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83-508: Cronin was born in the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts, on August 30, 1974, the son of Richard and Doris (Eddy) Cronin. He grew up in Kingston, Massachusetts , and was of Irish and Swedish ancestry. He had a brother Michael and a sister Cassandra. Cronin attended Sacred Heart High School , graduating in 1993. He also attended Bridgewater State College and worked part-time in

166-480: A glycopeptide isolated from Streptomyces verticillus , also intercalates DNA, but produces free radicals that damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to a metal ion , becomes chemically reduced and reacts with oxygen . Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Most chemotherapy is delivered intravenously , although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g., melphalan , busulfan , capecitabine ). According to

249-459: A nucleobase , a sugar and a phosphate group . The nucleobases are divided into purines ( guanine and adenine ) and pyrimidines ( cytosine , thymine and uracil ). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have altered chemical groups . These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting

332-549: A Blockbuster video store. Cronin was a founding member of the pop group LFO. The group started in Germany on BMG in 1997 with member Brian Gillis, aka "Brizz". In the spring 1998, the group opened for *NSYNC and by this time were signed to BMG/Logic Records in the U.S. They were labeled as the "bad boys of pop" and cited The Beastie Boys and New Edition as influences. They released two singles "Sex U Up (The Way You Like It)" and "Can't Have You" with original member Brian Gillis, who left

415-414: A certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are the anti-folates , fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues and thiopurines . The anti-folates include methotrexate and pemetrexed . Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme that regenerates tetrahydrofolate from dihydrofolate . When

498-444: A high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective right hemicolectomy to prevent recurrence. Nausea , vomiting , anorexia , diarrhea , abdominal cramps, and constipation are common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells. Malnutrition and dehydration can result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when

581-437: A large collection of three centuries of funerary art . One-third of its extant gravestones date from the 18th century; almost half date from the 19th century, and about twenty from the 20th-century. Westerly Burying Ground has many individual mound tombs; mound tombs at other burying grounds are typically larger, built to contain a number of bodies. The oldest gravestone, from 1691, commemorates James and Merriam Draper, members of

664-546: A large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy: myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells, hence that also immunosuppression ), mucositis (inflammation of

747-579: A liquor license and reopen, and by 2013 the group had about 800 members. In March 1965, an investigative study of property tax assessment practices published by the National Tax Association of 13,769 properties sold within the City of Boston under Mayor John F. Collins from January 1, 1960 to March 31, 1964, found that the assessed values in Roxbury in 1962 were at 68 percent of market values while

830-417: A number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or to palliate symptoms . All chemotherapy regimens require that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment. Performance status is often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction

913-767: A preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy. However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms of typhlitis , a very serious and potentially life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Anemia can be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such as bleeding , blood cell destruction ( hemolysis ), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies or anemia of chronic disease . Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production ( erythropoietin ), iron supplements , and blood transfusions . Myelosuppressive therapy can cause

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996-560: A prominent West Roxbury family. Headstones, skilfully carved locally, provide an historic record of three centuries of West Roxbury residents. Boston United Hand in Hand Cemetery is located on Centre Street straddling the Dedham line. Dating back to 1875, the original plot was full by 1896 but subsequently expanded multiple times. There are graves as recent as 1980 in the West Roxbury portion;

1079-500: A rap duo with Doug Ray (formerly of Bad Ronald ) called Loose Cannons. They released one album entitled Life Goes On . The band performed shows from 2006 until 2008. On June 3, 2009, LFO posted a blog entitled "LFO IS BACK" on their official MySpace page which announced that they had reunited and were going on tour beginning July 9, 2009, with Rookie of the Year, Go Crash Audio, and Kiernan McMullan. A new song titled "Summer of My Life" also

1162-601: A recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include the winged infusion device , peripheral venous catheter , midline catheter, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), central venous catheter and implantable port . The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent. Depending on

1245-416: A standard regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology . The term chemotherapy now means

1328-401: A state of assembly and disassembly. Vinca alkaloids and taxanes are the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite: Vinca alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can induce mitotic catastrophe in

1411-577: A stroke secondary to his leukemia due to complications from medicine he was taking to offset GVHD (graft-versus-host disease) , which he had been struggling with after having a stem cell transplant. He was 36 years old. His funeral was held at St. Joseph Church in Kingston, Massachusetts, on September 13, attended by family and friends. He is buried at Vine Hills Cemetery in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. West Roxbury, Massachusetts West Roxbury

