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55-533: The Hunza Valley ( Burushaski : ہُنزݳ دِش ‎ , romanized:  Hunza Dish ; Wakhi / Urdu : وادی ہنزہ ) is a mountainous valley located in the northern region of the Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . The valley stretches along the Hunza River and shares borders Ishkoman to the northwest, Shigar to the southeast, Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor to the north, and China 's Xinjiang region to

110-509: A Kashmiri way of speaking the language. The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has only 300 speakers. Burushaski primarily has five vowels, /i e a o u/. There are two sets of long vowels, distinguished by whether it's the first or the second mora that bears a stress or higher pitch. Various contractions result in long vowels; stressed vowels (marked with acute accents in Berger's transcription) tend to be longer and less "open" than unstressed ones ( [i e

165-1365: A consonant with the letter round he ( ھ ‎ ) that represent aspirated consonants that occur in Burushaski. Below tables show how vowels are written in different parts of the word. Below poetry, written in praise of University of Karachi for its role in documentation and preservation of Burushaski language and literature, is presented as a sample text in Burushaski Arabic alphabet, alongside Urdu and English translation of each verse. ذاتِ خدا یَکُ ڎُم کھݸت بݺ اکھݵݽ رَحمتَن جامعهٔ کراچی میر اݹدِکِھرَس نِعمَتَن ‎ جامعهٔ کراچی میر تازہ جَہانَن بِلݳ چشمِ بصیرت پُھٹ اݺ عَقَلݺ نِشانَن بِلݳ ‎ رَبِّ تَعالیٰ کرم! علم و ادب بُٹ اُیَم! اَلتݸ جَہانِݣ ݽِقَم! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ علم و ادبݺ صاحِبان، فضل و ہُنرݺ کامِلان! اُیون کݺ اُیون دوستان! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ جامِعَه کُڎ نامدار، اسپِ قلَمݺ شَہسَوار علم و ادبݺ تاجدار شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ جامِعَه آبِ حیات مَعَلِّمِین اُبون باغبان شگِرِشݸ ڞا ݽِقَم بَسݵݣ شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ تازہ گلابݺ نَس اُیَم، دوستیݺ تھݸمَلݺ تَھس اُیَم قَلَم گیݸ شان کݺ ہَس اُیَم شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ یَرمݸ ہݸئیلتَرڎ نصیر! جامِعه گمَنا بݵیَم؟ تِک نُمݳ سݵن تِل اَکول شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا! ‎ Burushaski

220-499: A diverse religious history with it being home to several historic religious sites like the ancient watchtowers in Ganish village, Baltit Fort on top of karimabad which was built by the Mirs about 800 years ago , which is a historic landmark for hunza and Altit Fort (at the bottom of the valley). In the 8th century AD, a huge Buddha figure surrounded by small Buddhisatvas was discovered carved on

275-555: A few other words). Berger (1998) finds the following consonants to be phonemic , shown below in the IPA and in his romanization scheme: Notes: Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earliest examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai in the 1940s. He began by using the Urdu alphabet to write

330-486: A height of 4,693 meters (over 15,000 feet above sea level), is the highest paved international border crossing in the world. Strategically located on Pakistan's northern border and China's southwest border, it connects the two countries via Gilgit-Baltistan, making it a significant landmark of the Hunza Valley. Hiking treks include Ondra Poygah Gulmit and Leopard Trek Shiskhat. The valley is popularly believed to be one of

385-665: A majority of linguists . Some hypotheses posit a genealogical relationship between Burushaski and the North Caucasian languages , Kartvelian languages , Yeniseian languages and/or Indo-European languages , usually in proposed macrofamilies : Blench (2008) notes that the supposed evidence for external relationships of Burushaski rely on lexical data which may be better explained as originating from language contact. In particular, almost all Burushaski agricultural vocabulary appears to be borrowed from Dardic , Tibeto-Burman , and North Caucasian languages. Following Berger (1956),

440-445: A o u] as opposed to [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ] ). Some have described this as an intentional utterance of a rising tone or a falling tone. For example, a word óosanam اوسَنَم ‎ ‘i made them say’ has a falling tone and the stress is on first mora. Another word, oósanam اݹسَنَم ‎ ‘i did not say’ has a rising tone and stress is on the second mora. Long vowels only ever appear in stressed syllables, and will thus carry one tone or

495-422: A rock. Prehistoric men and animal figures are carved on rocks along the valley. Hunza also houses several lakes in its vicinity including Attabad Lake , Borith Lake , Shimshal Lakes, Hassanabad Lake. It is also home to the 57 km long Batura Glacier , the fifth-longest glacier in the world outside the polar region , is surrounded by Shispare , Batura , and Kumpirdior peaks. The Khunjerab Pass , standing at

