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65-718: St Mary's College , founded as New College or College of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary , is the home of the Faculty and School of Divinity within the University of St Andrews , in Fife , Scotland. The college was founded in 1538 by Archbishop James Beaton , uncle of Cardinal David Beaton on the site of the Pedagogy or St John's College (founded 1418). St Mary's College

130-481: A Divinity College ever since. From 1580 onwards each Principal has acted as primarius Professor of Divinity, or first Master. St Mary's College retains much of its original sixteenth-century buildings, specifically the north and West ranges. The Quad contains a thorn tree said to have been planted by Mary, Queen of Scots , during her many visits to St. Andrews. The Quad also contains the historic King James Library founded by King James VI & I in 1612. In addition,

195-500: A biblical analysis of poverty. Gutiérrez distinguished two forms of poverty: a "scandalous state" and a "spiritual childhood". He noted that, while the former is abhorred by God, the second is valued. Gutiérrez identified that each form of poverty was present in Latin America, wherein one hungers for bread and for God. It is only through the manifestation of a committed faith that the purposes of God can be manifested to man, regardless of

260-568: A centre of learning to consider the role of religion and politics was highlighted by the support garnered from a diverse range of scholars and religious and political figures who endorsed the Centre's establishment. These supporters who have continued as Patrons of the Centre include Gustavo Gutiérrez , Cardinal O'Brien , Bishop Desmond Tutu , Carole Hillenbrand , Ian Linden , Julian Filochowski , J.D.Y. Peel , Rev Joel Edwards , Professor George P. Smith II and Dr. P.T.W. Baxter. The current director

325-434: A concerning "idealization of faith". As a result, Gutiérrez and liberation theology were the subjects of 36-page Vatican report, which declared Marxism to be incompatible with Catholic teachings. According to Arthur F. McGovern, assessing the movement and its critics is complicated by the fact that it became the subject of popular controversy outside of theological and academic circles, including stories and advertisements in

390-583: A fellow liberation theologian who argued for the right of priests to marry , left the room. After Gutierrez's death in 2024, Pope Francis called him "a great man of the Church". In 1984, the Holy See , under Pope John Paul II , criticized aspects of liberation theology, taking particular issue with its use of Marxist economic theory. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger asked Peruvian bishops to examine Gutiérrez's writings, voicing concerns that Gutiérrez's arguments embodied

455-622: A professional education for clergy, theology (until the Enlightenment) was also seen as the ultimate subject at universities, named "The Queen of the Sciences", and often set the example for the other faculties. The number of faculties has usually multiplied in modern universities, both through subdivisions of the traditional four faculties and through the absorption of academic disciplines that developed within originally vocational schools, in areas such as engineering or agriculture. A Faculty of Arts

520-855: A profound impact on his interest in theology. Gutiérrez initially studied medicine at the National University of San Marcos in Lima in order to become a psychiatrist . He also became involved with Catholic Action , which greatly influenced his later theological arguments. While in medical school, Gutiérrez realized he wanted to become a priest. He completed his theological studies in the Theology Faculty of Leuven in Belgium and at Lyon in France, where he studied under Henri de Lubac , Yves Congar , Marie Dominique Chenu , Christian Ducoq, and several others. It

585-461: A social revolution instead. He called Catholics to reject "naive reformism" and insisted that the Catholic Church must "break its ties with the present order', become "one with the poor" and dedicate itself to the "revolutionary cause". In this, he wrote that "only by overcoming a society divided into classes .. . by eliminating the private appropriation of wealth created by human toil, can we build

650-411: Is Dr Mark Elliott . The Logos Institute for Analytic and Exegetical Theology was founded in 2016 by Professor Alan Torrance and Dr Andrew Torrance. The Institute "is committed to scholarship that reflects a concern for: transparency; simplicity in expression; clear, logical argumentation; and rigorous analysis. It also reflects a radical commitment to interdisciplinary engagement, particularly between

715-420: Is Professor Mario Aguilar The Institute for Bible, Theology & Hermeneutics (IBTH) was established in 2009 to give formal identity to the long-standing project of research into Scripture and theology that has been associated with the work at St Mary's School of Divinity. The institute introduces its aims as seeking, "To overcome the sense of fragmentation within the field of Divinity that burdens many within