1494-484: Is systemic therapy for cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other, local therapy (treatments that work only where they are applied), such as radiation , surgery , and hyperthermia . Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To

1577-479: Is a "life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy." Typhlitis is an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms including nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , a distended abdomen , fever , chills , or abdominal pain and tenderness. Typhlitis is a medical emergency . It has a very poor prognosis and is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated. Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by

1660-483: Is a local non-profit that works to enhance and promote the business district. The neighborhood has some two-family houses but mostly single family homes; many of Boston's civil servants live there. West Roxbury is home to District E-5 of the Boston Police Department , Boston Emergency Medical Services Ambulance 5 that posts at the intersection of West Roxbury Parkway at Centre St and Paramedic 5 stationed at

1743-524: Is a neighborhood in Boston , Massachusetts , United States, bordered by Roslindale and Jamaica Plain to the northeast, the village of Chestnut Hill and the town of Brookline to the north, the city of Newton to the northwest, the towns of Dedham and Needham to the southwest, and Hyde Park to the southeast. West Roxbury is often mistakenly confused with Roxbury , but the two are separated from each other by Roslindale and Jamaica Plain . Before 1630,

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1826-1054: Is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death. Capecitabine is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug. The deoxynucleoside analogues include cytarabine , gemcitabine , decitabine , azacitidine , fludarabine , nelarabine , cladribine , clofarabine , and pentostatin . The thiopurines include thioguanine and mercaptopurine . Anti-microtubule agents are plant -derived chemicals that block cell division by preventing microtubule function. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin . They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions. Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in

1909-563: Is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popular FOLFOX regimen. The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes. Positive response increased from 46% in

1992-495: Is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived from mustard gas used in World War I , there are now many types of alkylating agents in use. They are so named because of their ability to alkylate many molecules, including proteins , RNA and DNA . This ability to bind covalently to DNA via their alkyl group

2075-464: Is based on his stay there. Like its neighboring communities, West Roxbury's residential development grew with the construction of the West Roxbury branch of the Boston and Providence Railroad ; the area grew further with the development of electric streetcars . Until the 2000 census West Roxbury's population had been recorded as declining slightly, but it increased at the 2010 census. This could be due to more rigorous counting procedures instituted by

2158-628: Is located opposite the Charles River on the VFW Parkway near the Dedham line. West Roxbury is home to several places of worship, including three Catholic parishes, churches of various Protestant denominations, and a Jewish synagogue. The neighborhood was home to an experimental transcendentalist Utopian community called Brook Farm , which attracted notable figures including Margaret Fuller and Nathaniel Hawthorne , whose 1852 novel The Blithedale Romance

2241-531: Is obtained from the Chinese ornamental tree Camptotheca acuminata . Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). These agents include etoposide , doxorubicin , mitoxantrone and teniposide . The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block

2324-668: Is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment ( fractional kill ), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor. Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as some leukemias , to being ineffective, such as in some brain tumors , to being needless in others, like most non-melanoma skin cancers . Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If

2407-490: Is similar to that of vinca alkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action: etoposide and teniposide . Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes: topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II . When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication or transcription , for example,

2490-426: Is that they interrupt cell division . The most important subgroup is the anthracyclines and the bleomycins ; other prominent examples include mitomycin C and actinomycin . Among the anthracyclines, doxorubicin and daunorubicin were the first, and were obtained from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius . Derivatives of these compounds include epirubicin and idarubicin . Other clinically used drugs in

2573-455: Is the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects. DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA during cell division , or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis . Alkylating agents will work at any point in

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2656-689: The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. By January 2006, his leukemia was in remission , but it recurred in 2007. He subsequently started the Rich Cronin Hope Foundation for Leukemia to raise awareness. In the summer of 2010, Cronin suffered a relapse, and he was treated at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston. On the afternoon of September 8, 2010, Cronin died at the Brigham and Women's Hospital after suffering

2739-828: The PICC line . These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone to phlebitis or extravasation , and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion (often used in melanoma ), or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liver or the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage. These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases or micrometastases . Topical chemotherapies, such as 5-fluorouracil , are used to treat some cases of non-melanoma skin cancer . If

