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58-448: IBM wanted a standard way to interact with text-based user interface software, whether the screen was a dumb terminal connected to a mainframe or a PS/2 with VGA graphics . CUA was a detailed specification and set strict rules about how applications should look and function. Its aim was in part to bring about harmony among DOS applications, which until then had independently implemented different user interfaces. For example, to open

116-507: A context menu . This menu in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 is called the Quick Link menu and grants access to several frequently used features of Windows, such as accessing desktop or File Explorer . Users may add Start menu entries by creating folders and shortcuts in the associated "Start Menu" folder, located on the operating system operating media. These appear in a separated section at

174-592: A DOS influence in many TUIs. The program minicom , for example, is modeled after the popular DOS program Telix . Some other TUI programs, such as the Twin desktop, were ported over. Most Unix-like operating systems (Linux, FreeBSD, etc.) support virtual consoles , typically accessed through a Ctrl-Alt-F key combination. For example, under Linux up to 64 consoles may be accessed (12 via function keys), each displaying in full-screen text mode. The free software program GNU Screen provides for managing multiple sessions inside

232-623: A file: F1 was often the help key (such as Volkswriter (1982)), but in WordPerfect, help was on F3 instead. Some programs used Esc to cancel an action, while some used it to complete one; WordPerfect used it to repeat a character. Some programs used End to go to the end of a line, while some used it to complete filling in a form. Ins sometimes toggled between overtype and inserting characters, but some programs used it for "paste". Thus every program had to be learned individually and its complete user interface memorised. It

290-582: A grid (similar to many application launchers in Android and iOS), accompanied by a section for "Recommended" applications and files (often equivalent with the user's most recently used files). An "All apps" button is displayed next to the heading for pinned applications. Windows 11 does not support live tiles, with their functionality being moved to the separate "Widgets" area on the taskbar. The Start menu may be launched either by pressing ⊞ Win (the Windows key ) on

348-448: A keyboard or its equivalent on a tablet device , pressing Ctrl + Esc on a keyboard, or by clicking on the visual Start button . With the exception of Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 , the Start button can be found on the taskbar . The Start button on Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 is initially moved from the traditional taskbar to "charms", a hidden secondary taskbar located to

406-596: A lightweight terminal multiplexer. VAX/VMS (later known as OpenVMS ) had a similar facility to curses known as the Screen Management facility or SMG. This could be invoked from the command line or called from programs using the SMG$ library. Another kind of TUI is the primary interface of the Oberon operating system , first released in 1988 and still maintained. Unlike most other text-based user interfaces, Oberon does not use

464-631: A means of opening programs and performing other functions in the Windows shell . The Start menu, and the Taskbar on which it appears, were created and named in 1993 by Daniel Oran, a program manager at Microsoft who had previously collaborated on great ape language research with the behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner at Harvard . The Start menu was renamed Start screen in Windows 8 , before returning to its original name with Windows 10 . It has been co-opted by some operating systems (like ReactOS ) and Linux desktop environments for providing

522-623: A more Windows-like experience, and as such is, for example, present in KDE , with the name of Kickoff Application Launcher, and on Xfce with the name of Whisker Menu . Traditionally, the Start menu provided a customizable nested list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and obtain assistance, and access to the system settings. Later enhancements via Windows Desktop Update included access to special folders such as "My Documents" and "Favorites" (browser bookmarks). Windows XP 's Start menu

580-551: A native interface for command-line interface and TUI programs. The console usually opens in window mode, but it can be switched to full, true text mode screen and vice versa by pressing the Alt and Enter keys together. Full-screen mode is not available in Windows Vista and later, but may be used with some workarounds. Windows Terminal is a multi-tabbed terminal emulator that Microsoft has developed for Windows 10 and later as

638-542: A program easily accommodates to any of the three cases because the same interface (namely, standard streams ) controls the display and keyboard. See below for comparison to Windows. Many TUI programming libraries are available to help developers build TUI applications . American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard ANSI X3.64 defines a standard set of escape sequences that can be used to drive terminals to create TUIs (see ANSI escape code ). Escape sequences may be supported for all three cases mentioned in

