47-524: Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as " tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic. The earliest known fossils that can be assigned to this family are from the Cretaceous of India and the state of Wyoming in the United States. The common name of "tree frog"
94-403: A mordant and will readily stain the hand if picked without gloves. The common walnut, and the black walnut and its allies, are important for their attractive timber, which is hard, dense, tight-grained and polishes to a very smooth finish. The color is dark chocolate or similar in the heartwood changing by a sharp boundary to creamy white in the sapwood. When kiln-dried, walnut wood tends toward
141-638: A nitrogen fixing plant, such as Elaeagnus × ebbingei or Elaeagnus umbellata , and various Alnus species, results in a 30% increase in tree height and girth (Hemery 2001). When grown for nuts, care must be taken to select cultivars that are compatible for pollination purposes; although some cultivars are marketed as "self fertile", they will generally fruit better with a different pollination partner. Many different cultivars are available for growers, and offer different growth habits, flowering and leafing, kernel flavours and shell thicknesses. A key trait for more northerly latitudes of North America and Europe
188-460: A black dye from walnut bark, which they used to dye cloth. As early as the 2nd century CE, shells and kernels of the edible walnut were used to make a dye solution in the Levant . Walnuts are very attractive trees in parks and large gardens. Walnut trees are easily propagated from the nuts. Seedlings grow rapidly on good soils. The Japanese walnut in particular is known for its huge leaves, which have
235-449: A dull brown color, but when air-dried can become a rich purplish-brown. Because of its color, hardness and grain, it is a prized furniture and carving wood. When walnut vascular cambium is involved in a crotch (a branch fork), it behaves unusually, producing characteristic "crotch figure" in the wood which it makes. The grain figure exposed when a crotch in a walnut log is cut in the plane of its one entering branch and two exiting branches
282-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
329-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
376-426: A large number of little flowers. Female flowers appear in a cluster at the peak of the current year’s leafy shoots. The fruits of the walnut are a type of accessory fruit known as a pseudodrupe (or drupe-like nut), the outer covering of the fruit is an involucre - in a drupe the covering would be derived from the carpel. The nut kernels of all the species are edible, but the walnuts most commonly traded are from
423-523: A publication now in the public domain : Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). Collier's New Encyclopedia . New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. {{ cite encyclopedia }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) [REDACTED] Data related to Hylidae at Wikispecies Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It
470-515: A seemingly great distance outside the drip line can be affected, and juglone can linger in the soil for several years even after a walnut is removed as its roots slowly decompose and release juglone into the soil. Walnut species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include : The nuts are consumed by other animals, such as mice and squirrels. In California (US) and Switzerland, crows have been witnessed taking walnuts into their beaks, flying up to 60 feet or so in
517-411: A trace of linolenate, 9% palmitate, and 73% linoleate; The walnut shell has a wide variety of uses. Eastern black walnut ( J. nigra ) shell is the hardest of the walnut shells, and therefore has the highest resistance to breakdown. Walnut husks are often used to create a rich yellow-brown to dark brown dye used for dyeing fabric , yarn or wood and for other purposes. The dye does not require
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#1732848680781564-411: A tropical appearance. As garden trees, they have some drawbacks, in particular the falling nuts, and the releasing of the allelopathic compound juglone , though a number of gardeners do grow them. However, different walnut species vary in the amount of juglone they release from the roots and fallen leaves - J. nigra , in particular, is known for its toxicity, both to plants and horses. Juglone
611-508: Is phenology , with ‘late flushing’ being particularly important to avoid frost damage in spring. Some cultivars have been developed for novel ‘hedge’ production systems developed in Europe and would not suit more traditional orchard systems. The leaves and blossoms of the walnut tree normally appear in spring. The male cylindrical catkins are developed from leafless shoots from the past year; they are about 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and have