2822-681: The West Roxbury Education Complex , Media Communications Technology High School , Parkway Academy of Technology and Health , and the Urban Science Academy were located in West Roxbury, but closed in 2019 due to structural issues in the building. The Roxbury Latin School , a private school for boys, is located in West Roxbury. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston operates the Holy Name Parish School as well as

2905-399: The amino , carboxyl , sulfhydryl , and phosphate groups in biologically important molecules. Non-classical alkylating agents include procarbazine and hexamethylmelamine. Anti-metabolites are a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks are nucleotides ; a molecule comprising

2988-521: The immune system , often by paralysing the bone marrow and leading to a decrease of white blood cells , red blood cells , and platelets . Anemia and thrombocytopenia may require blood transfusion . Neutropenia (a decrease of the neutrophil granulocyte count below 0.5 x 10 / litre ) can be improved with synthetic G-CSF ( granulocyte -colony-stimulating factor, e.g., filgrastim , lenograstim , efbemalenograstim alfa ). In very severe myelosuppression , which occurs in some regimens, almost all

3071-468: The 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA. The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea

3154-597: The BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm

3237-423: The City of Boston and Massachusetts in an unsuccessful attempt to avoid losing the state's tenth congressional seat. West Roxbury has historically been a heavily Irish Catholic neighborhood. In the twentieth century, upwardly mobile Irish Americans moved to the neighborhood from elsewhere in Boston. By the first decade of the 21st century, an influx of new residents contributed to increased ethnic diversity in

3320-597: The City of Boston on 5 January 1874. Westerly Burying Ground served as this community's burial place well into the 19th century. The oldest graves contain many of the town's earliest and most prominent families. Eight veterans of the American Revolution and fifteen veterans of the American Civil War are also buried here. War veterans interred are detailed in the article “Westerly" and the Civil War . The site has

3403-548: The Dedham portion is still active. Chestnut Hill's Congregation Mishka Tefila currently owns the cemetery. The United States Postal Service operates the West Roxbury Post Office in West Roxbury. West Roxbury is represented by a city councilor, Ben Weber. Boston Public Schools operates public schools. Ludwig van Beethoven Elementary School, William Ohrenberger School, Joyce Kilmer K-8 School, and Patrick Lyndon K-8 School are in West Roxbury. The three schools in

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3486-521: The Faulkner Hospital provide EMS service, and there are two Boston fire stations, Ladder 25 & Engine 30 on Centre Street and Engine 55 on Washington Street. The Needham Branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail network has three stations in West Roxbury ( Bellevue , Highland and West Roxbury ). Several MBTA bus lines run through and/or terminate in West Roxbury. A large Veterans Affairs hospital

3569-597: The St. Theresa of Avila School in West Roxbury. Catholic Memorial School , which is an all boys private middle and high school, is located on Baker Street. Boston Public Library operates the West Roxbury Branch Library. In 1876 the city library took over the West Roxbury Free Library, establishing a delivery station in West Roxbury. The West Roxbury facility was upgraded to a library branch in 1896. In

3652-410: The activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includes novobiocin , merbarone, and aclarubicin , which also have other significant mechanisms of action. The cytotoxic antibiotics are a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication

3735-560: The adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur during replication or transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors, irinotecan and topotecan , are semi-synthetically derived from camptothecin , which

3818-405: The anthracycline group are pirarubicin , aclarubicin , and mitoxantrone . The mechanisms of anthracyclines include DNA intercalation (molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactive free radicals that damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and prevents RNA synthesis . Bleomycin,

3901-546: The area was inhabited by the Wampanoag Indian Tribe. Founded in 1630 (contemporaneously with Boston), West Roxbury was originally part of the town of Roxbury and was mainly used as farmland. West Roxbury seceded from Roxbury in 1851, and was annexed by Boston in 1874. The town included the neighborhoods of Jamaica Plain and Roslindale. West Roxbury's main commercial thoroughfare is Centre Street. West Roxbury Main Streets

3984-633: The assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The original vinca alkaloids are natural products that include vincristine and vinblastine . Following the success of these drugs, semi-synthetic vinca alkaloids were produced: vinorelbine (used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer ), vindesine , and vinflunine . These drugs are cell cycle -specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules in S-phase and prevent proper microtubule formation required for M-phase . Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class, paclitaxel ,

