefully selected, whose interpretation

5673-405: The jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East . It also became a Latin Catholic titular see and the episcopal see of a Melkite Catholic Archeparchy. Throughout its history under various Muslim rulers, the city maintained its strategic importance as Syria's southern gateway. It attracted attention from Damascus ' rulers and was governed by various lords, serving as

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5766-474: The last day" to save them from hellfire, (the idea being every individual must take responsibility for their own deeds and acts of faith). In the 20+ occurrences of shafa'a in the Quran none mention Muhammad or the office of prophethood. However this principle was "modified in the ensuing understanding of the community, and the Prophet Muḥammad was invested with the function of intervening on behalf of

5859-514: The late 1950s and 1960s, the relevant relationship has been between the landowners and the wage laborers. Many of its residents have found work in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, sending proceeds to their relatives in Bosra. Social changes together with increased access to education have largely diminished the traditional clan life according to historian Hanna Batatu . During the presidency of Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000), Bosra and

5952-704: The living when the world ends. As in the First and Second Epistle of John of the New Testament , an " Antichrist " figure appears in Islam, known (in Islam) as ( Arabic : دجّال ) Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl , literally "Deceitful Messiah". The Dajjal , like the Antichrist, performs miracles, or at least what appear to be miracles. (In Islam, the Dajjal and many of his followers are prophesied to be killed by Jesus's breath, just as in

6045-413: The main road running through the town. On 13 November 2012, fierce fighting was reported in the east side of the town. By January 2013, after 22 months of conflict amid the ongoing Syrian Civil War , some refugees fleeing Bosra spoke of ever-escalating violence with many bodies being left in the streets during the violence. On 15 January 2013, it was reported that the citadel was used by the army to shell

6138-553: The message in this world will be tested in the afterlife, or Barzakh . This view also shared and accepted by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya , Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari , and Ibn Kathir , as they all based this ruling according to Hadith about the fates of four kinds of peoples: According to Ibn Qayyim, Ibn Taymiyya, and other Islamic scholars who agreed on this Hadiths, this means those four type of peoples would be further examined by Allah in Barzakh , where these four type of person will be tested in

6231-737: The methodology of Ibn Taymiyyah. Barbara Freyer contends that this anti-rationalistic, traditionalistic and hadith oriented approaches held by Ibn Kathir were shared not only by Ibn Taymiyyah, but also by Ibn Hazm , Bukhari independent Madhhab , and also scholars from Jariri , and Zahiri Maddhabs. According to Christian Lange , although he was a Shafi , he was closely aligned with Damascene Hanbalism. David L. Johnston described him as "the traditionist and Ash'arite Ibn Kathir". Taha Jabir Alalwani, Professor and President of Cordoba University in Ashburn, Virginia maintains that these traditionalistic views of Ibn Kathir claimed by Salafists were rooted further to

6324-633: The minds of anthropomorphists ( al-mushabbihin ) is negated of Allah , for nothing from His creation resembles Him: "There is nothing whatsoever like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing" Rather this affair is like what the Grand Shaykh of Imam Bukhari Shaykh Naeem ibn Hamaad Khazaa'i said "Whosoever likens Allah to his Creation has done Kufr (disbelieved) and whosoever negates what Allah describes Himself with has also done Kufr (Disbelieved) There

6417-449: The opposite of his true qualities. And hearing such things would never arouse one’s desire to find out who he was." Imam Nawawi said in his commentary Sharh Sahih Muslim that those who are born into idolatrous families and die without a message reaching them are granted paradise based upon the Qur'anic verse 17:15 : "We do not punish a people until a messenger comes to them." . According to ibn Taymiyyah, these people who did not receive

6510-471: The other hand, the Ash'aris believed that those who did not receive the message would be forgiven, even idolaters. Their premise was that good and evil is based upon revelation; in other words, good and evil are defined by God. Therefore, in the absence of revelation, they cannot be held accountable. Abu Hamid al-Ghazali categorized non-Muslims into three categories: He also wrote about non-Muslims who have heard

6603-451: The other prophets. In al-Durra by al-Ghazali, this happens "between the two soundings of the trumpet". Another story found in Kitāb aḥwāl al-qiyāma relates [The Prophet Muḥammad] will come with the prophets and will bring out from the Fire all who used to say "There is no God but God and Muḥammad is the Messenger of God. ... " He will then bring them out all together, charred from

