Misplaced Pages

#63936

70-517: The first Congress of Biochemistry was held in 1949 in Cambridge, UK, and was inspired by German-born British biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs as a means of bringing together biochemists who had been separated by World War II . At the time, biochemistry was blossoming as a discipline and was seeking its own recognition as a union within the International Council for Science (ICSU). The congress

140-520: A biochemical society, a national research council or an academy of sciences. It also represents the regional organizations, Federation of Asian Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB), Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS), and Pan-American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (PABMB). IUBMB organizes a triennial Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and sponsors three annual focussed meetings. In addition, it supports symposia, educational activities (including

210-458: A cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it is an unusual one because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and

280-571: A daughter, Helen (born 1942). John ( Sir John Krebs, and later Baron Krebs ) became a renowned ornithologist , Professor at the University of Oxford, Principal of Jesus College, Oxford , and Member of the British House of Lords . After a brief illness, Krebs died on 22 November 1981 in Oxford, aged 81. In 1932, Krebs worked out the outlines of the urea cycle with a medical student Kurt Henseleit at

350-550: A high score that he suspected the examiners of being "unduly lenient and sympathetic". With the end of the war two months later, his conscription ended. Krebs decided to follow his father's profession and entered the University of Göttingen in December 1918 to study medicine. In 1919, he transferred to the University of Freiburg . In 1923, he published his first scientific paper on a tissue staining technique . He did this work under

420-574: A laboratory in a different country to work on a specified project. Mid Career Fellowships provide a similar opportunity to early career investigators. The IUBMB collaborates with American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology to offer PROLAB fellowships to provide opportunities for Latin American students to study in the US. The IUBMB publishes standards on biochemical nomenclature, including Enzyme Commission number nomenclature, in some cases jointly with

490-628: A longer version titled "The Role of Citric Acid in Intermediate Metabolism in Animal Tissues", which he sent to the Dutch journal Enzymologia after two weeks and was published in two months. It was followed by a series of papers in different journals. Krebs continued to add more details to his citric acid cycle. The discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by Fritz Albert Lipmann was another major contribution. However, this new discovery posed

560-484: A membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as

630-476: A post of Lecturer in Pharmacology, with a more spacious laboratory and double the salary. He worked there for 19 years. The University of Sheffield opened a Department of Biochemistry, now Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, in 1938 and Krebs became its first Head, and eventually a Professor in 1945. During his time it became one of the leading departments of biochemistry in the world. Krebs took over

700-403: A problem in his classic reaction. In 1957, he, with Hans Kornberg , found that there were additional crucial enzymes. One was malate synthase , which condenses acetate with glyoxylate to form malate, and the other was isocitrate lyase , which provides glyoxylate for the reaction by cleaving it from isocitrate. These two reactions did not follow the normal citric acid cycle, and hence the pathway

770-458: A reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen. Fermentation

SECTION 10

#1732845442064

840-667: Is a research centre covering interdisciplinary programmes in biochemical research. In 1990, the Federation of European Biochemical Societies instituted the Sir Hans Krebs Lecture and Medal , which was endowed by the Lord Rank Centre for Research. It is awarded for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology. The Society of Friends of Hannover Medical School gives the Sir Hans Krebs Prize, which

910-400: Is a vital process that occurs in the cells of all living organisms . Respiration can be either aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic; some organisms can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP). Respiration is one of the key ways

980-777: Is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals. According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose These figures may still require further tweaking as new structural details become available. The above value of 3 H / ATP for

1050-520: Is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. Glycolytic ATP, however, is produced more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement

1120-476: Is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate and, finally, oxaloacetate . The net gain from one cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 as hydrogen (proton plus electron) carrying compounds and 1 high-energy GTP , which may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH 2 , and 2 ATP. In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in

1190-442: Is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Without oxygen, pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from

1260-447: Is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis , and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy transferred is used to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ), by substrate-level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH 2 . The negative ΔG indicates that

1330-423: Is worth 10,000 euros. The Biochemical Society offers Krebs Memorial Scholarship to a postgraduate (PhD) student working in biochemistry or an allied biomedical science at any British university. As of 2014, the scholarship is worth £18,500 and is given for a year, but is extendable up to three years. Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in

1400-736: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The enzyme nomenclature scheme was developed in 1955 at the International Congress of Biochemistry and, with the addition of translocases in 2018, contains 7 classes of enzymes. The IUBMB is associated with the journals IUBMB Life , Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (formerly Biochemical Education ), BioFactors , Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry , Molecular Aspects of Medicine and Trends in Biochemical Sciences . The publishing program supports

