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74-476: The submarines of the KD3B sub-class were essentially repeats of the preceding KD3A sub-class with minor modifications to improve seakeeping . They displaced 1,829 metric tons (1,800 long tons) surfaced and 2,337 metric tons (2,300 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 101 meters (331 ft 4 in) long and had a beam of 8 meters (26 ft 3 in) and a draft of 4.9 meters (16 ft 1 in). They had

148-415: A great circle route after being generated – curving slightly left in the southern hemisphere and slightly right in the northern hemisphere. After moving out of the area of fetch and no longer being affected by the local wind, wind waves are called swells and can travel thousands of kilometers. A noteworthy example of this is waves generated south of Tasmania during heavy winds that will travel across

222-443: A list as smoke poured from her. Her 7.7-millimeter machine gun continued to fire from her conning tower at Jupiter , which closed with I-60 at high speed and silenced the machine gun with 20-millimeter fire. Jupiter hit I-60 with a 4.7-inch (120 mm) round between her conning tower and stern , causing an internal explosion aboard the submarine. Flame and smoke emerged from the conning tower, which Jupiter ′s crew believed

296-399: A deep-water wave may also be approximated by: where g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 meters (32 feet) per second squared. Because g and π (3.14) are constants, the equation can be reduced to: when C is measured in meters per second and L in meters. In both formulas the wave speed is proportional to the square root of the wavelength. The speed of shallow-water waves is described by

370-456: A different equation that may be written as: where C is speed (in meters per second), g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the depth of the water (in meters). The period of a wave remains unchanged regardless of the depth of water through which it is moving. As deep-water waves enter the shallows and feel the bottom, however, their speed is reduced, and their crests "bunch up", so their wavelength shortens. Sea state can be described by

444-460: A diving depth of 60 meters (197 ft) and a complement of 60 officers and crewmen. For surface running, the submarines were powered by two 3,400- brake-horsepower (2,535 kW) diesel engines , each driving one propeller shaft . When submerged each propeller was driven by a 900-horsepower (671 kW) electric motor . They could reach 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) on the surface and 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) submerged. On

518-408: A given area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their characteristic height over a period of time is usually expressed as significant wave height . This figure represents an average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually chosen somewhere in the range from 20 minutes to twelve hours), or in

592-562: A minute, one of which knocked out Jupiter ′s open-backed "A" 4.7-inch (120 mm) twin gun turret , killing three men and wounding nine. British records subsequently stated that "The enemy submarine was fought with great determination, her gun′s crews being continually reinforced from inside the submarine until put out of action." Jupiter fired two torpedoes at I-60 , both of which missed, then opened fire on I-60 with her remaining four 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, scoring two or three hits. With her deck gun no longer manned, I-60 took on

666-498: A seakeeping performance. These are: A drillship and a ferry have different missions and operate in different environments. The performance criteria will be different as well. Both may be considered seaworthy, although for different reasons based on different criteria. In ship design it is important to pre-determine the behavior of the ship or floating structure when it is subjected to waves. This can be calculated, found through physical model testing and ultimately measured on board

740-418: A specific wave or storm system. The significant wave height is also the value a "trained observer" (e.g. from a ship's crew) would estimate from visual observation of a sea state. Given the variability of wave height, the largest individual waves are likely to be somewhat less than twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm. Wave formation on an initially flat water surface by wind

814-529: A standing person will look for support in order to maintain balance. MII is measured in occurrences per hour. Ship motions have physiological effects on ship passengers and crew. The magnitudes and accelerations of ship motions, (particularly heave, roll and pitch ) have adverse effects on passengers and shipboard personnel. Sea sickness will have negative effects on the ability of crew to accomplish tasks and maintain alertness and will obviously distress passengers. An important metric in evaluating sea sickness

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888-461: A total of 16 torpedoes . The submarines were also armed with one 120 mm (4.7 in) deck gun . I-60 was built by the Sasebo Naval Arsenal at Sasebo , Japan . Her keel was laid on 10 October 1927 and she was launched on 24 April 1929. She was completed and commissioned on either 20 or 24 December 1929, according to various sources. On the day of her commissioning, I-60

962-406: Is called shoaling . Wave refraction is the process that occurs when waves interact with the sea bed to slow the velocity of propagation as a function of wavelength and period. As the waves slow down in shoaling water, the crests tend to realign at a decreasing angle to the depth contours. Varying depths along a wave crest cause the crest to travel at different phase speeds , with those parts of

