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52-676: IBC Vehicles Limited is a British automotive manufacturing company based in Luton , Bedfordshire and since 2021 a wholly owned subsidiary of the multinational corporation Stellantis . Its principal operation is an assembly plant located in Luton, Vauxhall Luton , which currently produces light commercial vehicles sold under the Citroën , Opel , Peugeot , Vauxhall , Fiat Professional and Toyota brands. IBC Vehicles has its roots in Bedford Vehicles ,

104-658: A body kit, with 70 examples to be built to mark the 70th anniversary of the Citroën Type H. FC Automobili was later renamed Caselani Carrosserie, and expanded its range with a smaller 'Type HG', based on the Citroën Jumpy. Both vans are available with either internal combustion engines or electric motors. At the 2023 Caravan Salon in Germany, Citroën revealed the Type Holidays, a Spacetourer based campervan with bodywork referencing

156-430: A car, and prefer other modes of transport. Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia . Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate. However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed

208-561: A few days later and Citroën its ë-Jumpy Hydrogen . These vehicles are manufactured at the Valenciennes plant then converted to hydrogen at the former Opel plant in Rüsselheim . In 2017, Italian company FC Automobili revealed a modern interpretation of the Citroën H Van based on the Citroën Relay . The coach built , retro inspired conversion was available either pre assembled, or as

260-544: A group of major car manufacturers including GM , Ford , Volvo , BYD Auto , Jaguar Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets". Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as Volkswagen , Toyota , Peugeot , Honda , Nissan and Hyundai , did not pledge. The global automotive industry

312-412: A payload of 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) (contrary to 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) for the electric version and 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) for the combustion version). The Vivaro-e Hydrogen combines a 45 kW fuel cell with a 10.5 kW lithium-ion battery. The hydrogen cylinders are supplied by Symbio, a joint venture between Michelin and Faurecia . Peugeot presented its e-Expert Hydrogen

364-493: A top producer 1950s : United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production. 1960s : Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s. 1990s : South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France. 2000s : China increased its production drastically, and became

416-530: Is a light commercial van jointly developed by FCA Italy and PSA Group (currently Stellantis ), and mainly manufactured by Sevel , a joint venture between the two companies since 1994. The Jumpy was also sold as the Peugeot Expert and Fiat Scudo beginning in 1995. All three models were facelifted in March 2004 before being replaced by new, second-generation models in 2007. The redesigned models again shared

468-659: Is a Toyota-badged twin of the electric vans from Groupe PSA described above. The Proace Electric is the first all-electric passenger vehicle offered under the Toyota brand in Europe. In March 2022, Fiat unveiled the E-Ulysse, a battery electric derivative of its passenger van. The cargo version is called the E-Scudo. On May 18, 2021, Opel presented the Vivaro-e Hydrogen . This version has

520-643: Is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water. In 2022, Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in

572-463: Is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own

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624-462: The PSA Group had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales until the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and

676-983: The Renault Trafic and the Vauxhall Vivaro. In July 2016, the plant started building the Fiat Talento , then, in November 2016, the production of the Nissan NV300 began. The Renault Trafic III + the Renault Trucks Trafic III and its clones the Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro B as well as the Nissan NV300 are transformed (body, stickers, conversion, interior of the loading zone) in France, at the Heudebouville Qstomize transformation site, by Renault Pro+. , However,

728-551: The United States led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. Big Three General Motors , Ford Motor Company , and Chrysler being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the Great Depression , the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time,

780-417: The horseless carriage . Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery. For many decades,

832-770: The internal combustion versions of its passenger vans in Europe ( Switzerland and Balkan countries excepted). This decision is mainly motivated by a decision to reduce the average CO 2 emissions of vehicles marketed by the company in Europe in accordance with the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) regulations set up by the European Union . As a result, the SpaceTourer, Traveller and Zafira Life are now only offered in their 100% electric and hydrogen versions. Panel van models are not affected by this change, nor are Toyota-badged models, as

884-485: The value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m ) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The automobile

936-786: The 2022 model year, the Jumpy has also been rebadged as the Fiat Scudo, to replace the previous Talento model, which, from 2016 to 2020, had been based on the Renault Trafic . Citroën released the first-generation Jumpy in June 1994, naming the model "Dispatch" in English-speaking markets. Peugeot and Fiat followed with their rebadged models in July 1995 and February 1996 respectively. The vans differ little technically and visually, an example of badge engineering . They share mechanicals and body structure with

988-886: The Fiat Talento II is transformed (body, stickers, conversion, interior of the loading zone) in Italy by Fiat Professional. At the end of 2018, the plant move the Renault Trafic, the Fiat Talento, the Nissan NV300, and the Renault Trafic-based Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro to Sandouville Renault Factory . In early 2020, in addition to the Vauxhall Vivaro , the plant started building Citroën Dispatch + Citroën SpaceTourer and Peugeot Expert + Peugeot Traveller and Toyota ProAce + Toyota ProAce Verso vans. In May 2022,