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696-518: A radical departure from the first two by introducing the object-oriented workplace . This changed the emphasis of the user's interactions to be the data (documents, pictures, and so on) that the user worked on. The emphasis on applications was removed with the intention of making the computer easier to use by matching users' expectations that they would work on documents using programs (rather than operating programs to work on documents). (See also object-oriented user interface .) CUA strongly influenced

754-419: A replacement for Windows Console . The Windows Subsystem for Linux which was added to Windows by Microsoft in 2019, supports running Linux text-based apps on Windows, within Windows console , Windows Terminal , and other Windows-based terminals. In Unix-like operating systems, TUIs are often constructed using the terminal control library curses , or ncurses (a mostly compatible library), or

812-498: A single TUI, and so can be thought of as being like a window manager for text-mode and command-line interfaces. Tmux can also do this. The proprietary macOS text editor BBEdit includes a shell worksheet function that works as a full-screen shell window. The free Emacs text editor can run a shell inside of one of its buffers to provide similar functionality. There are several shell implementations in Emacs, but only ansi-term

870-411: A so-called tool text , thus serving as a user-configurable menu. Even the output of a previous command can be edited and used as a new command. This approach is radically different from both conventional dialogue-oriented console menus or command-line interfaces . Since it does not use graphical widgets , only plain text, but offers comparable functionality to a GUI with a tiling window manager , it

928-483: A text-mode console or terminal, but requires a large bit-mapped display, on which text is the primary target for mouse clicks. Analogous to a link in hypertext , a command has the format Module.Procedure parameters  ~ and is activated with a mouse middle-click. Text displayed anywhere on the screen can be edited, and if formatted with the required command syntax, can be middle-clicked and executed. Any text file containing suitably-formatted commands can be used as

986-537: A vertical list, containing frequently-used applications, and links to the "All apps" menu, File Explorer , Settings , and power options. Some of these links, and additional links to folders such as Downloads, Pictures, and Music, can be added through Settings' "Choose which folders appear on Start" page. The Start menu can be resized, or be placed in a full-screen display resembling the Windows 8/8.1 Start screen (although scrolling vertically instead of horizontally). The Start menu also enters this state when "Tablet mode"

1044-612: A window, Alt + F4 , stems from CUA. CUA never had significant impact on the design of Unix terminal (character-mode) applications, which preceded CUA by more than a decade. However, all major Unix GUI environments/toolkits, whether or not based on the X Window System , have featured varying levels of CUA compatibility, with Motif/ CDE explicitly featuring it as a design goal. The current major environments, GNOME and KDE , also feature extensive CUA compatibility. The subset of CUA implemented in Microsoft Windows or OSF/Motif

1102-509: Is a detailed book specifying how software for the 1984 Apple Macintosh computer should look and function. When it was first written, the Mac was new, and graphical user interface (GUI) software was a novelty, so Apple took great pains to ensure that programs would conform to a single shared look and feel. CUA had a similar aim, but it faced the more difficult task of trying to impose this retroactively on an existing, thriving but chaotic industry, with

1160-755: Is also the basis for the Windows Consistent User Interface standard (CUI), as well as that for OS/2 applications — both text-mode and the Presentation Manager GUI — and IBM mainframes which conform to the Systems Application Architecture . CUA was more than just an attempt to rationalise DOS applications — it was part of a larger scheme to bring together, rationalise and harmonise the overall functions of software and hardware across IBM's entire computing range from microcomputers to mainframes. The third edition of CUA took

1218-425: Is enabled. As of version 1511 , the left panel of the Start menu advertises "suggested" Windows Store apps; users can opt out of these suggestions. Version 1607 and later remove the recent apps view, always showing all apps. Version 20H2 replaced the colorful tiles in previous versions with transparent "theme-aware" tiles. Windows RT 8.1 update KB3033055 adds a variant of the Windows 10 Start menu that

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1276-436: Is generally considered a de facto standard to be followed by any new Unix GUI environment. Text-based user interface In computing , text-based user interfaces ( TUI ) (alternately terminal user interfaces , to reflect a dependence upon the properties of computer terminals and not just text), is a retronym describing a type of user interface (UI) common as an early form of human–computer interaction , before