1036-490: Is concentrated as they converge, with a resulting increase in wave height. Because these effects are related to a spatial variation in the phase speed, and because the phase speed also changes with the ambient current—due to the Doppler shift —the same effects of refraction and altering wave height also occur due to current variations. In the case of meeting an adverse current the wave steepens , i.e. its wave height increases while

1110-409: Is gravity. As waves propagate away from their area of origin, they naturally separate into groups of common direction and wavelength. The sets of waves formed in this manner are known as swells. The Pacific Ocean is 19,800 km (12,300 mi) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia and, based on an average wavelength of 76.5 m (251 ft), would have ~258,824 swells over that width. It

1184-438: Is inevitable. Individual waves in deep water break when the wave steepness—the ratio of the wave height H to the wavelength λ —exceeds about 0.17, so for H  > 0.17  λ . In shallow water, with the water depth small compared to the wavelength, the individual waves break when their wave height H is larger than 0.8 times the water depth h , that is H  > 0.8  h . Waves can also break if

1258-434: Is initiated by turbulent wind shear flows based on the inviscid Orr–Sommerfeld equation in 1957. He found the energy transfer from the wind to the water surface is proportional to the curvature of the velocity profile of the wind at the point where the mean wind speed is equal to the wave speed. Since the wind speed profile is logarithmic to the water surface, the curvature has a negative sign at this point. This relation shows

1332-497: Is measured in metres. This expression tells us that waves of different wavelengths travel at different speeds. The fastest waves in a storm are the ones with the longest wavelength. As a result, after a storm, the first waves to arrive on the coast are the long-wavelength swells. For intermediate and shallow water, the Boussinesq equations are applicable, combining frequency dispersion and nonlinear effects. And in very shallow water,

1406-402: Is sometimes alleged that out of a set of waves, the seventh wave in a set is always the largest; while this isn't the case, the waves in the middle of a given set tend to be larger than those before and after them. Individual " rogue waves " (also called "freak waves", "monster waves", "killer waves", and "king waves") much higher than the other waves in the sea state can occur. In the case of

1480-412: Is started by a random distribution of normal pressure of turbulent wind flow over the water. This pressure fluctuation produces normal and tangential stresses in the surface water, which generates waves. It is usually assumed for the purpose of theoretical analysis that: The second mechanism involves wind shear forces on the water surface. John W. Miles suggested a surface wave generation mechanism that

1554-571: Is the motion sickness incidence (MSI). The most important study on MSI was published in Aerospace Medicine by O'Hanlon and McCauley in 1974, which established common subjective thresholds of MSI tolerance. MSI is measured in percentage of people who experience sea sickness during a given amount of exposure time. A commonly accepted limit of MSI is 20% occurrence of sea sickness over a four-hour exposure period. A small percentage of people are very susceptible to sea sickness and become ill even in

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1628-627: Is the wave elevation, ϵ j {\displaystyle \epsilon _{j}} is uniformly distributed between 0 and 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } , and Θ j {\displaystyle \Theta _{j}} is randomly drawn from the directional distribution function f ( Θ ) : {\displaystyle {\sqrt {f(\Theta )}}:} As waves travel from deep to shallow water, their shape changes (wave height increases, speed decreases, and length decreases as wave orbits become asymmetrical). This process

1702-743: The Banda Sea south of the Sunda Islands , off the Celebes in the Netherlands East Indies , and along with the other submarines of Submarine Squadron 5 — I-62 , I-64 , I-65 , and I-66 — covered the Japanese landings at Kema and Manado in northern Celebes, which began on 11 January. On 13 January, I-60 parted company with I-59 and proceeded to a patrol area in the Indian Ocean south of

1776-656: The Draupner wave , its 25 m (82 ft) height was 2.2 times the significant wave height . Such waves are distinct from tides , caused by the Moon and Sun 's gravitational pull , tsunamis that are caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides , and waves generated by underwater explosions or the fall of meteorites —all having far longer wavelengths than wind waves. The largest ever recorded wind waves are not rogue waves, but standard waves in extreme sea states. For example, 29.1 m (95 ft) high waves were recorded on

1850-688: The Malaya Invasion Force for the Pacific campaign of World War II , I-60 still was undergoing modernization at Tamano when the war in the Pacific began with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , on 7 December 1941 (8 December on the other side of the International Date Line in Japan). On 26 December 1941, she was reassigned to Submarine Unit B, tasked to operate in the Indian Ocean . With