1040-768: The Frontera B 1998 - 2004. In 1998 GM bought Isuzu out of the IBC partnership and renamed the plant GMM Luton ( GM Manufacturing Luton ). General Motors sold Opel, including Vauxhall and the Luton plant, to Groupe PSA in 2017. Groupe PSA merged with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles to form Stellantis in January 2021. GMM Luton produced the Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A , Renault Trafic and Nissan Primastar from 2001 to 2014. The Hi-top roof versions were built in Barcelona , Spain by Renault at

1092-654: The Japanese manufacturer is in line with the objectives of the CAFE regulations. Since 2017, both Citroën Jumpy and Peugeot Expert are assembled as CKD in Montevideo, Uruguay. As of October 2019, Nordex S.A. has produced 13,000 units, with most of them being exported to Brazil and Argentina . In April 2018, PSA started the production of the Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy in its Russian plant, in Kaluga . The next month began

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1144-645: The PSA Group in early 2021 ; only Renault was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both BMW (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and Chang'an . These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (before the Fiat-Chrysler merger ), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in

1196-643: The Proace name, calling their version Proace Verso . Commercial variants have been released in March 2016, under the Citroën Jumpy , Peugeot Expert and Toyota Proace names. In 2019, Opel/Vauxhall switched to the PSA van platform for the Vivaro. The Fiat Scudo and Ulysse nameplates were revived in 2022 using the PSA van platform, replacing the also Renault Trafic-based Talento . In January 2022, Stellantis stopped marketing

1248-488: The Proace name. The commercial versions premiered later, retaining the Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy names. In May 2016, the Fiat Scudo was replaced by a second generation of the Fiat Talento , a rebadged Renault Trafic . From the 2019 model year, the Jumpy has been rebadged as the Opel/ Vauxhall Vivaro , replacing the previous Vivaro model, which, from 2001 to 2019, had been based on the Renault Trafic . From

1300-636: The Sevel Nord Eurovans minivans: the Citroën Evasion (Synergie), Fiat Ulysse , Lancia Zeta , and Peugeot 806 . The engines available throughout the models do differ, with the Fiat getting its own engines distinct from those fitted to the Citroën and Peugeot. The Fiat Scudo replaced the first generation of the Fiat Talento . The model received a facelift in 2004, which changed most of the front end including

1352-428: The U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China , which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become

1404-560: The Vivaro). The Vivaro-e Hydrogen combines a 45 kW fuel cell with a 10.5 kW lithium-ion battery. The hydrogen storage tanks are supplied by Symbio, a joint venture between Michelin and Faurecia . Peugeot then presented its e-Expert Hydrogen. These vans are manufactured at the Valenciennes plant and converted to hydrogen at the former Opel plant in Rüsselsheim . The Proace Electric, available in passenger (Verso) and cargo versions,

1456-690: The all-electric Vivaro-e. The Vivaro-e is available in three lengths and offers a payload capacity of up to 1,275 kg (2,811 lbs). In the UK, the vehicle is sold under the Vauxhall brand. The passenger model is called the Opel Zafira-e Life. On 18 May 2021, Opel revealed the Vivaro-e Hydrogen. This new version has a payload of 1100 kg (compared to 1200 kg for the Vivaro-e and 1400 kg for

1508-486: The automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage. Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on

1560-505: The bumper and bonnet; for the first time, the headlamps were combined with the indicators rather than being a separate set of lights. Only for Scudo Combinato The second generation offered increased cargo space and more body styles over the previous generation. It was launched in November 2006, with deliveries beginning in principal markets in January 2007. The Citroën is available in 90 bhp, 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS) and 136 bhp (101 kW; 138 PS) versions with

1612-408: The classic Citroën H Van. Styled by Caselani, The concept vehicle featured a pop-up roof with sleeping accommodation, as well as an on board kitchenette and folding bench seat. Citroën stated that the Type Holidays previewed a new range of vehicles with 'Holidays' branding, which would be aimed at van lifers and holidaymakers. 8 speed automatic 2019–present Stellantis introduced facelifts for

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1664-458: The conventional diesel versions, there are some cosmetic changes such as blanked-off grille, instrument cluster which includes a battery charge-level gauge and new graphics for it infotainment system. The Citroën ë-Jumpy (ë-Dispatch) is largely similar to the Peugeot e-Expert cargo van, while the Citroën ë-SpaceTourer is similar to the Peugeot e-Traveller passenger van. In April 2020, Opel revealed

1716-674: The end of 2019, which would also be badged as the Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Life/Vivaro Life/Vivaro to replace the Trafic-based Vivaro. In February 2022, Stellantis began exporting part of the production of the Russian plant in Kaluga to Western Europe, where Citroën, Peugeot, and Opel models are manufactured. In March 2022, Stellantis halted exports from Russia following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine , putting an end to

1768-591: The factory began to produce the Fiat Scudo + the Fiat Ulysse. Automotive industry The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion ), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry (1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898. The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering

1820-762: The factory produced a European version of the Isuzu MU aka Amigo 4WD called the Opel/Vauxhall Frontera Sport and the Isuzu MU Wizard aka Rodeo 4WD called the Opel/Vauxhall Frontera and a range of Renault -designed vans sold under the Opel, Vauxhall and Renault brand names. The Bedford name was dropped completely as were all of its preceding range apart from the Midi. The Frontera A was produced from 1992 to 1998 and