550-469: A rule uncountable abstractions or mass nouns, such as rice, fire, water, snow, wool, etc. However, these rules are not universal – countable objects in the y-class are sometimes encountered, e.g. ha , 'house'. Related words can subtly change their meanings when used in different classes – for example, bayú , when a member of the x-class, means salt in clumps, but when in the y-class, it means powdered salt. Fruit trees are understood collectively and placed in

605-523: A single person with diseases such as cancer, stomach ulcers or appendicitis. The research shows that high levels of exercise due the landscape and geography allows for them to be active and agile which factors in with their longevity , along with consumption of apricot seeds and oils, and the glacier water which contains minerals. Burushaski language Burushaski ( / ˌ b ʊr ʊ ˈ ʃ æ s k i / ; Burushaski : بُرُݸشَسکݵ , romanized:  burúśaski , IPA: [bʊˈruːɕʌskiː] )

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660-491: A unique plural suffix, whose form depends on the class of the noun they modify, e.g. burúm 'white' gives the x-class plural burum-išo and the y-class plural burúm-ing . Examples of pluralisation in Burushaski: Burushaski is an ergative language. It has five primary cases . The case suffixes are appended to the plural suffix, e.g. Huséiniukutse , 'the people of Hussein' (ergative plural). The genitive ending

715-559: Is a double-marking language and word order is generally subject–object–verb . Nouns in Burushaski are divided into four genders : human masculine, human feminine, countable objects, and uncountable ones (similar to mass nouns ). The assignment of a noun to a particular gender is largely predictable. Some words can belong both to the countable and to the uncountable class, producing differences in meaning. For example, when countable, báalt means 'apple' but when uncountable, it means 'apple tree' (Grune 1998). Noun morphology consists of

770-679: Is a language isolate , spoken by the Burusho people , who predominantly reside in northern Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . There are also a few hundred speakers of this language in northern Jammu and Kashmir , India . In Pakistan, Burushaski is spoken by people in the Hunza District , the Nagar District , the northern Gilgit District , the Yasin Valley in the Gupis-Yasin District and

825-728: Is a very voluminous Buddhist tantra of the 'Ancient' ( rNying ma ) school of Tibetan Buddhism, preserved in Tibetan as the mDo dgongs 'dus , which has been the subject of numerous Tibetological publications, including a recent monograph by Jacob P. Dalton, The Gathering of Intentions , which is supposed to be translated from the Burushaski ( bru zha'i skad ). It contains words that are not Sanskrit but which have not, thus far, been demonstrated satisfactorily to be relatable either to Burushaski, or to any other language (or, for that matter, to be purely "elfic" ). If at least part of this text had actually been translated from Burushaski, it would make it one of

880-516: Is difficult, and Yasin is sometimes considered a distinct language and thought to be the "pure" or "original" Burushaski by the speakers of Yasin valley itself. Yasin is the least affected by contact with neighboring languages , though speakers are bilingual in Khowar . Yasin is spoken by a quarter of Burushaski speakers. In India , Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski (JKB) "has developed divergent linguistic features which make it systematically different from

935-451: Is extremely broad, measuring almost 20 km from east to west . It is the only peak on earth that descends directly and without interruption for almost 6,000 meters from its summit to its base. Rakaposhi is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range in the Gilgit-Baltistan territory, about 100 km (62 mi) north of the city of Gilgit . It is the 27th-highest mountain in

990-477: Is irregular, /mo/, for singular f-class nouns, but /-e/ in all others (identical to the ergative ending). The dative ending, /-ar/, /-r/ is attached to the genitive ending for singular f-class nouns, but to the stem for all others. Examples: The genitive is placed before the thing possessed: Hunzue tham , 'the Emir of Hunza.' The endings of the secondary cases are formed from a secondary case suffix (or infix) and one of

1045-642: Is the citation form and is also used for imperatives and nominalization ; the consecutive stem is similar to a past participle and is used for coordination . Agreement on the verb has both nominative and ergative features: transitive verbs and unaccusatives mark both the subject and the object of a clause, while unergatives verbs mark only subject agreement on the verb. Altogether, a verb can take up to four prefixes and six suffixes. In Burushaski, there are four noun classes , similar to declensional classes in Indo-European languages , but unlike Indo-European,

1100-524: Is the home of endangered species such as Marco Polo sheep , snow leopard , brown bear , and wolves . Rakaposhi is notable for its exceptional rise over local terrain. On the north, it rises 5,900 metres (19,357 ft) in only an 11.2 km (7 mi) horizontal distance from the Hunza River. There are views of Rakaposhi from the Karakoram Highway on the route through Nagar. A tourist spot in