1924-500: The RRS Discovery in a sea with 18.5 m (61 ft) significant wave height, so the highest wave was only 1.6 times the significant wave height. The biggest recorded by a buoy (as of 2011) was 32.3 m (106 ft) high during the 2007 typhoon Krosa near Taiwan. Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force that creates them; the extent to which the disturbing force continues to influence them after formation;

1998-655: The Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra , after which she was to proceed to Penang in Japanese-occupied British Malaya . Early on the morning of 16 January 1942, she reported her arrival in her patrol area south of the Sunda Strait, and on the evening of 16 January she transmitted a status report. The Japanese never heard from her again. On 17 January 1942, the Royal Navy destroyer HMS  Jupiter

2072-417: The direction of the wind is known as the fetch . Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of kilometers before reaching land. Wind waves on Earth range in size from small ripples to waves over 30 m (100 ft) high, being limited by wind speed, duration, fetch, and water depth. When directly generated and affected by local wind, a wind wave system is called a wind sea . Wind waves will travel in

2146-510: The navy list on 10 March 1942. 06°19′30″S 104°49′20″E  /  6.32500°S 104.82222°E  / -6.32500; 104.82222 Seakeeping Seakeeping ability or seaworthiness is a measure of how well-suited a watercraft is to conditions when underway. A ship or boat which has good seakeeping ability is said to be very seaworthy and is able to operate effectively even in high sea states . In 1976, St. Denis suggested four principal terms needed to describe

2220-430: The sea wave spectrum or just wave spectrum S ( ω , Θ ) {\displaystyle S(\omega ,\Theta )} . It is composed of a wave height spectrum (WHS) S ( ω ) {\displaystyle S(\omega )} and a wave direction spectrum (WDS) f ( Θ ) {\displaystyle f(\Theta )} . Many interesting properties about

2294-542: The 1st Fleet as part of Submarine Squadron 1. On 27 March 1937, she put to sea from Sasebo with I-59 and I-63 for a training cruise in the vicinity of Qingdao , China . They concluded it with their arrival at Ariake Bay on 6 April 1937. Submarine Division 28 was reassigned to the Sasebo Defense Squadron in the Sasebo Naval District on 1 December 1937, but returned to duty with Submarine Squadron 1 in

Japanese submarine I-60 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-640: The 1st Fleet on 15 December 1938. In January 1939, I-60 and the other submarines of Submarine Squadron 1 got underway for fleet exercises. Early on the morning of 2 February 1939, the submarines were on their way to their assigned stations for a simulated attack against Japanese surface ships also taking part in the exercises. I-60 ′s division mate I-63 arrived at her station in the Bungo Strait off Kyushu about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) northwest of Mizunokojima Lighthouse and at 04:30 shut down her diesel engines and hove to to await sunrise on

2442-626: The 2nd Fleet on 15 November 1934. Apparently recommissioning in 1934, I-60 got underway from Sasebo on 7 February 1935 along with the other eight submarines of Submarine Squadron 2 — I-53 , I-54 , I-55 , I-59 , I-61 , I-62 , I-63 , and I-64 — for a training cruise in the Kuril Islands . The cruise concluded with their arrival at Sukumo Bay on 25 February 1935. The nine submarines departed Sasebo on 29 March 1935 to train in Chinese waters, returning to Sasebo on 4 April 1935 . I-60

2516-424: The Pacific to southern California, producing desirable surfing conditions. Wind waves in the ocean are also called ocean surface waves and are mainly gravity waves , where gravity is the main equilibrium force. Wind waves have a certain amount of randomness : subsequent waves differ in height, duration, and shape with limited predictability. They can be described as a stochastic process , in combination with

2590-437: The bridge and below at the time of the collision, I-60 ′s commanding officer took full responsibility for the accident. After a trial by court-martial , he was suspended from duty, and his later promotion from lieutenant commander to commander was delayed. On 15 November 1939, Submarine Division 28 was attached to the Sasebo Naval District and transferred to duty at the submarine school at Kure , Japan. On 15 November 1940,

2664-543: The commander of Submarine Division 28 aboard, she got underway from Kobe , Japan, on 31 December 1941 in company with I-59 , bound for Davao City on Mindanao in the Philippines . The two submarines arrived at Davao on 5 January 1942 and refueled there. While at Davao, I-60 again became the flagship of Submarine Division 28 on 9 January 1942. On 10 January 1942, I-60 departed Davao City in company with I-59 to begin her first war patrol. The two submarines proceeded to

