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42-577: The first Højre party  [ da ] existed from 1848 to 1866. The second Højre party  [ da ] , centred on Prime Minister J.B.S. Estrup , was founded in 1881. The party was succeeded by the Conservative People's Party , founded in 1916. This article about a political party in Denmark is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about politics in Denmark

84-426: A budget, which could only be implemented with the approval of Parliament, etc. By gaining the right to tax and budget, the bourgeoisie finally entered the political arena. The institutional framework of public finance is the government budget or public budget. The budgetary system is a system of popular approval and oversight of the state's financial activities. The history of constitutional politics can be described as

126-424: A correct indicator of the impacts. A budget can be classified according to function or according to flexibility. Line-item budgeting: In line-item budgeting (also known as the traditional budgeting), the government budget is divided into a list of items which the government plans to spend its money on. The expenditures often exceed the budget, but the majority of the spendings follows the budget plan. This approach

168-523: A modern government budget. After the triumph of the bourgeois revolution in 1640 , England, as a parliamentary monarchy, had all of its financial powers controlled by Parliament. The Bill of Rights of 1689 reaffirmed that the royal government could not force anyone to pay taxes without the approval of Parliament for adoption, and also required that how taxes were to be spent and the items of budgetary expenditure be approved by Parliament, and that revenues and expenditures be allocated on an annual basis and that

210-400: A particular period, often referred to as a financial or fiscal year , which may or may not correspond with the calendar year . Government revenues mostly include taxes (e.g. inheritance tax , income tax , corporation tax , import taxes ) while expenditures consist of government spending (e.g. healthcare , education , defense , infrastructure , social benefits ). A government budget

252-573: A plan of revenues and expenditures be made in advance and submitted to Parliament for approval and monitoring. In other capitalist countries, government budgets were created later, such as in France in 1817 and the United States in 1921 . In short, the government budget system was historically established and developed as a way for the National Assembly to control and organize the financial activities of

294-584: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jacob Br%C3%B8nnum Scavenius Estrup Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup , (16 April 1825 – 24 December 1913), was a Danish politician, member of the Højre party. He was Interior Minister from 1865 to 1869 in the Cabinet of Frijs and Council President as well as Finance Minister from 1875 to 1894 as the leader of the Estrup Cabinet . At 19 years, he

336-711: Is a process that allows citizens to participate directly in the allocation of a portion of the government budget. This practice is becoming more common at the local government level around the world. Budgets in Crisis Situations Emergency Budgets: Governments may enact special emergency budgets in response to crises such as natural disasters, economic recessions, or pandemics. These budgets are often developed rapidly and may involve significant shifts in spending priorities. Contingency Funds: Some governments establish contingency funds within their budgets to be utilized in unforeseen circumstances, detailing

378-470: Is an evolving practice. It involves setting specific targets and metrics for government programs and allocating funds based on the achievement of these targets. Long-Term Planning and Sustainability Fiscal Sustainability Reports: Some countries have begun producing long-term fiscal sustainability reports that assess the long-term balance of revenue and expenditures and the implications for future generations. Intergenerational Budget Reports: These reports focus on

420-488: Is prepared by the Central government or other political entity. In most parliamentary systems, the budget is presented to the legislature and often requires approval of the legislature. The government implements economic policy through this budget and realizes its program priorities. Once the budget is approved, the use of funds from individual chapters is in the hands of government ministries and other institutions. Revenues of

462-439: Is the financial resource necessary for the functionality of the government. The contents of government revenue have undergone multiple changes. Today, it mostly consists of the following: Government expenditures refer to how money raised by the government is allocated in order to support a wide range of causes, meet the needs of its citizens and ensure economic growth through various programs. The expenditures can be divided by

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504-454: Is the forecast of the likely levels of revenues and expenses. Government budget can be of three types: Despite the straightforward definitions of the states into which the government budget can fall, there are some debates over the issues measurements – such as inflation correction, the inclusion of business cycles, etc. – and how much the public budget, or more specifically debt, should influence public and fiscal policy-making as well as being

546-555: The Order of the Dannebrog and Dannebrogsmand. He was married in 1857 to Regitze Holsten-Charisius (1831-1896), daughter of Adam Christopher Holsten-Charisius. They were the parents of six children. Estrup died on Christmas Eve 1913 in Kongsdal and was buried at Undløse Church . Budget bill A government budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for

588-463: The Classification of Functions of Government ( COFOG ): Government budgets have economic, political and technical basis. Unlike a pure economic budget, they are not entirely designed to allocate scarce resources for the best economic use. Government budgets also have a political basis wherein different interests push and pull in an attempt to obtain benefits and avoid burdens. The technical element