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780-417: Is a university division teaching in areas traditionally classified as "liberal arts" for academic purposes (from Latin liberalis , "worthy of a free person", and ars , "art or principled practice"), generally including creative arts , writing , philosophy , and humanities . A traditional division of the teaching bodies of medieval universities (the others being Law , Medicine and Theology ),

845-571: Is a university faculty teaching philosophy , or in some cases, humanities in general. In the universities of continental Europe , the Faculty of Arts has more often been named the equivalent of " Faculty of Philosophy " (e.g., Norwegian : Det filosofiske fakultet , Slovene : Filozofska fakulteta ). Nowadays this is a common name for the faculties teaching humanities . Examples include: Faculty of Political Science examples include: Gustavo Guti%C3%A9rrez Gustavo Gutiérrez-Merino Díaz OP (8 June 1928 – 22 October 2024)

910-551: Is a university faculty teaching law, or a law school faculty. Examples include: A Faculty of Management Studies is a university division teaching management studies . Examples include: In English-speaking academia, Faculty of Music normally refers to a university department, especially at Oxford and Cambridge (UK). In the US, the use of 'faculty' often relates to academic and teaching staff. Examples include: Faculty of Natural Sciences examples include A Faculty of Philosophy

975-426: Is a university faculty that can teach a range of disciplines which can include nursing and midwifery , public health , health services management and sports science . Examples include: A Faculty of Humanities is a university faculty teaching humanities . Examples include: A Faculty of Information Technology is a university faculty teaching information technology . Examples include: A Faculty of Law

1040-571: Is generally limited to academic circles and that such theories can have considerable and tangible impact on Latin America's socioeconomic conditions. Liberation theology was intended as a call to all believers in Latin America to act on the biblical commitment to the poor. Gutiérrez's message on material and economic conditions serves to place inequality in both religious and political discourse. Gutiérrez's thought has influenced theology, both in Latin America and abroad. This influence can be observed from

1105-462: Is its pro-Marxist and anti-capitalist sentiments", and noted that Gutiérrez used Marxist terminology and always referred to the "bourgeois, capitalists, and multinational corporations" in a negative tone. Gutiérrez also cited Che Guevara , and argued that "the current economic system is purposefully designed to funnel all its resources to the top, away from the oppressed masses beneath". Historian Edward Norman called Gutiérrez "the most distinguished of

1170-542: Is precisely the confrontation of his Latin American decolonial Marxism, which is quite complex, heterogeneous and indefinite, with the Christian teaching." However, Gutiérrez's political thought also rejected and modified some aspects of Marxism. Enrique Dussel noted the absence of dialectical materialism in liberation theology: "Liberation theologians, like Gustavo Gutierrez, Juan Luis Segundo, and Leonardo Boff, do not assume

1235-444: Is to overcome death and enter into a new life. The cross and the resurrection seal our freedom." The freedom of Christ is seen by Gutiérrez as the source of spiritual and economic freedom. Theological reflection on liberation extends beyond a simple discourse lacking in practical and concrete implications. Reflection on the situation of the poor leads to what liberation theologians call "liberating praxis", where they attempt to rectify

1300-553: The National University of San Marcos before deciding to become a priest . He began studying theology at the Theology Faculty of Leuven in Belgium and in Lyon , France. His theological focus connected salvation and liberation through the preferential option for the poor , with an emphasis on improving the material conditions of the impoverished. Gutiérrez proposed that revelation and eschatology have been excessively idealized at

1365-506: The preferential option for the poor unfolding as a fundamental axis of the Christian life on three levels: The main biblical foundation for this praxis lies in the kenotic incarnation of Christ. To Gutiérrez, the ministry of Christ among the rejected and despised of his time is a clear example for the contemporary Church. Furthermore, "the incarnation is an act of love. Christ becomes man , dies and rises to liberate us , and makes us enjoy freedom. To die and be resurrected with Christ

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1430-459: The quadrivium ( arithmetic , music , geometry and astronomy ). In German, Scandinavian, Slavic and related universities, it would more often be called the Faculty of Philosophy . The degree of Magister Artium (Master of Arts) derives its name from the Faculty of Arts, while the degree of Doctor Philosophiae (Doctor of Philosophy) derives its name from the Faculty of Philosophy, German name of