1155-442: Is unmarked, while the plural is expressed by means of suffix, which vary depending on the class of the noun: Some nouns admit two or three different suffixes, while others have no distinctive suffix, and occur only in the plural, e.g. bras 'rice', gur 'wheat', bishké , 'fur', (cf. plurale tantum ). On the other hand, there are also nouns which have identical forms in the singular and plural, e.g. hagúr 'horses'. Adjectives have

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1210-612: The American Heritage dictionaries suggested that the word *abel ' apple ', the only name for a fruit (tree) reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European , may have been borrowed from a language ancestral to Burushaski. ("Apple" and "apple tree" are báalt in modern Burushaski.) Kashmiri linguist Sadaf Munshi stated that Burushaski may have developed alongside the Dravidian languages before the Indo-Aryan migration to South Asia, mentioning

1265-806: The Ishkoman Valley of the northern Ghizer District . Their native region is located in northern Gilgit–Baltistan . It also borders the Pamir corridor to the north. In India, Burushaski is spoken in Botraj Mohalla of the Hari Parbat region in Srinagar . It is generally believed that the language was spoken in a much wider area in the past. It is also known as Werchikwar and Miśa:ski . Attempts have been made to establish links between Burushaski and several different language families, although none has been accepted by

1320-577: The UK were successfully rescued alive while their companion Christian Huber from Austria had succumbed to the avalanche. Britain's High Commissioner Thomas Drew in Pakistan termed the mission "remarkable and dangerous". The local languages spoken include Burushaski , Wakhi and Shina . The literacy rate of the Hunza valley is more than 95%.The establishment of community schools that provide high quality education ,and

1375-962: The Hunza River backed up. The landslide completely covered sections of the Karakoram Highway. ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .›   The Hunza Valley is home to several high peaks that rise above 7,000 m in its the surroundings. These include Rakaposhi , Distaghil Sar , Batura , Batura II , Batura III , Muchu Chhish , Kunyang Chhish , Shispare , Passu Sar , Kanjut Sar , Yukshin Gardan Sar , Pumari Chhish , and Momhil Sar . The valley provides views of several mountains, including Ultar Sar 7,388 m (24,239 ft), Bojahagur Duanasir II 7,329 m (24,045 ft), Ghenta Peak 7,090 m (15,631 ft), Hunza Peak 6,270 m (20,571 ft), Darmyani Peak 6,090 m (19,980 ft), and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak) 6,000 m (19,685 ft). Hunza Valley has

1430-466: The Ismaili sect. The region has many works of graffiti in the ancient Brahmi script written on rocks, produced by Buddhist monks as a form of worship and culture. With most locals converting to Islam, they had been mainly left ignored, destroyed, or forgotten, but are now being restored. "Hunza was formerly a princely state bordering Xinjiang (autonomous region of China ) to the northeast and Pamir to

1485-575: The Urdu-based and the Latin-based orthography. In the years, 2006, 2009, and 2013, a 3-volume Burushaski- Urdu Dictionary was compiled in a collaboration between the "Burushaski Research Academy" and the University of Karachi , under the auspices of Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai and published by the university's "Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation". This dictionary uses primarily

1540-555: The Urdu-derived alphabet, while employing Berger's Latin alphabet-derived orthography in a supplementary capacity. Tibetan sources record a Bru zha language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski and the script of which was one of five used also to write the extinct Zhangzhung language . Although Burushaski may once have been a significant literary language , no Bru zha manuscripts are known to have survived. There

1595-641: The basic forms is given in the following table: Rakaposhi Rakaposhi ( Burushaski : رآکاپوݜی , lit.   'Shining Wall'; Urdu : راکاپوشی ) also known as Dumani ( Burushaski : دومآنی , lit.   'Mother of Mist') is a mountain within the Karakoram range in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan. It is situated in the middle of the Nagar Valley and the Bagrote Valley. The mountain

1650-412: The body and kinship terms are accompanied by an obligatory pronominal prefix. Thus, one cannot simply say 'mother' or 'arm' in Burushaski, but only 'my arm', 'your mother', 'his father', etc. For example, the root mi 'mother', is never found in isolation, instead one finds: The pronominal, or personal, prefixes agree with the person, number and – in the third person, the class of their noun. A summary of

1705-512: The capital Gilgit." According to an account written by John Biddulph in his book Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh : The ruling family of Hunza is called Ayesha "aya-sha" (heavenly). The two states of Hunza and Nagar were formerly one, ruled by a branch of the Shahreis, the ruling family of Gilgit , whose seat of government was Nagar . First [M]uslim came to Hunza-Nagar Valley some 1000 years (At

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1760-556: The fact that both possess retroflex sounds . Burushaski is spoken by about 120,000 speakers in Pakistan, and also by a few hundred in India. In Pakistan, it is spoken in three main valleys: Yasin , Hunza , and Nagar . The varieties of Hunza and Nagar diverge slightly, but are clearly dialects of a single language. The Yasin variety, also known by the Khowar exonym Werchikwar , is much more divergent. Intelligibility between Yasin and Hunza-Nagar