1334-557: Is referred to as a Text User Interface or TUI. For a short introduction, see the 2nd paragraph on page four of the first published Report on the Oberon System . Oberon's UI influenced the design of the Acme text editor and email client for the Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system. Modern embedded systems are capable of displaying TUI on a monitor like personal computers. This functionality

1392-432: Is suitable for running TUI programs. The other common shell modes, shell and eshell only emulate command lines and TUI programs will complain "Terminal is not fully functional" or display a garbled interface. The free Vim and Neovim text editors have terminal windows (simulating xterm ). The feature is intended for running jobs, parallel builds, or tests, but can also be used (with window splits and tab pages) as

1450-460: Is usually implemented using specialized integrated circuits, modules, or using FPGA . Video circuits or modules are usually controlled using VT100 -compatible command set over UART , FPGA designs usually allow direct video memory access. Start menu The Start menu (called Start screen in Windows 8 , 8.1 and Server 2012 ) is a graphical user interface element that has been part of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 , providing

1508-467: Is visually closer to the design used in early preview builds of Windows 10. It allows applications to be pinned to the top of the left column, with recently used apps listed below (much like 7), and as with 10, allows tiles to be pinned to the right column. Windows 11 introduces another major redesign to the Start menu. A search box was reinstated at the top of the menu, and tiles have been replaced by an area for pinned application shortcuts displayed in

1566-481: The Windows NT family, as well as Windows CE , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . The Start menu first appeared in Windows 95 . It was made to overcome the shortcomings of Program Manager in previous operating systems. Program Manager consisted of a simple multiple document interface (MDI) which allowed users to open separate "program groups" and then execute the shortcuts to programs contained within. It lacked

1624-521: The conio library ), Lotus 1-2-3 and many others. Some of these interfaces survived even during the Microsoft Windows 3.1x period in the early 1990s. For example, the Microsoft C 6.0 compiler, used to write true GUI programs under 16-bit Windows, still has its own TUI. Since its start, Microsoft Windows includes a console to display DOS software. Later versions added the Windows console as

1682-549: The screen buffer was far faster and simpler to program, and less error-prone; see VGA-compatible text mode for details. This change in programming methods resulted in many DOS TUI programs. The Windows console environment is notorious for its emulation of certain EGA/VGA text mode features, particularly random access to the text buffer, even if the application runs in a window. On the other hand, programs running under Windows (both native and DOS applications) have much less control of

1740-521: The All Programs view. Drag and drop support for adding new items to the menu as well as reorganizing the contents of the All Programs view is no longer available. In addition, for the first time in the history of Windows, the Start menu in a stock installation of Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1 or Windows Server 2012 R2 does not provide any facility for shutting down , restarting or activating sleep mode or hibernation , forcing users to use

1798-418: The Start menu and to access and expand Internet Explorer Favorites, My Documents and Administrative Tools ( Windows 2000 and later) from the Start menu. Items could also be simply added to the Start menu by dragging and dropping them . Although Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 introduced a new version of Start menu, they offered the ability to switch back to this version of Start menu. This version of

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1856-565: The Start menu is also available in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . However, it is absent in Windows 7 , Windows Server 2008 R2 and other later Windows releases. The first major overhaul to the Start menu was introduced in Windows XP and was later included in Windows Server 2003 . The Start menu was expanded to two columns: the left-hand column focuses on installed programs, while

1914-403: The Start menu produces a separate screen of icons. Windows Phone was the original host of the design principles of the third generation Start menu. The Start screen no longer supports several previously available features. A list of recently launched programs or shortcuts to special folders no longer appears on the Start screen. It no longer supports more than one level of nesting for groups in

1972-457: The Start menu so that they are always accessible. A sub-menu item at the bottom of this column grants access to all items of Start menu. When this menu item is selected, a scrolling list of Start menu programs replaces the user/recent list. Windows Vista and its successors added minor changes to the menu. Prior to Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 , the Start menu consisted of a group of menus and sub-menus that cascaded and expanded, obscuring

2030-469: The Start menu support Jump lists through cascade buttons on their right. Unlike prior versions, the ability to revert to the "Classic" Start menu design is no longer available. On Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 , an update to the Start menu known as the "Start screen" was introduced. It covers the entire screen and no longer features the right column. It shows much larger tiles for programs and, whenever possible, displays dynamic content supplied by