1495-474: The Academy, promoting intra-disciplinary conversation between Biblical Studies and the various fields of Theology, thus providing a core identity for a more integrated discipline competent to engage in inter-disciplinary research. With the study of general hermeneutical theory and practice at its centre, it will be outward-looking and keen to engage with issues arising from the contemporary world." The current director

1560-657: The Archbishop of Lima), Gutiérrez left Peru and joined the Dominican Order near the turn of the millennium, taking a teaching post at the University of Notre Dame in the United States. There, he held the John Cardinal O'Hara Professorship of Theology. He later taught at the University of Michigan , Harvard , Cambridge , UC Berkeley , and University of Montréal and other schools. Gutiérrez called for understanding

1625-613: The Archbishopric of Lima. It was estimated that more than 1,000 people, in person as well as virtually, attended Gutiérrez's funeral. Among those who spoke at his funeral were UNEC national advisor and Chiclayo leader Yolanda Díaz, cartoonist Juan Acevado and Provincial Superior of the Dominicans of Peru Fr. Romulo Vasquez Gavidia, OP. Following the funeral, Gutiérrez's remains were taken to Cristo Redentor Parish in Rímac, where he served as

1690-650: The College has The Roundel, a 16th-century building dedicated for doctoral students studying divinity at the University of St Andrews. The college is one of five approved centres for the training of Church of Scotland ministers. Graduates include the Very Rev Dr Finlay Macdonald , the immediate past Principal Clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and a former Moderator. Beginning May 2018,

1755-521: The Faculty and School of Divinity forms an academic community of some 131 persons: 16 members of staff; 55 postgraduate students; and 60 undergraduates. According to The Complete University Guide 2016, the School of Divinity is placed first in the United Kingdom for undergraduate studies ahead of Durham in second place and Cambridge in third. In the 2016 Guardian University Guide , it is also ranked first in

1820-466: The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank but also the largest (the higher faculties admitted only Arts graduates). Instead of "Arts", this faculty often had the name " Philosophy ". Nowadays this is still a common name for faculties teaching humanities (e.g.,) Norwegian : Det filosofiske fakultet , Slovene : Filozofska fakulteta ). A Faculty of Classics may be focused on ancient history, culture and ancient literature. The title may refer to

1885-400: The Faculty of Arts, graduates from which could then continue at the higher Faculties of Theology , Law , and Medicine . The privilege to establish these four faculties was usually part of medieval universities' charters, but not every university could do so in practice. The Faculty of Arts took its name from the seven liberal arts : the trivium ( grammar , rhetoric , dialectics ) and

1950-509: The Marxist theologians in South America." The main Marxist revolutionaries and intellectual that Gutiérrez cited and incorporated ideas from were José Carlos Mariátegui , Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , Che Guevara, Fidel Castro and Aníbal Quijano . On Gutiérrez's Marxist thought, Javier Valiente Núñez wrote: "The novelty of Gutiérrez’s use of Marxism, with the only precedent of Camilo Torres,

2015-575: The Most Holy Rosary , presided over by Archbishop of Lima Carlos Castillo Mattasoglio . Moments before the funeral began, a video broadcast of Pope Francis aired in which he paid to tribute to Gutiérrez, describing him as "A man of the Church who knew how to be silent when he had to be silent, who knew how to suffer when it was his turn to suffer, who knew how to carry forward so much apostolic fruit and so much rich theology." The pope's video broadcast, which took place from Rome, had been prepared by

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2080-519: The Oppressed explored the concept of praxis and a preferential option for the poor. Gutiérrez died from pneumonia in a convent in Lima on 22 October 2024, at the age of 96. On 23 October 2024, a wake service, vespers , and Mass celebrating the memory of Gutiérrez were all held at the Dominican residence in Lima where he resided. On 24 October, Gutiérrez was granted a public funeral at Basilica of