6696-594: The pilgrim caravan between Damascus and the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina , the destinations of the annual hajj pilgrimage. Early Islamic rule did not alter the general architecture of Bosra, with only two structures dating to the Umayyad era (721 and 746) when Damascus was the capital of the Caliphate. As Bosra's inhabitants gradually converted to Islam the Roman-era holy sites were utilized for Muslim practices. In

6789-628: The prerogative of God's merciful will". Quran verses in Al-Haqqah (surah 69) are thought to refer to the reckoning on Judgement Day: As for the one who is given his book in his right hand, he will say: Take and read my book. I knew that I would be called to account. And he will be in a blissful condition (Q.69:19–21) .... But as for him who is given his book in his left hand, he will say: Would that my book had not been given to me and that I did not know my reckoning! (Q.69:25-26) ... [And it will be said] Seize him and bind him and expose him to

6882-573: The prophet Muhammad rode on when he entered Bosra in the early 7th-century. In 1147, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem led a Crusader force to capture the city , however, his attempt was thwarted, as the Damascene army led by Mu'in ad-Din Unur managed to garrison into Bosra's citadel. A golden age of political and architectural activity in Bosra began during the reign of Ayyubid sultan al-Adil I (1196–1218). One of

6975-545: The reports from Ahmad ibn Hanbal who rejected the views of those who were allegedly deemed as proto Asharites and Maturidites, the Mutakallim , and deems them as not in Ahl as Sunnah teaching. According to Livnat Holtzman, historically the school of Ahl al-Hadith championed by none other than Ibn Kathir's master, Ibn Taymiyyah, had successfully crushed the interrogation and accusation from Ash'arite rational (Kalam) argumentations during

7068-434: The right hand of the resurrected person if they are going to Jannah, and left if they are to be sent to "the burning fire". Another version of how the resurrected are judged ("particular elements that make up the occasion of the reckoning" in the Quran are not ordered or grouped and are called "modalities of judgement") involves several references in the Quran to mīzān (balance), which some commentators believe refers to

7161-517: The righteous. In an event somewhat similar to the Rapture concept in Christianity —where at some time near the end of the world all Christian believers disappear and are carried off to heaven—in Islam one of the very last signs of the imminent arrival of the end of the world will be a "pleasant" or "cold" wind, that brings a peaceful death to all Muslim believers, leaving only unbelievers alive to face

7254-473: The second chapter of 2 Thessalonians it says "Jesus will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming", some unnamed "lawless" figure. As in the Christian Book of Revelation (where they are to fight a "final battle with Christ and his saints"), Gog and Magog , will be released, after being imprisoned for thousands of years in a mountain, to wage war against

7347-485: The signs of the coming of Judgement Day are described as "major" and "minor". The Al-Masih ad-Dajjal will appear, deceiving the foolish and killing Muslims until killed by either the Mahdi or Jesus. Following him, two dangerous, evil tribes of subhumans with vast numbers called Yajooj and Majooj will be released from where they have been imprisoned inside a mountain since Roman times. And according to some narratives,

7440-412: The six articles of Islamic faith . The trials, tribulations, and details associated with it are detailed in the Quran and the Hadith (sayings of Muhammad ); these have been elaborated on in creeds , Quranic commentaries ( tafsịrs ), theological writing, eschatological manuals to provide more details and a sequence of events on the Day. Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities who have explained

7533-496: The span over jahannam , the top layer of the Fire". Muhammad leading the Muslim Ummah will be first across the bridge. For sinners, the bridge will be thinner than hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk on without falling below to arrive at their fiery destination, while the righteous will proceed across the bridge to paradise ( Jannah ). Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there. Somewhat like

7626-443: The stars shall be thrown down When the seas shall be set boiling When the souls shall be coupled, ... When the scrolls shall be unrolled When heavens shall be stripped off, When Hell shall be set blazing, When Paradise shall be brought nigh Then shall a soul know what it has produced. (Q.81:1,2,6,7,10-14) A second trumpet blast will signal a "final cataclysm" ( fanāʼ ), the extinction of all living creatures – even

7719-501: The state where their senses and their minds in perfect condition, so they can understand they are being tested examined by God. Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani , a Salafi scholar, stated on this matter: “The term Ahl al-Fatrah refers to everyone whom the dawah (message of Islam) has not reached in a correct manner as it came in the Shariah… Such people will not be punished on the Day of Judgement [for their disbelief in this world]. It