4067-547: The assessed values in West Roxbury were at 41 percent of market values, and the researchers could not find a nonracial explanation for the difference . At Centre and Corey Streets, the Theodore Parker Church features seven stained glass windows made by the Tiffany Studios between 1894 and 1927. The original church, designed in 1890 by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr. , is now a parish hall. Henry Seaver designed

4150-645: The bone marrow stem cells (cells that produce white and red blood cells ) are destroyed, meaning allogenic or autologous bone marrow cell transplants are necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; in allogenic BMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in

4233-469: The cancer cells. Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). These drugs can also affect blood vessel growth , an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vinca alkaloids are derived from the Madagascar periwinkle , Catharanthus roseus , formerly known as Vinca rosea . They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting

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4316-589: The cancer has central nervous system involvement, or with meningeal disease, intrathecal chemotherapy may be administered. Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly the fast-dividing cells of the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years. Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of

4399-933: The cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are the nitrogen mustards , nitrosoureas , tetrazines , aziridines , cisplatins and derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards include mechlorethamine , cyclophosphamide , melphalan , chlorambucil , ifosfamide and busulfan . Nitrosoureas include N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and semustine (MeCCNU), fotemustine and streptozotocin . Tetrazines include dacarbazine , mitozolomide and temozolomide . Aziridines include thiotepa , mytomycin and diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives include cisplatin , carboplatin and oxaliplatin . They impair cell function by forming covalent bonds with

4482-439: The current church in 1900. Theodore Parker (1810–1860), an advocate of progressive religious ideas, abolitionism and women's suffrage, was minister of this Unitarian congregation from 1837 to 1846. Westerly Burying Ground , also known as Westerly Burial Ground, (currently at Centre and LaGrange Streets) was established in 1683 to permit local burial of residents of Jamaica Plain and the western end of Roxbury. When West Roxbury

4565-452: The dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity ( side-effects ) will be intolerable to the person receiving it. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram , using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula

4648-622: The enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required for thymidylate and purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase , but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase . The fluoropyrimidines include fluorouracil and capecitabine . Fluorouracil

4731-443: The enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA, DNA damage can occur and programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this case S-phase (the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at

4814-497: The first Sunday in June. Since starting in 1994 with 250 runners the event has grown into the largest community event, attracting about 2000 runners, plus event volunteers, families and friends. Centre and Lagrange Streets are briefly closed during the race. It is a benefit event hosted by the Bligh family of the adjacent Corrib Pub and Restaurant that has raised over half a million dollars over

4897-582: The formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two people receive

4980-476: The group frustrated with the direction of the group and lack of success. Rich's brother Mike Cronin was a manager for the pop group O-Town. Harold "Devin" Lima was added to the group to replace Brian Gillis six months before the hit " Summer Girls " was released. By this time, the group had transitioned from Logic Records to Arista Records. Executive Clive Davis worked closely with Cronin on the group's self-titled debut album. The group's breakout hit "Summer Girls"

5063-536: The immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. In Japan , the government has approved the use of some medicinal mushrooms like Trametes versicolor , to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy. Trilaciclib is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Due to immune system suppression, neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis)

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5146-417: The lining of the digestive tract), and alopecia (hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-called autoimmunity ). These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others. There are

5229-489: The lyrics discuss Cronin's health struggles and how they altered his view of the world". In 1999, Cronin began dating actress Jennifer Love Hewitt , after meeting her backstage at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . Cronin wrote the song " Girl on TV " about Hewitt, and she also appeared in the associated video. They broke up in 2000. In March 2005, Cronin sought treatment for constant headaches and he

5312-452: The neighborhood. The Irish Social Club of Boston, founded in Dorchester in 1945, moved its headquarters to West Roxbury in 1978, and had a membership of 15,000 in the mid-1970s. The club closed in 2011 due to financial troubles and declining membership (the club had around 300 members at the time, mostly seniors). Support from the city council and state lawmakers allowed the club to obtain

5395-712: The non-specific use of intracellular poisons to inhibit mitosis (cell division) or to induce DNA damage (so that DNA repair can augment chemotherapy). This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals ( signal transduction ). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer), are now called hormonal therapies . Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases , are targeted therapy . The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy)