2738-471: The crest falling forward and down as it extends over the air ahead of the wave. Three main types of breaking waves are identified by surfers or surf lifesavers . Their varying characteristics make them more or less suitable for surfing and present different dangers. When the shoreline is near vertical, waves do not break but are reflected. Most of the energy is retained in the wave as it returns to seaward. Interference patterns are caused by superposition of

2812-425: The crew, passengers, ship system components, secured cargo, and structural elements. Excessive ship motions may hinder the vessel's ability to complete its mission such as the deployment and recovery of small boats or aircraft. A measure of an individual's ability to complete a specific task while on board a moving ship is the motion-induced interruptions (MII). It gives an indication of the number of events in which

2886-653: The division was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 5 in the Combined Fleet. I-60 temporarily relieved I-59 as division flagship from 6 to 29 January 1941. I-60 was placed in Third Reserve at Sasebo on 10 April 1941 and later moved to the Tama Zosensho shipyard at Tamano , Japan, for a refit and modernization. She became the flagship of Submarine Division 28 again on 20 May 1941, serving as such until 3 December 1941, when I-59 relieved her. Nominally assigned to

2960-464: The equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by Miles , also in 1957. In linear plane waves of one wavelength in deep water, parcels near the surface move not plainly up and down but in circular orbits: forward above and backward below (compared to

3034-475: The extent to which the restoring force weakens or flattens them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic sea waves have a period of about 20 minutes, and speeds of 760 km/h (470 mph). Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period up to about 20 seconds. The speed of all ocean waves is controlled by gravity, wavelength, and water depth. Most characteristics of ocean waves depend on the relationship between their wavelength and water depth. Wavelength determines

Japanese submarine I-60 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-424: The faster the wave energy will move through the water. The relationship between the wavelength, period and velocity of any wave is: where C is speed (celerity), L is the wavelength, and T is the period (in seconds). Thus the speed of the wave derives from the functional dependence L ( T ) {\displaystyle L(T)} of the wavelength on the period (the dispersion relation ). The speed of

3182-484: The hydrocarbon seas of Titan may also have wind-driven waves. Waves in bodies of water may also be generated by other causes, both at the surface and underwater (such as watercraft , animals , waterfalls , landslides , earthquakes , bubbles , and impact events ). The great majority of large breakers seen at a beach result from distant winds. Five factors influence the formation of the flow structures in wind waves: All of these factors work together to determine

3256-460: The hyperbolic tangent approaches 1 {\displaystyle 1} , the speed c {\displaystyle c} approximates In SI units, with c deep {\displaystyle c_{\text{deep}}} in m/s, c deep ≈ 1.25 λ {\displaystyle c_{\text{deep}}\approx 1.25{\sqrt {\lambda }}} , when λ {\displaystyle \lambda }

3330-434: The incident and reflected waves, and the superposition may cause localized instability when peaks cross, and these peaks may break due to instability. (see also clapotic waves ) Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air ; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as surface gravity waves . As the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb

3404-447: The loss of 81 members of her crew. I-60 , which had suffered a crushed bow buoyancy tank , rescued I-63 ′s commanding officer and six other crewmen. They were I-63 ′s only survivors. As the result of the post-accident investigation, a court of inquiry found that I-60 ′s navigation error had contributed to the accident and that I-60 had unsatisfactory lookout procedures and inadequate management of her watch officers. Although off

3478-411: The other hand, the orbits of water molecules in waves moving through shallow water are flattened by the proximity of the sea bottom surface. Waves in water shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength are known as shallow-water waves. Transitional waves travel through water deeper than 1/20 their original wavelength but shallower than half their original wavelength. In general, the longer the wavelength,

3552-415: The physics governing their generation, growth, propagation, and decay – as well as governing the interdependence between flow quantities such as the water surface movements, flow velocities , and water pressure . The key statistics of wind waves (both seas and swells) in evolving sea states can be predicted with wind wave models . Although waves are usually considered in the water seas of Earth,

3626-508: The sea state can be found from the wave spectra. WHS describes the spectral density of wave height variance ("power") versus wave frequency , with dimension { S ( ω ) } = { length 2 ⋅ time } {\displaystyle \{S(\omega )\}=\{{\text{length}}^{2}\cdot {\text{time}}\}} . The relationship between the spectrum S ( ω j ) {\displaystyle S(\omega _{j})} and