658-441: Is toxic to plants such as tomato, apple, and birch , and may cause stunting and death of nearby vegetation. Juglone appears to be one of the walnut's primary defence mechanisms against potential competitors for resources (water, nutrients and sunlight), and its effects are felt most strongly inside the tree's "drip line" (the circle around the tree marked by the horizontal distance of its outermost branches). However, even plants at
705-446: Is a popular name for several species of the family Hylidae. However, the name "treefrog" is not unique to this family, also being used for many species in the family Rhacophoridae . The following genera are recognised in the family Hylidae: The subfamilies Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae are sometimes classified as distinct families of their own due to their deep divergence and unique evolutionary history (with Pelodryadinae being
752-487: Is attractive and sought after. There are some differences between the wood of the European walnut ( Juglans regia ) and the wood of the black walnut ( Juglans nigra ). For example, Juglans regia wood sometimes has patches with a wavy texture. Black walnut wood tends to be darker than European walnut wood, and can suffer from paler sapwood that only really comes to light when the wood has been planed. Walnut wood has been
799-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes
846-461: Is common in the middle and south of Europe, and its range extends into Asia and North Africa. North America has many species of the family Hylidae, including the gray tree frog ( Hyla versicolor ) and the American green tree frog ( H. cinerea ). The spring peeper ( Pseudacris crucifer ) is also widespread in the eastern United States and is commonly heard on spring and summer evenings. Species of
893-550: Is composed mostly of polyunsaturated fatty acids , particularly alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid , although it also contains oleic acid , a monounsaturated fat and 31% of total fat is saturated fat . The genus Juglans is divided into four sections. The best-known member of the genus is the Persian walnut ( J. regia , literally "royal walnut"), native from the Balkans in southeast Europe, southwest and central Asia to
940-418: Is native to northern California, where it has been widely used commercially as a rootstock for J. regia trees. Hinds' black walnut shells do not have the deep grooves characteristic of the eastern black walnut. The Japanese walnut ( J. ailantifolia ) is similar to butternut, distinguished by the larger leaves up to 90 cm long, and round (not oval) nuts. The variety cordiformis , often called
987-477: Is used widely as a prasad (offering) to Mother Goddess Vaisnav Devi and, generally, as a dry food in the season of festivals such as Diwali . The nuts are rich in oil , and are widely eaten both fresh and in cookery . Walnut oil is expensive and consequently is used sparingly; most often in salad dressings . Walnut oil has been used in oil paint , as an effective binding medium, known for its clear, glossy consistency and nontoxicity. Manos and Stone studied
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#17328486807811034-491: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Juglans See text Wallia Alef Walnut trees are any species of tree in
1081-655: The J. regia , the only species which has a large nut and thin shell. J. nigra kernels are also produced commercially in the US. Two-thirds of the world export market and 99% of US walnuts are grown in California's Central Valley and in Coastal Valleys, from Redding in the north to Bakersfield in the south. Of the more than 30 varieties of J. regia grown there, Chandler and Hartley account for over half of total production. In California commercial production,
1128-403: The heartnut has heart-shaped nuts; the common name of this variety is the source of the sectional name Cardiocaryon. The butternut ( J. cinerea ) is also native to eastern North America, where it is currently endangered by an introduced disease, butternut canker , caused by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum . Its leaves are 40–60 cm long, the fruits are oval,
1175-567: The "English walnut"; in Great Britain, the "common walnut." The eastern black walnut ( J. nigra ) is a common species in its native eastern North America, and is also widely cultivated elsewhere. The nuts are edible, and though they are often used in expensive baked goods, the Persian walnut is preferred for everyday use because it is easier to extract the nutmeat. The wood is particularly valuable. The Hinds' black walnut ( J. hindsii )