2088-775: The ability to nest groups within other groups. Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 replaced the Program Manager with the desktop and Start menu. The latter was comparable in some respects with the Apple menu in Mac OS and did not have the mentioned limitations of Program Manager: Being a menu , it allowed nested grouping while keeping only one group open at the time. The menu also offered the ability to shut down and log off from their computer. Later developments in Internet Explorer and subsequent Windows releases make it possible to customize

2146-597: The above section, allowing arbitrary cursor movements and color changes. However, not all terminals follow this standard, and many non-compatible but functionally equivalent sequences exist. On IBM Personal Computers and compatibles , the Basic Input Output System ( BIOS ) and DOS system calls provide a way to write text on the screen, and the ANSI.SYS driver could process standard ANSI escape sequences. However, programmers soon learned that writing data directly to

2204-572: The advent of bitmapped displays and modern conventional graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Like modern GUIs, they can use the entire screen area and may accept mouse and other inputs. They may also use color and often structure the display using box-drawing characters such as ┌ and ╣. The modern context of use is usually a terminal emulator . From text application 's point of view, a text screen (and communications with it) can belong to one of three types (here ordered in order of decreasing accessibility): Under Linux and other Unix-like systems,

2262-640: The alternative S-Lang library. The advent of the curses library with Berkeley Unix created a portable and stable API for which to write TUIs. The ability to talk to various text terminal types using the same interfaces led to more widespread use of "visual" Unix programs, which occupied the entire terminal screen instead of using a simple line interface. This can be seen in text editors such as vi , mail clients such as pine or mutt , system management tools such as SMIT , SAM , FreeBSD 's Sysinstall and web browsers such as lynx . Some applications, such as w3m , and older versions of pine and vi use

2320-423: The bottom, with a vertical scrollbar whenever needed. Also added in Windows Vista is a Search box that allows users to search for the Start menu shortcuts or other files and folders. The search box features incremental search : If indexing is not turned off, the search box returns results on-the-fly as users type into it. Since the found items can be immediately opened, the Start menu search box partially replaces

2378-422: The charms. On most versions of Windows, the Start button is located on the lower left corner of the screen, while the start button on Windows 11 is located in the center (but can be moved back to the lower left corner). On a Mac keyboard or on a Mac running Windows through Boot Camp , the ⌘ Command key is used as the Windows logo key to activate the Start menu. Right-clicking on the Start button invokes

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2436-621: The display and keyboard than Linux and DOS programs can have, because of aforementioned Windows console layer. Most often those programs used a blue background for the main screen, with white or yellow characters, although commonly they had also user color customization. They often used box-drawing characters in IBM's code page 437 . Later, the interface became deeply influenced by graphical user interfaces (GUI), adding pull-down menus , overlapping windows , dialog boxes and GUI widgets operated by mnemonics or keyboard shortcuts . Soon mouse input

2494-559: The early Microsoft Windows operating system during the period of joint IBM and Microsoft cooperation on OS/2 Presentation Manager. But later releases of IBM's CUA documents were not used for Microsoft products, and so CUA became less significant in the Windows environment. For instance, the Start menu was introduced. Most of the standard keystrokes and basic GUI widgets specified by the CUA remain available in Windows. The well-known combination for closing

2552-489: The function of the Run command from previous versions of Windows. The Run command can also be added separately to the right column in the Start menu. In Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 , the search results pane covers both columns of the Start menu. The search box is extended to support searching Control Panel items. The right column in Windows 7 links to Libraries instead of ordinary folders. Most importantly, however, items on

2610-434: The initially visible portions of the screen beneath them. In Windows Vista, however, cascading menus were replaced by a sliding window in the left pane of the Start menu. Whenever the All Programs item is clicked, the contents of the left pane slide off the left edge of the Start menu, and the All Programs menu slides in from the right edge of the left column. This menu presents a tree view of its hierarchy that expands towards

2668-450: The less-able termcap library, performing many of the functions associated with curses within the application. Custom TUI applications based on widgets can be easily developed using the dialog program (based on ncurses ), or the Whiptail program (based on S-Lang ). In addition, the rise in popularity of Linux brought many former DOS users to a Unix-like platform, which has fostered