2145-470: The Principal of St Mary's College was Rev. Dr. Stephen Holmes, also Head of the School of Divinity, who replaced Ian Bradley ( Professor Emeritus ). Oliver Crisp was Principal and Head of School from January 2022 until July 2024 after previously having been Acting Head of the School of Divinity since October 2021. Since the summer of 2024 William Tooman has been Principal and Head of School. As of May 2015,

2210-449: The United Kingdom in religious studies and theology. The college has four research centres. The Institute for Theology, Imagination and the Arts (ITIA) was founded within the college by professors Trevor Hart and Jeremy Begbie (currently Thomas A. Langford Research Professor at Duke Divinity School) in 2000. It "aims to advance and enrich an active conversation between Christian theology and

2275-626: The arts – bringing rigorous theological thinking to the arts, and bringing the resources of the arts to the enterprise of theology." The current director is Dr Gavin Hopps . The Centre for the Study of Religion and Politics (CSRP) was founded in November 2004 by a group of academics attached to the Schools of Divinity, International Relations, Modern Languages, and Philosophical and Anthropological Studies. The need for

2340-426: The church. Marx's discussion of class struggle and the material conditions of poverty provided Gutiérrez a framework for understanding socio-economic inequality. When he returned to Peru in the late 1950s, Gutiérrez began to formulate his understanding of Latin American "reality" – the foundation and driving force of Latin American liberation theology . He wrote: "I come from a continent in which more than 60% of

2405-520: The color or social class under which he was born. Liberation theology insists on prioritizing the gift of life as the supreme manifestation of God. Gutiérrez asserted that his understanding of poverty as a "scandalous state" is reflected in Luke's beatitude "Blessed are you poor, for the kingdom of God is yours", whereas his interpretation of it as "spiritual childhood" has precedent in Matthew's verse, "Blessed are

2470-441: The dialectical materialism of Engels, Lenin or Stalin, but a more “humanist” Marx by Gramsci, Marcuse or Bloch. This Marxist “humanist” perspective that is focused on a social criticism of the reality is the one used by these theologians in order to elaborate a scientific approach to the causes of poverty and exclusion in Latin America." Gutiérrez personally highlighted that a single area where liberation theology differed from Marxism

2535-452: The evangelical proposal of the integral mission developed years after the origin of liberation, to the development of social ministries within the evangelical churches in the last decades. Among Gutiérrez's most prominent followers are Hugo Echeray  [ es ] and Luis Felipe Zegarra Russo  [ es ] . His friends included the German theologian Gerhard Ludwig Müller ,

2600-623: The expense of efforts to bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth. His methodology was often critical of the social and economic injustice he believed to be responsible for poverty in Latin America, and of the Catholic clergy . The central pastoral question of his work was: "How do we convey to the poor that God loves them?" Gustavo Gutiérrez was born in the Montserrat barrio of Lima on 8 June 1928 to mestizo parents of Hispanic and Quechua descent. He

2665-590: The exploited class, a social revolution will put an end to this dependency. They alone will allow a transition to a socialist society, or at least will make it possible." Gutiérrez was a friend of Camilo Torres Restrepo , a liberation theologian who heeded his calls for participating in a socialist revolution. Marxist influences were prevalent in Gutiérrez's political views. Cameron Swathwood argues that "the overriding theme in Gutiérrez’s conception of liberation theology

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2730-465: The fields of philosophy, theology, biblical studies, and the sciences. Its faculty consists of world-leading scholars in the fields of biblical studies, theology, and philosophy." The current director is Professor Oliver Crisp . Faculty (division) The medieval University of Bologna , which served as a model for most of the later medieval universities in Europe, had four faculties: students began at

2795-416: The following faculties: Faculty of Commerce examples include: Faculty of Economics ( Ekonomski fakultet in most South Slavic languages) may refer to, amongst others: Faculty of Education examples include: Faculty of Engineering examples include: The title, Faculty of Graduate Studies , refers not to a specific area of study, but to a graduate school . Examples include: A Faculty of Health

2860-630: The former Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Müller, after studying his thought, stated: "The theology of Gustavo Gutiérrez, how it is considered, is orthodox because it is orthopractic and teaches us the correct Christian way of acting, since it derives from authentic faith." On his 90th birthday, in 2018, Pope Francis thanked him for his contributions "to the church and humanity through your theological service and your preferential love for