1222-464: The Himalaya and southwest China. Walnuts are a traditional feature of Iranian cuisine ; the nation has extensive orchards which are an important feature of regional economies. In Kyrgyzstan alone, there are 230,700 ha of walnut-fruit forest, where J. regia is the dominant overstory tree (Hemery and Popov 1998). In non-European English-speaking nations, the nut of the J. regia is often called
1269-488: The Hinds' black walnut ( J. hindsii ) and the hybrid between J. hindsii and J. regia , Juglans x paradox , are widely used as rootstocks for J. regia cultivars because of their resistance to Phytophthora and to a very limited degree, the oak root fungus. However, trees grafted on these rootstocks often succumb to black line. In some countries, immature nuts in their husks are preserved in vinegar . In
1316-611: The UK, these are called pickled walnuts and this is one of the major uses for fresh nuts from the small scale plantings. In Armenian cuisine , unripe walnuts, including husks, are preserved in sugar syrup and eaten whole. In Italy, liqueurs called Nocino and Nocello are flavoured with walnuts, while Salsa di Noci (walnut sauce) is a pasta sauce originating from Liguria . In Georgia , walnuts are ground with other ingredients to make walnut sauce . Walnuts are heavily used in India. In Jammu , it
1363-498: The air, and dropping them to the ground to crack the shells and eat the nut inside. The raw edible seed of walnut is composed of 4% water, 14% carbohydrates , 15% protein , and 65% fat . In a 100 gram amount, walnuts provide 654 calories and are a rich source (≥20% of Daily Value ) of protein, dietary fiber , the B vitamins , niacin , vitamin B6 , and folate , and several dietary minerals , particularly manganese . Walnut oil
1410-640: The benefit of removing dead wood and stimulating shoot formation. In 2017, world production of walnuts (in shell) was 3.8 million tonnes , led by China with producing half of the world total (table). Other major producers were the United States (15%) and Iran (9%). The two most commercially important species are J. regia for timber and nuts, and J. nigra for timber. Both species have similar cultivation requirements and are widely grown in temperate zones. Walnuts are light-demanding species that benefit from protection from wind. Walnuts are also very hardy against drought. Interplanting walnut plantations with
1457-469: The composition of seed oils from several species of the Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae and found the nut oils were generally more unsaturated from species which grow in the temperate zones and more saturated for species which grow in the tropical zones. In the northerly-growing section Trachycaryon , J. cinerea oil was reported to contain 15% linolenate (the report did not specify whether
Hylidae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1504-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
1551-416: The genus Cyclorana are burrowing frogs that spend much of their lives underground. Hylids lay their eggs in a range of different locations, depending on species. Many use ponds, or puddles that collect in the holes of their trees, while others use bromeliads or other water-holding plants. Other species lay their eggs on the leaves of vegetation hanging over water, allowing the tadpoles to drop into
1598-573: The linolenate was the alpha (n-3) or gamma (n-6) isomer, or perhaps a mixture), 2% of saturated palmitate , and a maximum concentration of 71% linoleate . In the section Juglans , J. regia nut oil was found to contain from 10% to 11% linolenate, 6% to 7% palmitate, and a maximum concentration of linoleate (62% to 68%). In the section Cardiocaryon , the nut oils of J. ailantifolia and J. mandshurica were reported to contain (respectively) 7% and 5% of linolenate, 2% of palmitate, and maximum concentrations of 74% and 79% linoleate. Within
1645-443: The pigment. In North America, forestry research has been undertaken, mostly on J. nigra , aiming to improve the quality of planting stock and markets. In some areas of the US, black walnut is the most valuable commercial timber species. The Walnut Council is the key body linking growers with scientists. In Europe, various EU-led scientific programmes have studied walnut growing for timber. The Cherokee Indians would produce
1692-408: The plant genus Juglans , the type genus of the family Juglandaceae , the seeds of which are referred to as walnuts . All species are deciduous trees, 10–40 metres (33–131 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres (7.9–35.4 in), with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith , a character shared with the wingnuts ( Pterocarya ), but not the hickories ( Carya ) in