3700-443: The sequence: Three different types of wind waves develop over time: Ripples appear on smooth water when the wind blows, but will die quickly if the wind stops. The restoring force that allows them to propagate is surface tension . Sea waves are larger-scale, often irregular motions that form under sustained winds. These waves tend to last much longer, even after the wind has died, and the restoring force that allows them to propagate

3774-437: The ship responds. Response to given sea conditions by a given hull may vary considerably depending on loading, free-surface of tanks, weight distribution, speed, and direction of travel. Wind wave In fluid dynamics , a wind wave , or wind-generated water wave , is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing over the water's surface. The contact distance in

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3848-487: The ship's internal spaces. For example, in most vessels the far forward parts of the ship experience the worst ship motions and are commonly unacceptable for berthing passengers or crew. In exceptional cases where ship motions pose a threat to crew, structure or machinery, or when ship motions interfere with the ability of the ship to accomplish its mission, then the design must be modified so that ship motions are reduced. A number of factors affect seakeeping or how correctly

3922-483: The size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but water depth determines the shape of the orbits. The paths of water molecules in a wind wave are circular only when the wave is traveling in deep water. A wave cannot "feel" the bottom when it moves through water deeper than half its wavelength because too little wave energy is contained in the water movement below that depth. Waves moving through water deeper than half their wavelength are known as deep-water waves. On

3996-411: The size of the water waves and the structure of the flow within them. The main dimensions associated with wave propagation are: A fully developed sea has the maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of specific strength, duration, and fetch. Further exposure to that specific wind could only cause a dissipation of energy due to the breaking of wave tops and formation of "whitecaps". Waves in

4070-410: The slightest conditions, while other people rarely get sea sick despite severe conditions. It has also been shown that most people acclimate to ship motions within a period of about four days, but some never acclimate at all. Seakeeping directly impacts the design of a vessel. Ship motions are considered when determining the principal dimensions of the ship and in developing the general arrangements of

4144-629: The submerged I-60 and made two depth charge attacks. Heavily damaged, I-60 surfaced astern of Jupiter , too close for Jupiter to depress her main armament enough to open fire on I-60 . Unable to submerge, I-60 engaged Jupiter with her 120-millimeter (4.7 in) deck gun . Jupiter changed course and opened fire on I-60 with her starboard Oerlikon 20-millimeter antiaircraft gun , killing and wounding I-60 crewmen who emerged from her conning tower to man her deck gun. Despite this, I-60 ′s crew kept emerging on deck to replace fallen gunners, and I-60 managed to fire seven or eight rounds

4218-403: The supposed fishing boats, unwittingly putting I-60 on a collision course with I-63 . By the time I-60 ′s watch officer realized the lights belonged to I-63 , the two submarines were only 220 yards (200 m) apart. He ordered I-60 to turn in the hope of avoiding a collision. Meanwhile, I-63 ′s crew called her commanding officer to her bridge , which he reached in time to see that I-60

4292-474: The surface with all of her running lights on. I-60 , proceeding on the surface at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) toward her own assigned station, mistakenly entered I-63 ′s assigned area due to a navigation error. At around 05:00 I-60 ′s watch officer sighted two white lights belonging to I-63 . I-60 ′s lookouts misidentified I-63 ′s lights as those of two fishing boats in close proximity to one another. I-60 ′s watch officer decided to pass between

4366-471: The surface, the KD3Bs had a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph); submerged, they had a range of 90 nmi (170 km; 100 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). The submarines were armed with eight internal 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes , six in the bow and two in the stern . They carried one reload for each tube for

4440-471: The surface. The phase speed (also called the celerity) of a surface gravity wave is—for pure periodic wave motion of small- amplitude waves—well approximated by where In deep water, where d ≥ 1 2 λ {\displaystyle d\geq {\frac {1}{2}}\lambda } , so 2 π d λ ≥ π {\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi d}{\lambda }}\geq \pi } and

4514-476: The vessel. Calculations can be performed analytically for simple shapes like rectangular barges, but need to be calculated by computer for any realistic shaped ship. The results of some of these calculations or model tests are transfer functions called response amplitude operators (RAOs). For a floating structure they will need to be calculated for all six motions and for all relative wave headings. Ship motions are important for determining dynamic loading on

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4588-456: The wave amplitude A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} for a wave component j {\displaystyle j} is: Some WHS models are listed below. As for WDS, an example model of f ( Θ ) {\displaystyle f(\Theta )} might be: Thus the sea state is fully determined and can be recreated by the following function where ζ {\displaystyle \zeta }