2925-501: The foundation of a more just society". In 1985, when asked if liberation theologians could support welfare-oriented capitalism as a basis for a preferential option for the poor, he replied: "I don't know any who do." He praised Marxism as "simply the best theory available for ensuring that theology is adequately contextual". Stressing his support for a socialist revolution, Gutiérrez stressed: "Hence we speak of social revolution, not reform; of liberation, not development; of socialism, not

2990-885: The midst of suffering". The relationship of suffering with Christianity would inspire his book On Job , published in 1986. In his parish ministry, Gutiérrez was at one time pastor of the Iglesia Cristo Redentor (Church of Christ the Redeemer) in Rímac , Peru. Gutiérrez drafted an outline of his theological proposal at the conference "Towards a Theology of Liberation" during the Second Meeting of Priests and Laity in Chimbote, Peru, between 21 and 25 July 1968. In this proposal, he cited on multiple occasions Vatican II 's Gaudium et spes and Paul VI 's Populorum progressio . To Gutiérrez,

3055-402: The modernization of the prevailing system. ‘Realists’ call these statements romantic and utopian. And they should, for the rationality of these statements is of a kind quite unfamiliar to them." Explaining his solution to the poverty in Latin America, he wrote: "Only the complete destruction of the present state of things, the profound transformation of the ownership system, the coming to power of

3120-472: The origin of poverty was considerably more complex. In Latin America, it originates from the times of the conquest and to that is added several political, geographical, and personal factors. The proclamation of the gospel in the midst of the unjust situation in Latin America leads to a praxis based on principles derived from the word of God. In the article "Theology and Poverty", Gutiérrez recalled that this option should lead to three well-defined actions, with

3185-553: The person from sin by communion with God"). He saw these three levels as interdependent, and thus dependent on each other. The final salvation of humanity would be carried out through a "historical structure" of liberation, defined by Gutiérrez as emergence of a socialist system. He wrote "that a socialist system is more in accord with the Christian principles of true brotherhood, justice and peace… only socialism can enable Latin America to achieve true development…” In his support for socialism, Gutiérrez reformed reformism and called for

3250-462: The poor and discarded of society." While Gutiérrez's propositions were never censored by the Church, he was asked to modify some of them. Gutiérrez also took pains to prevent his theology from being drawn into the wider network of controversial stances adopted by some of his colleagues. For example, once in the 1970s in Córdoba, Argentina , he refused to begin his lecture until Father Jerónimo Podestá ,

3315-530: The poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven". He argued that there are forms of poverty beyond economic. Gutiérrez saw Christian salvation as something that can be brought about by human action. He argued that Christian liberation has three levels - political ("liberation of the people from the political and economic structures which oppress them"), psychological ("liberation of the human being from those things that do not let him or her take on his or her own destiny"), and lastly theological ("liberation of

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3380-618: The popular press that evoked passionate responses by identifying liberation theology with Communism and fear of radicalism in Latin American politics. Gutiérrez was a member of the Peruvian Academy of Language . In 1993, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French government for his tireless work. In 2000, Brown University awarded Gutiérrez an honorary Doctor of Divinity. In 2002, Gutiérrez

3445-494: The population lives in a state of poverty, and 82% of those find themselves in extreme poverty ." Gutiérrez focused his efforts on the rediscovery of love thy neighbor as the central axiom of Christian life. He contended that the European theology he had studied did not reflect the oppressive material conditions in Latin America. In 2003, Gutiérrez reminisced that his "parishioners in Lima would ... teach me volumes about hope in

3510-624: The priest. Castillo delivered a homily, while Father Andrés Gallego, who replaced Gutiérrez as the parish priest, delivered a farewell prayer. In addition to his Basilica of the Most Holy Rosary ceremony, Gutiérrez's Cristo Redentor Parish and burial ceremonies were open to the public as well. Gutiérrez's body is buried in El Ángel Cemetery . Gutiérrez was an influential figure within 20th century theology, and responses to his work have been polarized. Arthur F. McGovern identifies liberation theology as an anomaly within theologian fields, arguing such discourse