630-484: The Netherlands in 1572, England in 1689, France in 1830, Denmark, Piedmont, and Prussia in 1848, Portugal in 1851, Sweden in 1866, Austria in 1867, and Spain in 1876. Credible budgets had two main effects: 1. They made parliament more likely to approve new taxation, and 2. They enhanced wartime military spending and increased the chance of victory in war. The practice of presenting budgets and fiscal policy to parliament

672-453: The bourgeoisie united with the workers in a long struggle against the feudal aristocracy, which was finally compromised. In 1689, a constitutional monarchy was established in England , with a bourgeoisie-dominated House of Commons , which confirmed the status of the principle of participation: firstly, no taxes could be levied without the consent of Parliament; secondly, the government established

714-411: The budget and the government completes it. This approach originated in the 1990s as an attempt to control the increasing fiscal deficits. A simple examination of expenditures does not do justice to the complex relationships between the federal government and the states and localities. In some cases, the federal government pays for a program and gives broad discretion to the states as to how to carry out

756-525: The building of the Copenhagen defense wall ( Københavns befæstning ) at the time known as " Vestencienten " built between 1888 and 1892. Estrup was son of the landowner and headmaster at Sorø Academy Hector Frederik Janson Estrup (1794–1846) and Jacobine Scavenius (1800–1829), daughter of Jacob Brønnum Scavenius (1749–1820). He inherited the estate Kongsdal in Holbæk amt in 1846. In 1852 he also bought

798-434: The complete separation of the state from the home and the control of government revenues and expenditures through parliament. To this end, the bourgeois theorists put forward the famous "principle of participation," which states that the people have the right not to recognize taxes and expenditures that have not been discussed yet and adopted by the representatives of the people and to refuse to pay them. Based on this principle,

840-515: The estate Skaføgård in Randers . As Interior Minister in the Cabinet of Frijs, Estrup took control of the railroads of Jutland and Funen , which had been ceded to an English consortium in 1861. He expanded the railroads in Vendsyssel and built new lines from Skanderborg to Silkeborg and along the west coast of Jutland to Esbjerg , earning him the nickname "Railway Minister". He also built up

882-439: The governance structure around these funds can be unique to each country. Innovative Budget Practices Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB): Though not entirely new, the application of ZBB in the public sector is not extensively documented. ZBB involves building the budget from the ground up each fiscal year, starting from a "zero base," and justifying every expense. Performance-Based Budgeting: Linking budget allocations to performance outcomes

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924-478: The government (the executive), with the aim of effective control of the executive by the legislature. The government budget is both a product of government administration and political democratization. The emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the high level of development of the commodity economy led to an expansion of the state's financial resources and a massive increase in both revenue and expenditure. The expansion of fiscal revenues and expenditures and

966-404: The government intentionally designs budgetary policies to reduce income and wealth inequality. Gender-responsive Budgeting: The practice of preparing budgets with an explicit consideration of the impacts on gender equality, ensuring that gender commitments are reflected in budgetary allocations. Government revenue is the income of the government earned by redistribution of the social products. It

1008-522: The harbour in Esbjerg, which turned into an important center for exports. In 1869 he was forced to step down from his post because of health problems. In 1875 Estrup was able to replace Christen Andreas Fonnesbech as Council President. Estrup himself also took the post as Finance Minister , perhaps the most important post as Denmark was economically worn down after the Second War of Schleswig . In 1877 Estrup

1050-414: The history of the establishment of the modern budgetary system. The budget is, in economic and technical terms, a schedule for comparing government revenues and expenditures, a mechanism for allocating resources in modern economic society. The budget determined through the political process, determines, first of all, the proportion and structure of the allocation of the resources of society as a whole between

1092-804: The impact of current budget policies on future generations, taking into account demographic changes and long-term liabilities such as pension commitments and climate change-related expenses. International Budget Partnerships Cross-Country Collaborations: There are instances of countries collaborating on joint budgetary initiatives, particularly within the European Union or other international bodies, that aim to synchronize fiscal policies or address transnational challenges. International Budget Standards: Efforts to standardize certain aspects of budget reporting across countries to improve comparability and foster international best practices. Unconventional Revenue Streams Sovereign Wealth Funds: Discussion on how governments budget

1134-520: The imperative annual Financial Laws, he instead managed to bring about King Christian IX 's support for Provisional Financial Laws . This included support from the so-called Landstinget as well. The Landstinget was a smaller assembly of politicians, of which half of its members were chosen by the Monarch. A reason to why the Monarch agreed to nine such annual provisional laws, the King and Estrup both believed in

1176-471: The increase in government departments and personnel required the government to plan its funds, which gave rise to the concept of the government budget. The government budget is also a product of the democratization of modern politics. From the West, the emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the gradual economic power of the bourgeoisie led to increasing demands for political rights. The bourgeoisie demanded

1218-404: The monarchy, it finally gave the legislature control over taxation. After obtaining the taxation, the power to amend tax laws, and approve tax proposals, the legislature turned its attention to controlling expenditure. As a result, the legislature required an annual budget report, including a statement of expenditure and a statement of revenue. England was the first country in the world to establish