1872-655: The former Nissan Plant because the Luton IBC building was not high enough to accommodate the Hi-top vehicles. By 2011, the plant had produced 1.25 million vehicles since the 2001 launch, with production now down to 68,000 vehicles a year, with a capacity for 100,000. Opel/Vauxhall announced in 2011 that the 2013 Vivaro would continue production at Luton and the high roof versions and the Renault Trafic would be manufactured at Sandouville , France. Between 2015 and 2019, Renault, Opel, Vauxhall, Nissan and Fiat Professional announced that all

1924-507: The high-roof variants of the Trafic, Vivaro, NV300 and Talento will be built in Sandouville. The brands also announced that all left-hand drive variants for Renault, Opel, Nissan and Fiat Professional will be built in Sandouville. But all right-hand drive low-roof variants for Renault, Vauxhall, Nissan and Fiat Professional will be built in Luton. In August 2014, the factory began the production of

1976-411: The larger 75 kW-hr battery. The vans are fitted with a 7.4 kW (AC) charger as standard, and an 11 kW (AC) charger is available as an option. In 2019, Peugeot introduced an electric version of their Expert van called e-Expert which shares the same platform as the Vivaro-e. They later introduced an electric variant of the passenger Traveller called e-Traveller in June 2020. Compared to

2028-479: The list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023). These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017, of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since Fiat's 2013 acquisition of the Chrysler Corporation (although

2080-545: The market. The standard ISO 26262 , is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety . In case of safety issues, danger, product defect , or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall . Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials. Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of

2132-510: The motor is also used for battery-electric PSA/Stellantis passenger cars such as the Peugeot e-208 . While the e-Berlingo is fitted with a 50 kW-hr battery, the e-Jumpy (and its rebadged cousins) also offer a larger 75 kW-hr battery as an option. Quoted maximum driving range changes from 144 mi (232 km) under the WLTP cycle with the smaller battery to 205 mi (330 km) (WLTP) with

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2184-625: The opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries. In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units. In July 2021, the European Commission released its " Fit for 55 " legislation package, which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be zero-emission vehicles from 2035. The governments of 24 developed countries and

2236-514: The option of four diesel engines or one petrol engine. The Peugeot Expert II was launched in January 2007, with the addition of a people carrier model, the Tepee. The PSA/Fiat joint venture ended in March 2016. The model received a slight facelift in February 2012, which changed the grille and front bumper. From July 2013, Toyota began sales of a rebadged version called Toyota Proace. The Fiat Scudo

2288-427: The production of the Traveller and SpaceTourer in the same factory. In December 2019, the Opel Zafira Life joined them on Kaluga assembly lines, followed by the Vivaro a few months later. In September 2018, PSA announced that the Luton plant would begin production of the third generation Citroën Jumpy/Dispatch/Spacetourer Peugeot Expert/Traveler ,but also the second generation of the Toyota ProAce and ProAce Verso from

2340-671: The region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary. 1960s : Post-war increase 1970s : Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation 1990s : Production started in NICs . 2000s : Rise of China as

2392-444: The same design and engineering, with subtle trim changes between each brand. The second generation received a small facelift in February 2012 and from July 2013, Toyota began sales of a rebadged version called the Toyota Proace . In December 2015, Citroën, Peugeot and Toyota unveiled their new generation of these vehicles in people carrying-specifications called the Citroën SpaceTourer and Peugeot Traveller , with Toyota retaining

2444-461: The second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In

2496-450: The short-lived export program from Kaluga. In October 2022, the Vauxhall Vivaro received a sporty GS trim option alongside a more powerful diesel engine. Electric versions are badged and sold by multiple Stellantis-owned brands as well as Toyota; they all share a common traction motor with the smaller Citroën e-Berlingo and its rebadged siblings, which has an output of 100 kW (130 hp) with 260 N⋅m (190 lbf⋅ft) torque;

2548-464: The top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016. It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies. Notable current relationships include: Fiat Scudo The Citroën Jumpy (badged Citroën Dispatch in some countries)

2600-465: The truck and bus manufacturing subsidiary of Vauxhall. In 1986 the Bedford Vehicles van factory in Luton was reorganised as a joint venture with Isuzu . The resulting company was named IBC Vehicles ( Isuzu Bedford Company Limited ). Its first product was the Bedford Midi - a badge engineered clone of the Isuzu Fargo midsize panel van , intended to replace the ageing Bedford CF . The Suzuki -based Bedford Rascal microvan followed in 1987. In 1992

2652-457: The world's largest-producing country in 2009. 2010s : India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer. 2013 : The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%. The OICA counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries ( boldfaced in

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2704-401: Was discontinued in Summer 2012. 6-speed automatic 2010–2016 At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show , Citroën, Peugeot and Toyota revealed their latest generation of their respective vans. With this new generation the vans became more contemporary, and the Citroën and Peugeot models gained new names for the passenger versions: Citroën SpaceTourer and Peugeot Traveller . Toyota partially retained

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