3575-516: The process by which the faith of the Church builds the economic, spiritual and intellectual liberation of socially oppressed peoples as fulfillment of the kingdom of God. The liberating praxis, then, has its basis in the love that God manifests for us and in the sense of solidarity and fellowship that should exist in interpersonal relationships among the children of God. Gutiérrez developed several concepts in concert with education activist and philosopher Paulo Freire , whose 1968 seminal work Pedagogy of

3640-454: The reality of the poor, and contended that being poor is not simply lacking the economic resources for development. On the contrary, Gutiérrez understood poverty as "a way of living, of thinking, of loving, of praying, of believing and waiting, of spending free time, of fighting for life." He simultaneously emphasized that poverty is the result of flawed social institutions. While many theologians oversimplify poverty's social roots, for Gutiérrez

3705-458: The same faculty. Whether called Faculty of Arts or Faculty of Philosophy , it taught a range of subjects with general and fundamental applicability. The higher Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine were intended, much like today, for specialized education required for professions. The Faculty of Theology was the most prestigious, as well as least common in the first 500 years—and generally one that popes sought most to control. Although also

3770-432: The source of the problems of Latin America was the sin manifested in an unjust social structure. His solution to this problem was to emphasize the dignity of the poor by prioritizing the glory of God present in them. This perspective would be refined over the next three years, until Gutiérrez published A Theology of Liberation in 1971. Largely as a result of his work, Latin American liberation theology thus emerged as

3835-651: Was dependency theory , which liberation theology embraced. He acknowledged that while dependency theory itself had many Marxist elements, it "cannot simply be reduced to the Marxist version." In 1974, Gutiérrez founded the Lima branch of the Bartolomé de Las Casas Institute . The Institute, in its mission statement, sought to use theology as a means of addressing contemporary social issues and educating through research, engagement with lawmakers, and collaboration with grassroots organizations . After facing criticism for his work (including from Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne ,

3900-528: Was a Peruvian philosopher, Catholic theologian , and Dominican priest who was one of the founders of liberation theology in Latin America . His 1971 book A Theology of Liberation is considered pivotal to the formation of liberation theology. He held the John Cardinal O'Hara Professorship of Theology at the University of Notre Dame and was a visiting professor at universities in North America and Europe. Gutiérrez studied medicine and literature at

3965-531: Was afflicted with osteomyelitis as an adolescent and was frequently bed-ridden. He had to use a wheelchair from age 12 to 18. He described this time as a formative experience, claiming it instilled the value of hope through prayer and the love of family in friends. Gutiérrez lived in Barranco , and studied at Colegio San Luis; among his close friends during those years was Javier Mariátegui , with whom he later studied medicine. He described this experience as having had

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4030-472: Was also here where Gutiérrez was introduced to the Dominican and Jesuit ideologies, and was influenced by the work of Edward Schillebeeckx , Karl Rahner , Hans Küng , and Johann Baptist Metz . His time in Europe influenced Gutiérrez to discuss the openness of the Church to the contemporary world. He was also influenced by Protestant theologians such as Karl Barth and social scientists such as François Perroux and his idea of development. In 1959, Gutiérrez

4095-630: Was intended to preserve the teachings of the Catholic church against the Protestant teachings of the reformers. It was dedicated to a revival of learning on the Continental trilingual model and from the outset laid emphasis on the knowledge of Latin , Greek and Hebrew . In 1579, nineteen years after the Reformation brought fundamental changes to the religious life of the Scottish nation , St Mary's College

4160-437: Was ordained a priest . While studying in Europe, Gutiérrez was exposed to other, non-religious thinkers who had a profound impact on his ideology and the eventual formation of Latin American liberation theology . At the Faculty of Theology in Lyon, he studied Karl Marx , Sigmund Freud – on whom he did a philosophy licentiate at the University of Louvrain – and evolutionary theorists traditionally opposed or discouraged by

4225-491: Was reconstituted, under the influence of Andrew Melville , as the Faculty of Divinity of the university. At its foundation in 1538 St Mary's was intended to be a College for instruction in Divinity, Law, and Medicine, as well as in Arts, but its career on this extensive scale was short-lived. Under a new foundation and erection, confirmed by Parliament in 1579, it was set apart for the study of Theology only, and it has remained

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