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32-413: Iapygia may refer to: Iapygia quadrangle , a region of Mars Iapygians , an ancient people from Italy who lived in the region Iapygia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Iapygia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

64-409: A buffer to stabilise it in the range 7.37–7.43: Exhaled CO 2 (g) depletes CO 2 (aq) , which in turn consumes H 2 CO 3 , causing the equilibrium of the first reaction to try to restore the level of carbonic acid by reacting bicarbonate with a hydrogen ion, an example of Le Châtelier's principle . The result is to make the blood more alkaline (raise pH). By the same principle, when

96-480: A barchan sand dune forms. Barchans have a gentle slope on the wind side and a much steeper slope on the lee side where horns or a notch often forms. The whole dune may appear to move with the wind. Observing dunes on Mars can tell us how strong the winds are, as well as their direction. If pictures are taken at regular intervals, one may see changes in the dunes or possibly in ripples on the dune's surface. On Mars dunes are often dark in color because they were formed from

128-505: A crater on the rim of Huygens Crater. The impact on the rim exposed material that had been dug up from the impact that created Huygens. These minerals represent evidence that Mars once had a thicker carbon dioxide atmosphere with abundant moisture. These kinds of carbonates only form when there is a lot of water. They were found with the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on

160-583: A model with fractional bonds and delocalized charges: Metal carbonates generally decompose on heating, liberating carbon dioxide leaving behind an oxide of the metal. This process is called calcination , after calx , the Latin name of quicklime or calcium oxide , CaO, which is obtained by roasting limestone in a lime kiln : As illustrated by its affinity for Ca , carbonate is a ligand for many metal cations. Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes feature metal ions covalently bonded to carbonate in

192-399: A revolution in our ideas about water on Mars ; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars ( Mangala Vallis , Athabasca Vallis , Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of

224-399: A rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. Sometimes craters will display layers. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface. Carbonates (calcium or iron carbonates) were discovered in

256-406: A variety of bonding modes. Lithium , sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and ammonium carbonates are water-soluble salts, but carbonates of 2+ and 3+ ions are often poorly soluble in water. Of the insoluble metal carbonates, CaCO 3 is important because, in the form of scale , it accumulates in and impedes flow through pipes. Hard water is rich in this material, giving rise to

288-402: Is double bonded. These compounds are also known as organocarbonates or carbonate esters, and have the general formula R−O−C(=O)−O−R′ , or RR′CO 3 . Important organocarbonates include dimethyl carbonate , the cyclic compounds ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate , and the phosgene replacement, triphosgene . Three reversible reactions control the pH balance of blood and act as

320-441: Is related to the disparate lattice energies of solids composed of mono- vs dianions, as well as mono- vs dications. In aqueous solution , carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid participate in a dynamic equilibrium . In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide , CO 2 (aq) ,

352-444: Is the main form, which, with water, H 2 O , is in equilibrium with carbonic acid – the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid. In organic chemistry a carbonate can also refer to a functional group within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one of which

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384-453: Is the simplest oxocarbon anion . It consists of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, in a trigonal planar arrangement, with D 3h molecular symmetry . It has a molecular mass of 60.01  g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) ion, HCO − 3 , which is the conjugate base of H 2 CO 3 , carbonic acid . The Lewis structure of

416-513: The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter . Earlier, the instrument had detected clay minerals. The carbonates were found near the clay minerals. Both of these minerals form in wet environments. It is supposed that billions of years age Mars was much warmer and wetter. At that time, carbonates would have formed from water and the carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. Later the deposits of carbonate would have been buried. The double impact has now exposed

448-461: The action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. Impact craters generally have

480-512: The addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. In geology and mineralogy , the term "carbonate" can refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock (which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, CO 2− 3 . Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock . The most common are calcite or calcium carbonate , CaCO 3 ,

512-459: The carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom. This structure is incompatible with the observed symmetry of the ion, which implies that the three bonds are the same length and that the three oxygen atoms are equivalent. As in the case of the isoelectronic nitrate ion, the symmetry can be achieved by a resonance among three structures: This resonance can be summarized by

544-453: The chief constituent of limestone (as well as the main component of mollusc shells and coral skeletons); dolomite , a calcium-magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ; and siderite , or iron(II) carbonate , FeCO 3 , an important iron ore . Sodium carbonate ("soda" or "natron"), Na 2 CO 3 , and potassium carbonate ("potash"), K 2 CO 3 , have been used since antiquity for cleaning and preservation, as well as for