7812-558: The subject in detail include al-Ghazali , Ibn Kathir , Ibn Majah , Muhammad al-Bukhari , and Ibn Khuzaymah . Among the names of the Day of Resurrection/Judgement used in the Qur'an are: Related terms include (according to scholars Jane Smith and Yvonne Haddad), Islamic and Christian eschatology both have a " Day of Resurrection " of the dead ( yawm al-qiyāmah ), followed by a "Day of Judgement" ( yawm ad-din ) where all human beings who have ever lived will be held accountable for their deeds by being judged by God. Depending on

7905-457: The surrounding villages were left largely outside of government interference and, for the most part, were politically dominated by members of the prominent al-Mokdad clan who served as intermediaries of sorts between the residents of the town and the governor of Daraa and the Ba'ath Party branch secretary. On 14 October 2012, there was intense gunfire from government forces stationed at checkpoints on

7998-413: The tabulation of good deeds and earning salvation, varies according to the interpretation of scholars. In one manual ( Kitāb aḥwāl al-qiyāma ), hopeful humans are questioned about their behaviour not before they head on the path/bridge ( aṣ-ṣirāṭ ; see below) to heaven, but during. As they walk the bridge, said to have seven arches, "each 3,000 years in length"; they are interrogated at each arch about

8091-522: The town on a daily basis. Since the beginning of February 2014 the city was under the control of the Syrian Army. However, on 31 January 2015, the Army's 5th Division confronted a contingent from the rebels near the famous Roman theater – fierce firefights broke out between the groups. On 1 February 2015, the Army forces shelled areas in the eastern neighborhood of the town. On 25 March 2015, Syrian rebels seized

8184-535: The town, ousting Syrian soldiers and allied militiamen after four days of intense battle . Bosra was recaptured by the Syrian Arab Army on 2 July 2018, following the surrender of the rebel forces. The recapture was a part of the Daraa Offensive , which has involved the surrender and/or reconciliation of many rebel groups in the area. Of the city which once counted 80,000 inhabitants, there remains today only

8277-564: The verdict of the judgement, they will be sent for eternity to either the reward of paradise ( Jannah ) or the punishment of hell ( Jahannam ). Some of the similarities between Christian and Islamic eschatology include: when exactly Judgement day will occur will be known only to God; it will be announced by a trumpet blast; it will be preceded by strange and terrible events serving as portents; Jesus will return to earth (but in different roles); battles will be fought with an Antichrist and Gog and Magog ; righteous believers will not be among

8370-614: The view of Mutakallims, just like the view of Salafi Muslims and their predecessor Ahl al-Hadith school. In the modern times, Ibn Kathir's creed have sometimes been raised as a subject of disagreement between the Ash'arites, successor of Ahl al-Ra'y rationalist school and the Salafis , theorized by Jon Hoover as successor of Ahl al-Hadith traditionist school. Some Ash'arite theologians have claimed Ibn Kathir as an Ash'ari, pointing out some of his beliefs and sayings reported from his works, and to

8463-488: Was 33,839. Bosra's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims and are mostly divided between seven major clans. The leading clan is the al-Miqdad who's members immigrated to Bosra from al-Suwayda in the mid-18th-century. During this era they also dominated the nearby villages of Ghasm , Maaraba and Samaqiyat . However, the oldest clan of Bosra are the Hamd, a largely fair-skinned people, many members of which have blond hair and blue eyes. They claim to be descendants of

8556-405: Was taught by Ibn Taymiyya and Al-Dhahabi . Upon completion of his studies he obtained his first official appointment in 1341, when he joined an inquisitorial commission formed to determine certain questions of heresy. He married the daughter of Al-Mizzi , one of the foremost Syrian scholars of the period, which gave him access to the scholarly elite. In 1345 he was made preacher ( khatib ) at

8649-510: Was the restoration of the Umari Mosque , which had been built by the Umayyads in 721. Another mosque commissioned was the smaller al-Khidr Mosque built at the northwestern part of the city, which was established under Kumushtakin, in 1134. Kumushtakin also had a madrasa constructed alongside the Muslim shrine honoring the mabrak an-naqa ("camel's knees"), which marked the imprints of the camel

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