1470-574: The University of Freiburg . While working at the Medical Clinic of the University of Freiburg, Krebs met Kurt Henseleit , with whom he investigated the chemical process of urea formation. In 1904, two Germans, A. Kossel and H. D. Dakin, had shown that arginine could be hydrolysed by the enzyme arginase to form ornithine and urea in inorganic reaction. Based on this reaction, Krebs and Henseleit postulated that in living cells, similar reaction could occur, and that ornithine and citrulline could be

SECTION 20

#1732845442064

1540-478: The citric acid cycle and the urea cycle . The former, often eponymously known as the "Krebs cycle", is the sequence of metabolic reactions that allows cells of oxygen-respiring organisms to obtain far more ATP from the food they consume than anaerobic processes such as glycolysis can supply; and its discovery earned Krebs a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953. With Hans Kornberg , he also discovered

1610-526: The glyoxylate cycle , a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in plants, bacteria , protists , and fungi. Krebs died in 1981 in Oxford , where he had spent 13 years of his career from 1954 until his retirement in 1967 at the University of Oxford . Krebs was born in Hildesheim , Germany, to Georg Krebs, an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, and Alma Krebs (née Davidson). He was of Jewish ancestry and

1680-462: The pyruvate is oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way: Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by

1750-480: The " citric acid cycle ". It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or " tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". Krebs sent a short manuscript account of the discovery to Nature on 10 June 1937. On 14 June, he received a rejection letter from the editor, saying that the journal had "already sufficient letters to fill correspondence columns for seven or eight weeks", and encouraging Krebs to "submit it for early publication to another periodical." Krebs immediately prepared

1820-400: The 10 protons from oxidizing NADH would produce 2.72 ATP (instead of 2.5) and the 6 protons from oxidizing succinate or ubiquinol would produce 1.64 ATP (instead of 1.5). This is consistent with experimental results within the margin of error described in a recent review. The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate

1890-421: The ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting . Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to produce large amounts of energy and drive

1960-472: The CO 2 generated annually by terrestrial ecosystems . Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting", and occurs regardless of oxygen's presence or absence. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in

2030-843: The Department of Chemistry at the Pathological Institute of the Charité Hospital, in Berlin , for training in chemistry and biochemistry. He earned his MD degree in 1925 from the University of Hamburg . In 1926, Krebs joined Otto Heinrich Warburg as a research assistant at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Dahlem, Berlin . He was paid 4800 marks per year. After four years in 1930, with 16 publications to his credit, his mentor Warburg urged him to move on and he took up

2100-461: The IUBMB's mission of fostering growth and advancement of biochemistry and molecular biology as the foundation from which the biomolecular sciences derive their basic ideas and techniques in the service of humanity. Hans Adolf Krebs Sir Hans Adolf Krebs , FRS ( / k r ɛ b z , k r ɛ p s / , German: [hans ˈʔaːdɔlf ˈkʁeːps] ; 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981)

2170-509: The Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO 2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-563: The Sir Hans Krebs Trust, which provides funding for doctoral students in the biomedical field and support chemists who had to flee their home countries. The University of Oxford had a building named Hans Krebs Tower, which was occupied by the Department of Biochemistry. In 2008, a new building for the Department of Biochemistry was constructed, on which a plaque was placed on 20 May 2013 by the Association of Jewish Refugees . The plaque

2310-467: The Tang Fellowships), award lectures (including Jubilee Lectures), and travel grants for students around the world. The IUBMB is committed to providing training opportunities to biochemists and molecular biologists around the world. The Wood Whelan Research fellowship, established in honor of past-Presidents Harland G. Wood and William Joseph Whelan , provides opportunities for students to travel to

2380-466: The addition of two protons, water is formed. The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation. Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as

2450-725: The basic chemical reactions of the urea cycle, which established his scientific reputation. Krebs's life as a respected German scientist came to an abrupt halt in 1933 because of his Jewish ancestry. With the rise of Hitler 's Nazi Party to power, Germany decreed the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , which decreed the removal of all non-Germans, and anti-Nazis, from professional occupations. Krebs received his official dismissal from his job in April 1933, and his service

2520-463: The bulk production of ATP. Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms, either bacteria or archaea , in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate ( SO 2− 4 ), nitrate ( NO − 3 ), or sulfur (S) is used. Such organisms could be found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at

