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26-514: Work on an extended-range version of the Hwasong-5 began around 1984, and with only relatively minor modifications, a new type was produced from 1989, designated Hwasong-6 ("Scud Mod. C" or "Scud-C"). It was first tested in June 1990, and entered full-scale production the same year, or in 1991. It is likely out of production. The North Koreans would later use their acquired know-how to produce domestic copies of

52-404: A combat aircraft is sometimes alternatively referred to as the aircraft's warload . For a rocket, the payload can be a satellite , space probe , or spacecraft carrying humans, animals, or cargo. For a ballistic missile , the payload is one or more warheads and related systems; their total weight is referred to as the throw-weight . The fraction of payload to the total liftoff weight of

78-556: A nuclear , chemical , or biological warhead. Before the 2015 Houthi takeover in Yemen , the country didn't had a domestic missile program, and had only a small stockpile of Soviet-made Scud-B and North Korean Hwasong-6 missiles bought in the 1980s and 1990s. These were used against the pro-Hadi forces in the summer of that year. Since then, the Houthis have used domestically produced ballistic missiles with Iranian assistance. The Hwasong-6

104-589: A further two in a 2014 test over a range of 650 km. Although it has an estimated range of 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi), launches in March 2014 flew only 650 km (400 mi). Their range was shortened by firing at a higher launch angle. The missiles flew to an altitude of 160 km (100 mi) at Mach 7. U.S. and South Korean Patriot PAC-2/3 interceptors are more specialized to hit ballistic missiles up to 40 km high. On 5 September 2016, North Korea fired three consecutive Rodong-1 missiles into

130-521: Is stable, reducing the need for modern active stabilization systems while the missile is flying in the denser lower atmosphere. It can only be fueled when vertical, therefore it cannot be fueled before transport as is normal for modern missiles. Its range is estimated as 900 km (960 mi) with a 1,000 kg payload to a range of between 1,000 km to 1,500 km. North Korea test-fired three Hwasong-7 missiles consecutively on 5 September 2016 and they all flew for about 1000 km, landing in

156-576: The Iranian Shahab-3 . Western designations for the Hwasong-7 include: Nodong , Rodong , Scud-D , Scud Mod-D , Nodong-A , and Nodong-1 . It is believed North Korea obtained R-17 designs from Egypt , and possibly modified designs from China, allowing them to reverse-engineer them into a larger and longer-distance weapon. United States reconnaissance satellites first detected this type in May 1990 at

182-525: The Musudan-ri test launch facility, in northeastern North Korea. The precise capabilities and specifications of the missile are unknown; even the fact of its production and deployment are controversial. It is a larger variant of the R-17, scaled up so its cross-sectional area is about doubled, with a diameter of 1,250 millimetres (4 ft) and a length of 15,600 millimetres (51.2 ft). Its aerodynamic design

208-525: The Sea of Japan and at a range of about 1,000 km. This marked the Rodong-1 as a credible and matured missile suitable for operational deployment since its first successful launch in 1993. The United Nations Security Council condemned North Korea's missile launches. To enable interception at higher altitudes, South Korea is indigenously developing the long-range surface-to-air missile (L-SAM), and on 8 July 2016

234-457: The "elbow chart") illustrates the trade-off. The top horizontal line represents the maximum payload. It is limited structurally by maximum zero-fuel weight (MZFW) of the aircraft. Maximum payload is the difference between maximum zero-fuel weight and operational empty weight (OEW). Moving left-to-right along the line shows the constant maximum payload as the range increases. More fuel needs to be added for more range. The vertical line represents

260-501: The Japan air defense identification zone . It has an estimated circular error probable (CEP) of one or two kilometers. With GPS guidance, accuracy is believed to be between 190 metres (210 yd) and 1 kilometre (0.62 mi). North Korea is believed to possess some 300 Hwasong-7 missiles and fewer than 50 mobile launchers. The Hwasong-7's technology has been exported to foreign nations (such as Iran and Pakistan ) in secrecy on

286-568: The Scud-B to create a larger missile, the Hwasong-7 . To increase range over its predecessor, the Hwasong-6 has its payload decreased to 770 kg (1,700 lb) and the length of the rocket body extended to increase the propellant by 25%; accuracy is 700–1,000 meters circular error probability (CEP). Such range is sufficient to strike targets as far away as western Japan. Its dimensions are identical to

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312-496: The U.S. agreed to deploy one Terminal High Altitude Area Defense missile defense system in Seongju County , in the south of South Korea, by the end of 2017. Payload (air and space craft) Payload is the object or the entity which is being carried by an aircraft or launch vehicle . Sometimes payload also refers to the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle, usually measured in terms of weight. Depending on

338-423: The air or spacecraft is known as the " payload fraction ". When the weight of the payload and fuel are considered together, it is known as the " useful load fraction ". In spacecraft, "mass fraction" is normally used, which is the ratio of payload to everything else, including the rocket structure. There is a natural trade-off between the payload and the range of an aircraft. A payload range diagram (also known as