4662-423: The wave amplitude (height), the particle paths do not form closed orbits; rather, after the passage of each crest, particles are displaced slightly from their previous positions, a phenomenon known as Stokes drift . As the depth below the free surface increases, the radius of the circular motion decreases. At a depth equal to half the wavelength λ, the orbital movement has decayed to less than 5% of its value at

4736-409: The wave in deeper water moving faster than those in shallow water . This process continues while the depth decreases, and reverses if it increases again, but the wave leaving the shoal area may have changed direction considerably. Rays —lines normal to wave crests between which a fixed amount of energy flux is contained—converge on local shallows and shoals. Therefore, the wave energy between rays

4810-464: The wave propagation direction). As a result, the surface of the water forms not an exact sine wave , but more a trochoid with the sharper curves upwards—as modeled in trochoidal wave theory. Wind waves are thus a combination of transversal and longitudinal waves. When waves propagate in shallow water , (where the depth is less than half the wavelength) the particle trajectories are compressed into ellipses . In reality, for finite values of

4884-400: The wavelength decreases, similar to the shoaling when the water depth decreases. Some waves undergo a phenomenon called "breaking". A breaking wave is one whose base can no longer support its top, causing it to collapse. A wave breaks when it runs into shallow water , or when two wave systems oppose and combine forces. When the slope, or steepness ratio, of a wave, is too great, breaking

4958-403: The wind flow transferring its kinetic energy to the water surface at their interface. Assumptions: Generally, these wave formation mechanisms occur together on the water surface and eventually produce fully developed waves. For example, if we assume a flat sea surface (Beaufort state 0), and a sudden wind flow blows steadily across the sea surface, the physical wave generation process follows

5032-404: The wind grows strong enough to blow the crest off the base of the wave. In shallow water, the base of the wave is decelerated by drag on the seabed. As a result, the upper parts will propagate at a higher velocity than the base and the leading face of the crest will become steeper and the trailing face flatter. This may be exaggerated to the extent that the leading face forms a barrel profile, with

5106-416: Was about to ram his submarine. He issued a command for I-63 to go to all ahead full and ordered her crew to close all watertight doors. By the time the two submarines sighted each other, it was too late to avoid a collision, and I-60 rammed I-63 . The impact tore open I-63 ′s starboard ballast tank and auxiliary machinery compartment. I-63 sank in a few minutes in 320 feet (98 m) of water with

5180-476: Was anchored in the Terashima Strait with I-59 and I-63 on 22 July 1936 during fleet exercises when large waves swamped her, causing minor damage to her superstructure and carrying away her starboard anchor chain and 5-meter (16 ft 5 in) work boat. She apparently was out of commission later in 1936. I-60 recommissioned on 1 December 1936 while Submarine Division 28 was still operating in

5254-602: Was attached to the Sasebo Naval District and she and her sister ship I-63 were assigned to Submarine Division 28, which was activated the same day. Sources differ on whether Submarine Division 28 immediately was assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet , a component of the Combined Fleet , or was assigned directly to the Sasebo Naval District at first and then assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 on 1 December 1930. On 1 December 1932, Submarine Division 28

5328-544: Was in the Java Sea 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) north-northwest of the island of Anak Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait escorting the United States Navy troopship USS  Mount Vernon  (AP-22) on a voyage from Singapore to Aden when she received a distress signal from a nearby merchant ship . Jupiter detached from Mount Vernon and began an asdic search. Two hours later, she gained contact on

5402-692: Was on fire. Jupiter then passed 15 feet (4.6 m) abeam of I-60 and dropped a depth charge set to detonate at a shallow depth. Its explosion blew a Japanese sailor out of I-60 ′s conning tower and caused flames to rise 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) from it. I-60 sank by the stern in 3,000 feet (914 m) of water at the southern entrance to the Sunda Strait at 06°19′30″S 104°49′20″E  /  6.32500°S 104.82222°E  / -6.32500; 104.82222  ( I-60 ) . Jupiter picked up only three survivors, one of whom later died; 84 or 86 members of I-60 ′s crew were lost, according to different sources. The Japanese struck I-60 from

5476-665: Was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet , also a component of the Combined Fleet. The division was reassigned to the Sasebo Defense Division in the Sasebo Naval District on 15 November 1933, and that day I-60 was decommissioned and placed in reserve . While she was in reserve, the division was reassigned to the Sasebo Guard Squadron in the Sasebo Naval District on 11 December 1933. Submarine Division 28 returned to duty in Submarine Squadron 2 in

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