2590-410: The cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles,

2660-414: The chemical reaction in glucose metabolism . Warburg had flatly rejected the idea. In Sheffield, Krebs vigorously worked to identify a possible chemical reaction and came up with numerous hypothetical pathways. Using the manometer he tested those hypotheses one by one. One hypothesis involving succinate , fumarate , and malate proved to be useful because all these molecules increased oxygen consumption in

2730-460: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO 2 is formed. The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to

2800-424: The cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously, this reduces the theoretical efficiency of

2870-473: The cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose). However, some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors in

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-440: The electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Although plants are net consumers of carbon dioxide and producers of oxygen via photosynthesis , plant respiration accounts for about half of

3010-461: The equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two low-energy waste products , H 2 O and CO 2 , are created during this cycle. The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate

3080-534: The form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, but two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to four ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when

3150-483: The guidance of Wilhelm von Mollendorf starting it in 1920. He completed his medical course in December 1923. To obtain a Doctor of Medicine degree, and a medical license, he spent one year at the Third Medical Clinic in the University of Berlin . By then he had turned his professional goal from becoming a practising physician to becoming a medical researcher, particularly in biochemistry. In 1924, he studied at

3220-413: The help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1,6-biphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate. Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO 2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In

3290-416: The intermediate reactions. Krebs started working on the possible method for the synthesis of arginine. Using his Warburg manometer, he mixed a slice of liver with purified ornithine and citrulline. He found that citrulline acted as a catalyst in the metabolic reactions of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide . He and Henseleit published their discovery in 1932. Thus the urea cycle (or "ornithine cycle")

3360-466: The mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with

3430-588: The most common oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O 2 ). The chemical energy stored in ATP (the bond of its third phosphate group to the rest of the molecule can be broken allowing more stable products to form, thereby releasing energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O 2 ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats and proteins are consumed as reactants , aerobic respiration

3500-672: The next few years, and by the third Congress of Biochemistry, which took place in Brussels in 1955, the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) was formed and officially admitted to the ICSU. In 1991, the IUB changed its name to the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). The IUBMB unites biochemists and molecular biologists in 75 countries that belong to the IUBMB as an "Adhering Body" or "Associate Adhering Body" represented by

3570-458: The ornithine cycle of urea synthesis, which is the metabolic pathway for urea formation. It is now known as the urea cycle , and is sometimes also referred to as the Krebs–Henseleit cycle. Together they also developed a complex aqueous solution (a buffer ), or perfusion ex vivo , for studying blood flow in arteries, which is now called the Krebs–Henseleit buffer.) In 1932, he published

SECTION 50

#1732845442064

3640-419: The pigeon breast muscle. In 1937, German biochemists Franz Knoop and Carl Martinus had demonstrated a series of reactions using citrate that produced oxaloacetate . Krebs realised that these molecules could be the missing intermediates for such reaction. After four months of experimental works to fill in the gaps, Krebs and Johnson succeeded in establishing the sequence of the chemical cycle, which they called

3710-509: The position of Assistant in the Department of Medicine at the Municipal Hospital in Altona (now part of Hamburg ). The next year he moved to the Medical Clinic of the University of Freiburg . At Freiburg, he was in charge of about 40 patients, and was at liberty to do his own research. Before a year was over at Freiburg, he, with research student Kurt Henseleit , published their discovery of

3780-844: The post he held until his retirement in 1967. The editorial board of Biochemical Journal extended their good wishes on his retirement, but in return he promised to keep them busy, by producing scientific papers. He continued his research, and took his MRC unit to the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the Radcliffe Infirmary , Oxford. From there he published over 100 research papers. Krebs met Margaret Cicely Fieldhouse (30 October 1913 – May 1993) when he moved to Sheffield in 1935. They married on 22 March 1938. Krebs later described his life in Sheffield as "19 happy years". They had two sons, Paul (born 1939) and John (born 1945), and

3850-401: The presence of an inorganic electron acceptor , such as oxygen , to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , which contains energy. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products . Cellular respiration

3920-443: The reaction is exothermic ( exergonic ) and can occur spontaneously. The potential of NADH and FADH 2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen and protons (hydrogen ions) as the " terminal electron acceptors ". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . The energy released is used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across