1260-856: The operation of public finances, and is the basis of representative politics, the core of whose values is democratic finance. Budgets are of the following types: The two basic elements of any budget are the revenues and expenses . In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily from tax . Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists call government consumption ; government investment expenditures such as infrastructure investment or research expenditure; and transfer payments like unemployment or retirement benefits. Budgetary Transparency and Citizen Participation Citizen Budgets: Some governments have started creating simplified versions of their budgets, known as "citizen budgets," to increase transparency and encourage citizen engagement. Participatory Budgeting: This

1302-470: The press, restricting the right to own arms, and broadening the powers of the police. In 1894, Venstre and Estrup's Højre cooperated to pass a budget bill, and Estrup resigned. He would not hold any future offices as a minister but retained significant influence in the following governments formed by Højre. He was decorated with the Order of the Elephant in 1878 with conferring rank of Grand Cross Knight of

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1344-405: The revenue and expenditures of sovereign wealth funds, which are state-owned investment vehicles, could offer a fresh perspective. Cryptocurrency and Blockchain : The potential and actual use of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in government budgeting and finance is a developing field. Budgets and Inequality Redistributive Budgeting : Exploring the concept of redistributive budgeting where

1386-462: The right to independent assets, are responsible for the financial provision of the State, which necessarily requires control of the State's finances and a legal procedure to ensure that government revenues and expenditures do not deviate from the interests of the taxpayers. In conclusion, the government budget, as a rule of the allocation of resources by public power, is a system of control and organisation of

1428-583: The state budget consist mainly of taxes, customs duties, fees, and other revenues. State budget expenditures cover the activities of the state, which are either given by law or the constitution. The budget in itself does not appropriate funds for government programs, hence the need for additional legislative measures. The word budget comes from the Old French brunette ("little bag"). Credible budgets, which are defined as statutory fixed term (generally one year) budgets auditable by parliament, were first introduced in

1470-445: The taxation burden on the landed gentry. This provoked a wave of public outrage, including fierce denunciations from the Whig peer William Pulteney , who wrote a pamphlet entitled The budget opened, Or an answer to a pamphlet. Concerning the duties on wine and tobacco - the first time the word 'budget' was used in connection with the government's fiscal policies. The proposed Excise Bill

1512-434: The various sectors, and therefore the scale and direction of the financial allocation of resources. In essence, the budget is a mechanism by which the taxpayers and their representative bodies control the financial activities of the government, a distribution of public power between different subjects as a means of allocating resources, a structure of checks and balances and a democratic political process. The taxpayers, who have

1554-450: Was developed in the 1920s in order to prevent corruption. Incrementalism : This approach focuses on making small changes from year to year. The government forms a budget for the new fiscal year by taking the budget from the previous fiscal year as a base and makes only small changes to it. Top-down approach: The central financial authority (e.g. the Ministry of finance ) sets boundaries to

1596-515: Was eventually rescinded. The institution of the annual account of the budget evolved into practice during the first half of the 18th century and had become well established by the 1760s; George Grenville introduced the Stamp Act in his 1764 budget speech to the House of Commons of Great Britain . The true government budget, the modern government budget, arose during the period of capitalist society and

1638-402: Was gradually established during the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the feudal ruling class. As the productive forces of capitalism developed, the economic power of the bourgeoisie gradually grew, and the political demands for democracy became more and more vocal. In the early stages of its development, the budget aimed to establish the duties of the legislature, and after a long struggle with

1680-514: Was initiated by Sir Robert Walpole in his position as Chancellor of the Exchequer in an attempt to restore the confidence of the public after the chaos unleashed by the collapse of the South Sea Bubble in 1720. Thirteen years later, Walpole announced his fiscal plans to bring in an excise tax on the consumption of a variety of goods and services , such as wine and tobacco , and to lessen

1722-616: Was the longest serving Danish prime minister. From a Danish historical perspective, he is perhaps most famous (or infamous) for the so-called provisional time ( provisorietiden ) from 1885 to 1894. After a huge defeat in the 1884 Folketinget parliamentary election, in which the Højre party only gained 19 out of 102 seats, he simply refused to resign as Head of Government. (The title " konseilspresident " has later been changed to " statsminister " but both titles are equivalent to Prime Minister ) He then wasn't able to get parliamentary support for

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1764-633: Was unable to secure support for his budget bill in Folketinget , as demanded by the Danish Constitution , but chose instead to issue it as a provisional law . This happened repeatedly in the years 1885 to 1894, the so-called provisional period ( provisorietid ). Among others he was opposed by the Venstre leaders Christen Berg and Viggo Hørup . When an assassination attempt failed on 21 October 1885, Estrup responded by passing various laws restricting

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