1739-602: The pond when they hatch. A few species use fast-flowing streams, attaching the eggs firmly to the substrate. The tadpoles of these species have suckers enabling them to hold on to rocks after they hatch. Another unusual adaptation is found in some South American hylids, which brood the eggs on the back of the female. The tadpoles of most hylid species have laterally placed eyes and broad tails with narrow, filamentous tips. Hylids mostly feed on insects and other invertebrates, but some larger species can feed on small vertebrates. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
1786-478: The rest of the world) are commonly used to create bowls and other turned pieces. Walnut burl veneer is one of the most valuable and highly prized by cabinet makers and prestige car manufacturers. The wood of the butternut and related Asian species is of much lower value, softer, coarser, less strong and heavy, and paler in colour. Freshly sawn walnut heartwood may be greenish in color, but with exposure to air this color quickly changes to brown due to oxidation of
1833-606: The same family. The 21 species in the genus range across the north temperate Old World from southeast Europe east to Japan, and more widely in the New World from southeast Canada west to California and south to Argentina. Edible walnuts, which are consumed worldwide, are usually harvested from cultivated varieties of the species Juglans regia . China produces half of the world total of walnuts. The common name walnut derives from Old English wealhhnutu , literally 'foreign nut' (from wealh 'foreign' + hnutu 'nut'), because it
1880-711: The section Rhysocaryon , the nut oils of the U.S. native black walnuts J. microcarpa and J. nigra were reported to contain (respectively) 7% and 3% linolenate, 4% and 3% palmitate, and 70% and 69% linoleate. The remaining results for black walnuts were: J. australis contained 2% linolenate, 7% palmitate, and 61% linoleate; J. boliviana contained 4% linolenate, 4% palmitate, and 70% linoleate; J. hirsuta contained 2% linolenate, 5% palmitate, and 75% linoleate; J. mollis contained 0% linolenate, 5% palmitate, 46% linoleate, and 49% oleate ; J. neotropica contained 3% linolenate, 5% palmitate, and 50% linoleate; and J. olanchana contained only
1927-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
Hylidae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1974-502: The shell has very tall, very slender ridges, and the kernel is especially high in fat. A study of sequenced nuclear DNA from the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA, and the second intron of the LEAFY gene taken from at least one individual of most of the species of Juglans has supported several conclusions: The paper presenting these results did not publish any new names for
2021-577: The sister group to Phyllomedusinae and colonizing Australia during the Eocene via Antarctica , which at the time was not yet frozen over), but are presently retained in the Hylidae. Most hylids show adaptations suitable for an arboreal lifestyle, including forward-facing eyes providing binocular vision , and adhesive pads on the fingers and toes. In the nonarboreal species, these features may be greatly reduced, or absent. The European tree frog ( Hyla arborea )
2068-468: The subdivisions of sect. Rhysocaryon , for any combinations of the other sections, or for J. olanchana var. standleyi . Fossils of Juglans nuts have been described from the Tertiary period of North America. The paleontological history of Juglans regia in Europe shows signs of a post-Ice-Age re-expansíon from refugia in the southeast, much influenced by people carrying walnut nuts about after
2115-562: The timber of choice for gun makers for centuries, including the Gewehr 98 and Lee–Enfield rifles of the First World War. It remains one of the most popular choices for rifle and shotgun stocks, and is generally considered to be the premium – as well as the most traditional – wood for gun stocks, due to its resilience to compression along the grain. Walnut is also used in lutherie and for the body of pipe organs . Walnut burls (or "burrs" in
2162-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
2209-462: Was introduced from Gaul and Italy. The Latin name for the walnut was nux Gallica , " Gallic nut". The name Juglans was apparently conjured by Linnaeus himself, replacing the prior Nux , by combining Ju from Jupiter with the Latin glans meaning 'acorn', referring to the association of the plant with Jupiter by the Romans. Tradition has it that a walnut tree should be beaten. This would have
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