364-732: The atmosphere, and to improve the overall aerodynamics of the launch vehicle. Most aircraft payloads are carried within the fuselage for similar reasons. Outsize cargo may require a fuselage with unusual proportions, such as the Super Guppy . The various constraints placed on the launch system can be roughly categorized into those that cause physical damage to the payload and those that can damage its electronic or chemical makeup. Examples of physical damage include extreme accelerations over short time scales caused by atmospheric buffeting or oscillations, extreme accelerations over longer time scales caused by rocket thrust and gravity, and sudden changes in

390-531: The basis of mutual exchange of technologies , with Iran being one of the largest beneficiaries of such technology. Successful variants were tested and deployed by Iran after developing the Shahab-3 which is roughly based on Hwasong-7. Some press reports (including The Sunday Telegraph , Jerusalem Post , and Janes ) claimed that Libya signed a contract for a total of 50 Nodong systems in October 1999, with

416-716: The first batch delivered in July 2000, however such rumors proved to be false when Libya voluntarily dismantled its weapons of mass destruction programs in December 2003 and invited foreign inspectors to verify the disarmament process. In that same year, US inspectors learned that Iraq attempted to buy Nodong missiles, but the North Koreans never delivered the missiles and refused to refund the $ 10 million down payment. Pakistan, however, suffered with repeated failure initially due to flawed design given in exchange but succeeded in reevaluating

442-480: The mid-1980s, it is a scaled-up adaptation of the Soviet R-17 Elbrus missiles, more commonly known by its NATO reporting name " Scud ". The inventory is estimated to be around 200–300 missiles. US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimates that as of June 2017 fewer than 100 launchers were operationally deployed. It influenced the design of Pakistan's Ghauri-1 missile, as well as

468-401: The missile's conceptual design and its electronic system in 1998 through reverse engineering. The Ghauri (missile) was later (independently) developed by Kahuta Research Labs and eventually entered in to active military service in 2003.It is believed that it is redesigned/ reverse engineered model of Rodong-1. A few Hwasong-7 missiles were launched in the 2006 North Korean missile test , and

494-443: The nature of the flight or mission, the payload of a vehicle may include cargo , passengers , flight crew , munitions , scientific instruments or experiments, or other equipment. Extra fuel, when optionally carried, is also considered part of the payload. In a commercial context (i.e., an airline or air freight carrier ), payload may refer only to revenue-generating cargo or paying passengers. A payload of ordnance carried by

520-576: The original Hwasong-5. Due to difficulties in procuring MAZ-543 TELs , mobile launchers were produced in North Korea. By 1999, North Korea was estimated to have produced 600 to 1,000 Hwasong-6 missiles, of which 25 had been launched in tests, 300 to 500 had been exported, and 300 to 600 were in service with the Korean People's Army . The Hwasong-6 is armed with a high-explosive (HE) fragmentation or cluster warhead, but it's believed that it can also carry

546-489: The payload allows increasing the fuel (and range) when taking off with the maximum take-off weight. The second kink in the curve represents the point at which the maximum fuel capacity is reached. Flying further than that point means that the payload has to be reduced further, for an even lesser increase in range. The absolute range is thus the range at which an aircraft can fly with maximum possible fuel without carrying any payload. Examples of payload capacity: For aircraft,

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572-508: The payload. The payload must not only be lifted to its target, it must also arrive safely, whether elsewhere on the surface of the Earth or a specific orbit. To ensure this the payload, such as a warhead or satellite, is designed to withstand certain amounts of various types of "punishment" on the way to its destination. Most rocket payloads are fitted within a payload fairing to protect them against dynamic pressure of high-velocity travel through

598-447: The range at which the combined weight of the aircraft, maximum payload and needed fuel reaches the maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of the aircraft. If the range is increased beyond that point, payload has to be sacrificed for fuel. The maximum take-off weight is limited by a combination of the maximum net power of the engines and the lift/drag ratio of the wings. The diagonal line after the range-at-maximum-payload point shows how reducing

624-417: The weight of fuel in wing tanks does not contribute as significantly to the bending moment of the wing as does weight in the fuselage. So even when the airplane has been loaded with its maximum payload that the wings can support, it can still carry a significant amount of fuel. Launch and transport system differ not only on the payload that can be carried but also in the stresses and other factors placed on

650-468: Was cancelled in 2003 with the disarmament of Libya . Hwasong-7 The Hwasong-7 ( Korean :  《화성-7》형 ; Hanja :  火星 7型 ; spelled Hwaseong-7 in South Korea, lit. Mars Type 7), also known as Nodong-1 (Hangul: 로동(North),노동(South) 1호 ; Hanja: 蘆洞 1號 ), is a single- stage , mobile liquid propellant medium-range ballistic missile developed by North Korea . Developed in

676-489: Was exported to Iran, where it is designated as the Shahab-2 , to Syria, where it is manufactured under licence with Chinese assistance and to Yemen. Myanmar also imported Hwasong-6 ballistic missiles in 2009. About 25 Hwasong-6 ballistic missiles were purchased by Vietnam from North Korea in 1997. In 1995, Libya purchased 5 Hwasong-6 missiles from North Korea, however they were never tested or deployed, and planned local production

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