2726-510: The much more ambitious goal of unifying all UI, from personal computers to minicomputers to mainframes; and supporting both character and GUI modes, and both batch and interactive designs. By comparison, the Apple HIG only supported interactive GUI on a standalone personal computer. CUA also attempted to be a more measurable standard than the Apple HIG and had large sections formatted as checklists to measure compliance. The CUA contains standards for

2784-467: The operation of elements such as dialog boxes , menus and keyboard shortcuts that have become so influential that they are implemented today by many programmers who have never read the CUA. Some of these standards can be seen in the operation of Windows itself and DOS-based applications like the MS-DOS 5 full-screen text editor edit.com . CUA hallmarks include: CUA not only covers DOS applications, but

2842-404: The program directly on the tile itself (known as a "live tile"), behaving similarly to a widget . For instance, the live tile for an email client may display the number of unread emails. The Start screen allows users to uninstall their programs by right-clicking on them and selecting "Uninstall". Pinned apps can be placed in groups. The search box is initially hidden but can be viewed by clicking

2900-556: The real names and locations of the Start menu and Desktop folders. Since Windows Vista , all folders used by the system use the same name as in the English version and only display different names in Windows Explorer. TweakUI , an unsupported utility program from Microsoft, offers additional customizations, including speeding up the response time of the Start menu, window animation, and other hacks . On Windows XP and Windows Vista, it

2958-404: The right of the screen (accessed by swiping in from the right on multitouch devices, or positioning the mouse in one of the right corners of the screen and sliding up or down). The Start screen is accessed either by that button or by clicking the lower left corner of the screen. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 restore the button back to its original place without removing the new button in

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3016-503: The right-hand column provides access to My Documents , My Pictures, My Music and other special folders . This column also includes shortcuts for Computer and Network ( Network Neighborhood in Windows 95 and 98), which were placed on the Desktop in prior versions of Windows. The contents of this column can be customized. Commonly used programs are automatically displayed in the left-hand menu. Users may opt to "pin" programs to this side of

3074-550: The search button on the charms bar and can also be brought up as it receives keyboard input. True to its name, the Start screen is the first screen that a user sees upon login . The idea of a full-screen Start can be traced back to Windows Neptune , when Microsoft originally considered a "Start page" that integrated with Windows desktop through Active Desktop . This menu has its roots in Windows Mobile and Windows Phone : In Windows Mobile Standard, which runs on smartphones ,

3132-518: The settings button in the charms bar to perform these actions. An April 2014 update for Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 restores the latter. Windows 10 re-introduced the Start menu in a revised form. It uses a two column design similar to Windows 7's version, except that the right side is populated by tiles, similarly to Windows 8's Start screen. Applications can be pinned to the right half, and their respective tiles can be resized and grouped into user-specified categories. The left column displays

3190-514: The top of the Start menu, or, if placed in the Programs sub-folder, in the Programs menu. The location of this folder however, depends on the operating system installed: In Windows Server 2003 and earlier, the folder name "Start Menu" changes depending on the localization; for example, on German versions of Windows XP it is " Startmenü ". Windows installers generally use the Windows API to find out

3248-592: Was a sign of expertise to have learned the UIs of dozens of applications, since a novice user facing a new program would find their existing knowledge of a similar application either of no use or actively a hindrance to understanding as learned behavior might need to be unlearned for the new application. The detailed CUA specification, published in December 1987, is 328 pages long. It has similarities to Apple Computer 's detailed human interface guidelines (139 pages). The Apple HIG

3306-553: Was added – either at text resolution as a simple colored box or at graphical resolution thanks to the ability of the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) and Video Graphics Array (VGA) display adapters to redefine the text character shapes by software  – providing additional functions. Some notable programs of this kind were Microsoft Word , DOS Shell , WordPerfect , Norton Commander , Turbo Vision based Borland Turbo Pascal and Turbo C (the latter included

3364-460: Was expanded to encompass various My Documents folders (including My Music and My Pictures ), and transplanted other items like My Computer and My Network Places from the Windows desktop. Until Windows Vista , the Start menu was constantly expanded across the screen as the user navigated through its cascading sub-menus. In Microsoft Windows , the Start menu in some form appears in Windows 9x , Windows NT 4.0 and all subsequent versions in

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