3990-657: The running of the Sorby Research Institute in 1943. In 1944, the British Medical Research Council established the MRC Unit for Cell Metabolism Research at Sheffield, and Krebs was appointed the Director. With this, his laboratory became so large that the locals jokingly nicknamed it "Krebs's Empire". He moved with his MRC unit to the University of Oxford in 1954 as Whitley Professor of Biochemistry ,

4060-707: The same reason he was given the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1953. The Royal Society awarded him its Royal Medal in 1954, and Copley Medal in 1961. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957. In 1958, he received the Gold Medal of the Netherlands Society for Physics, Medical Science and Surgery. He was knighted in 1958 and was elected Honorary Fellow of Girton College , Cambridge University , in 1979. He

4130-503: The synthase assumes that the synthase translocates 9 protons, and produces 3 ATP, per rotation. The number of protons depends on the number of c subunits in the Fo c-ring , and it is now known that this is 10 in yeast Fo and 8 for vertebrates. Including one H for the transport reactions, this means that synthesis of one ATP requires 1 + 10/3 = 4.33 protons in yeast and 1 + 8/3 = 3.67 in vertebrates . This would imply that in human mitochondria

4200-410: The waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in

4270-434: The whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules. In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein

SECTION 60

#1732845442064

4340-476: Was a German-British biologist , physician and biochemist . He was a pioneer scientist in the study of cellular respiration , a biochemical process in living cells that extracts energy from food and oxygen and makes it available to drive the processes of life. He is best known for his discoveries of two important sequences of chemical reactions that take place in the cells of nearly all organisms , including humans, other than anaerobic microorganisms, namely

4410-520: Was a first step to recognize biochemistry as a separate discipline and entity. At the final session of this congress, the International Committee of Biochemistry was set up with 20 members from fourteen countries with the goal obtaining from the ICSU 'recognition as the international body representative of biochemistry, with a view to the formal constitution of an International Union of Biochemistry as soon as possible.' Discussions continued over

4480-484: Was established, and it was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered. At the University of Sheffield , Krebs and William Arthur Johnson investigated cellular respiration by which oxygen was consumed to produce energy from the breakdown of glucose . Krebs had earlier suggested to Warburg while they worked together in Germany that by using a manometer it could be possible to detect the oxygen consumption and identify

4550-440: Was fortunate that the government agents allowed him to take his equipment and research samples to England. They proved to be pivotal to his later discoveries, especially the manometer developed by Warburg specifically for the measurement of oxygen consumption in thin slices of tissues; it was the basis for his research. He was appointed as Demonstrator in biochemistry in 1934, and in 1935 the University of Sheffield offered him

4620-596: Was named the glyoxylate bypass of the citric acid cycle, but is now known as the glyoxylate cycle . Krebs became a naturalised British citizen in 1939. He was elected Fellow of Trinity College , Oxford, 1954–1967. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1947. In 1953, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the citric acid cycle." (He shared the Nobel Prize with Fritz Lipmann .) For

4690-483: Was terminated on 1 July 1933. An admirer, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins at the University of Cambridge , immediately came to his rescue, and persuaded the university to recruit Krebs to work with him in the Department of Biochemistry. By July 1933, he was settled in Cambridge with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation . Although Germany restricted him to bringing only his personal belongings, he

4760-681: Was the Original Member of the Society for General Microbiology , which conferred him Honorary Membership in 1980. He was also an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the United States National Academy of Sciences . He received an honorary doctorate from 21 universities. In July 2015, Krebs's Nobel Prize medal was auctioned off for £225,000 (around $ 351,225). The proceeds were used to found

4830-621: Was the middle of three children. He had an elder sister, Elisabeth, and a younger brother, Wolfgang. Krebs attended school at the Gymnasium Andreanum in his home town. Near the end of World War I , in September 1918, six months short of completing his secondary school education, he was conscripted into the Imperial German Army . He was allowed to take an emergency examination for his high school diploma, which he passed with such

4900-658: Was unveiled by John, Lord Krebs, and the inscription reads: Professor Sir Hans Krebs FRS 1900 – 1981 Biochemist & discoverer of the Krebs cycle Nobel Prize Winner 1953 worked here 1954 – 1967 The Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at Oxford University hosts the Sir Hans Krebs Prize Lecture Series. The last three recipients have been: Jeffrey Friedman M.D., PhD (2019) Professor Sir Stephen O'Rahilly MD FRS FMedSci (2022) and in 2023 - Professor Dame Frances Ashcroft FRS FMedSci The University of Sheffield has The Krebs Institute, founded in 1988. It

#63936