5478-412: The person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated with antiemetic drugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have

5561-818: The person's own gastrointestinal tract (including oral cavity ) and skin. This may manifest as systemic infections, such as sepsis , or as localized outbreaks, such as Herpes simplex , shingles , or other members of the Herpesviridea . The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such as quinolones or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole before any fever or sign of infection appears. Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer. However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented. Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because

5644-511: The person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either an inpatient or an outpatient basis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access. Commonly used systems are the Hickman line , the Port-a-Cath , and

5727-500: The right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over

5810-429: The same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive

5893-473: The use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who are obese . Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing . In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced. In

5976-563: The years for a variety of local causes. The Parkway Little League Parade, is a small event to start little league baseball and softball for the areas of West Roxbury and Roslindale. Young baseball and softball players dress up in their team uniforms and march from Fallon field in Roslindale to the Guy Cammarata Complex in West Roxbury. The Shamrock Shootout is an annual street hockey tournament that takes place in West Roxbury. The event

6059-451: The years of 1921 and 1922 a library building was constructed on the West Roxbury Branch Library current site. In 1973, a fire destroyed the adjacent West Roxbury Congregational Church. The land formerly occupied by the church was donated to the trustees of the library system so an addition could be built. The addition opened to the public on 24 September 1989. The Corrib Classic 5K Road Race is held annually at Billings Field, LaGrange Street,

6142-656: Was a cast member for the VH1 reality show Mission: Man Band . The show also starred Chris Kirkpatrick of 'N Sync , Jeff Timmons of 98 Degrees and Bryan Abrams of Color Me Badd . The four former pop stars came together in Orlando, Florida to reestablish their music careers and to pitch their new music to major record labels over the period of three weeks in hopes of getting a record deal. In 2008, Cronin released his only solo album Billion Dollar Sound . He recorded two singles, "Impossible" and "Story of My Life". Cronin also formed

6225-465: Was announced in association with the reunion. In September 2009, however, LFO announced that they had again broken up. Cronin's final song "It Only Gets Better" was recorded in 2009 after the LFO reunion tour. It was released shortly after his death from a stroke on September 8, 2010. Billboard described the song as an "upbeat tune...reminiscent of the boy band's past hits 'Summer Girls' and 'Girl on TV', but

6308-402: Was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia . Cronin recalled the moment his doctor told him about his diagnosis, saying that: "Eventually, the doctor came in and said, 'There's no easy way to say this, Rich, but you have leukemia.' When he said that, it was like a train had barreled through the room. From that second, they've been treating me as a cancer patient." He underwent chemotherapy at

6391-438: Was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included nine human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because

6474-560: Was originally extracted from Taxus brevifolia , the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class, docetaxel , are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree, Taxus baccata . Podophyllotoxin is an antineoplastic lignan obtained primarily from the American mayapple ( Podophyllum peltatum ) and Himalayan mayapple ( Sinopodophyllum hexandrum ). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism

6557-412: Was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic side effects were eliminated. Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time. BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months. Completing the course of treatment

6640-463: Was started in 2008 for neighborhood kids who had school off for Evacuation Day. The tournament is free with registration. 42°16′45″N 71°08′58″W  /  42.27917°N 71.14944°W  / 42.27917; -71.14944 Chemotherapy Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo , sometimes CTX and CTx ) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents ) in

6723-458: Was still part of Roxbury, the town's first burial place was what is today Eliot Burying Ground , near Dudley Square. This was a long distance to travel for the inhabitants of West Roxbury, and in 1683 the town selectmen voted to establish a local burying place, now known as Westerly Burying Ground. A conflict between the rural and more urbanised parts of the town led to the split of West Roxbury from Roxbury proper in 1851. West Roxbury became part of

6806-508: Was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure. Carboplatin and busulfan dosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization of methotrexate , 5-FU, paclitaxel , and docetaxel . The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration

6889-525: Was written by Cronin in 1999, hit #3 on Billboard's Hot 100, and was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart for six weeks. The single also went platinum in the U.S. with sales of over 1 million units. The group's second album Life is Good was released on Davis' new label, J Records, with Cronin writing or co-writing each song on the album. The group had success with the album's first single "Every Other Time". LFO disbanded in 2002. In 2007, Cronin

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