576-408: The common, volcanic rock basalt. In the dry environment, dark minerals in basalt, like olivine and pyroxene, do not break down as they do on Earth. Although rare, some dark sand is found on Hawaii which also has many volcanoes discharging basalt. Barchan is a Russian term because this type of dune was first seen in the desert regions of Turkistan. Some of the wind on Mars is created when the dry ice at

608-462: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iapygia&oldid=932885709 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Iapygia quadrangle The Iapygia quadrangle covers the area from 270° to 315° west longitude and from 0° to 30° south latitude on Mars . Parts of

640-551: The large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault. The Iapygia quadrangle contains some dunes. Some of them are barchans. Pictures below show sand dunes in this quadrangle. When there are perfect conditions for producing sand dunes, steady wind in one direction and just enough sand,

672-473: The long-term carbon cycle, due to the large number of marine organisms (especially coral) which are made of calcium carbonate. Increased solubility of carbonate through increased temperatures results in lower production of marine calcite and increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This, in turn, increases Earth temperature. The amount of CO 2− 3 available is on a geological scale and substantial quantities may eventually be redissolved into

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704-435: The manufacture of glass . Carbonates are widely used in industry, such as in iron smelting, as a raw material for Portland cement and lime manufacture, in the composition of ceramic glazes , and more. New applications of alkali metal carbonates include: thermal energy storage, catalysis and electrolyte both in fuel cell technology as well as in electrosynthesis of H 2 O 2 in aqueous media. The carbonate ion

736-678: The minerals. Earth has vast carbonate deposits in the form of limestone . There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early 1970s with the Mariner 9 orbiter. Vallis (plural valles ) is the Latin word for valley . It is used in planetary geology for the naming of landform features on other planets, including what could be old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused

768-412: The need for infrastructural water softening . Acidification of carbonates generally liberates carbon dioxide : Thus, scale can be removed with acid. In solution the equilibrium between carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is sensitive to pH, temperature, and pressure. Although di- and trivalent carbonates have low solubility, bicarbonate salts are far more soluble. This difference

800-424: The ones around Shiprock , New Mexico . The dikes were once under the surface, but have now been eroded. Dikes are magma -filled cracks that often carry lava to the surface. Dikes by definition cut across rock layers. Some dikes on earth are associated with mineral deposits. Discovering dikes on Mars means that perhaps future colonists will be able to mine needed minerals on Mars, instead of transporting them all

832-410: The pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ) into urine as urea via the urea cycle (or Krebs–Henseleit ornithine cycle). By removing the bicarbonate, more H is generated from carbonic acid ( H 2 CO 3 ), which comes from CO 2 (g) produced by cellular respiration . Crucially, a similar buffer operates in the oceans. It is a major factor in climate change and

864-439: The poles is heated in the spring. At that time, the solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimates or changes directly to a gas and rushes away at high speeds. Each Martian year 30% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes out and covers the pole that is experiencing winter, so there is a great potential for strong winds. Carbonates A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid , ( H 2 CO 3 ), characterized by

896-461: The presence of the carbonate ion , a polyatomic ion with the formula CO 2− 3 . The word "carbonate" may also refer to a carbonate ester , an organic compound containing the carbonate group O=C(−O−) 2 . The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation : the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverages – either by

928-467: The regions Tyrrhena Terra and Terra Sabaea are found in this quadrangle . The largest crater in this quadrangle is Huygens . Some interesting features in this quadrangle are dikes. the many layers found in Terby crater, and the presence of carbonates on the rim of Huygens crater. Near Huygens, especially just to the east of it, are a number of narrow ridges which appear to be the remnants of dikes , like

960-412: The sea and released to the atmosphere, increasing CO 2 levels even more. It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in rock is strong evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 show evidence for carbonates in space, where aqueous alteration similar to that on Earth is unlikely. Other minerals have been proposed which would fit

992-633: The structures. With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind. Since the ridges occur in locations with clay, these formations could serve as a marker for clay which requires water for its formation. Water here could have supported life. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars. Layers can be hardened by

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1024-465: The way from the Earth . Some features look like dikes, but may be what has been called linear ridge networks . Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner. They are hundreds of meters long, tens of meters high, and several meters wide. It is thought that impacts created fractures in the surface; these fractures later acted as channels for fluids. Fluids cemented

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