1815-529: The influence of the Aga Khan Mirs , contributing towards building universities for higher education have directed towards the high literacy rate in Hunza Valley , especially for girls. The historical area of Hunza and present northern Pakistan has had, over the centuries, mass migrations, conflicts and resettling of tribes and ethnicities, of which the Shina people are the most prominent in regional history. People of

1870-615: The inspiration for the mythical valley of Shangri-La in James Hilton's 1933 novel, Lost Horizon . On 1 July 2018, Pakistan Army pilots rescued 3 foreign mountaineers stuck in a snow avalanche at above the height of 19,000 feet (5,800 m) on Ultar Sar Peak near Hunza. The weather conditions had made it difficult for the Army helicopter to go forth with a rescue operation on the 7,388 metres (24,239 ft) high Ultar Sar . Nonetheless, they completed it. Bruce Normand and Timothy Miller from

1925-621: The language, but soon realized that Urdu script was not adequate to the task, since it lacked the necessary letters to represent certain phonemes unique to Burushaski. This led him to undertake the task of devising a standardised Urdu -derived alphabet geared specifically to the accurate transcription of the Burushaski language. To this end, he went on to create the new consonants ݼ [tsʰ], څ [ʈʂ], ڎ [ts], ݽ [ʂ], ڞ [ʈʂʰ], and ݣ [ŋ]. Furthermore, innovative writers of Burushaski began to use superscript Urdu numbers to indicate different stress patterns, tones and vowel-lengths. For example, in Burushaski,

1980-455: The letter ـو ( waw ) represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ ( waw with a superscript 2 ) represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ ( waw with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó". Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography was created by Hermann Berger - a system which has found favour among many researchers and linguists. The "Burushaski Research Academy" currently recognises both

2035-417: The literacy success and overall well-being of the people of Hunza and the valley itself. The longevity of Hunza people has been noted by some, but others refute this as a longevity myth promoted by the lack of birth records. There is no evidence that Hunza life expectancy is significantly above the average of poor, isolated regions of Pakistan. Claims of health and long life were almost always based solely on

2090-452: The major monuments of an apparently lost literature. Below table shows the standardized orthography used in University of Karachi -published Burushaski-Urdu Dictionary. In addition, linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications. Below table shows the digraphs, a combination of

2145-413: The nominal classes in Burushaski are associated with four grammatical "genders": Below, the abbreviation " h " will stand for the combination of the m- and f-classes, while " hx " will stand for the combination of the m-, f- and x-classes. Nouns in the x-class typically refer to countable, non-human beings or things, for example animals, fruit, stones, eggs, or coins; conversely, nouns in the y-class are as

2200-408: The north/west, and to Moghlot the south/east bank of the river. On 4 January 2010, a landslide blocked the river and created Attabad Lake (also called Shishket Lake), resulting in 20 deaths and 8 injuries and effectively blocked about 26 kilometres (16 mi) of the Karakoram Highway . The new lake extends 30 kilometres (19 mi) and rose to a depth of 400 feet (120 m) when it was formed as

2255-463: The northeast. The valley floor sits at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). Geographically, the Hunza Valley is divided into three parts: Upper Hunza ( Gojal ), Central Hunza, and Lower Hunza ( Shinaki ). Buddhism and, to a lesser extent, Bön were the primary religions in the area. The region holds several surviving Buddhist archaeological sites, such as the Sacred Rock of Hunza . Hunza Valley

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2310-463: The northwest, which survived until 1974, when it was finally dissolved by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south and the former princely state of Nagar to the east. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known as Karimabad ); another old settlement is Ganish Village which means 'Baba Ganesh village' (a Hindu name, Ganesh being name of a hindu deity). Hunza

2365-477: The noun stem, a possessive prefix (mandatory for some nouns, and thus an example of inherent possession), and number and case suffixes . Distinctions in number are singular, plural, indefinite, and grouped. Cases include absolutive , ergative / oblique , genitive , and several locatives ; the latter indicate both location and direction and may be compounded. Burushaski verbs have three basic stems: past tense, present tense, and consecutive. The past stem

2420-482: The other. As for short vowels, mid vowels and open vowels [e], [o], [a] can appear in either stressed syllables or unstressed syllables. Short close vowels [i] and [u] usually only appear in unstressed syllables. Furthermore, the pair [i] and [u] alternate with [e] and [o] respectively in a stressed syllable. All vowels have nasal counterparts in Hunza (in some expressive words) and in Nager (also in proper names and

2475-481: The primary endings /-e/, /-ar/ or /-um/. These endings are directional, /-e/ being locative (answering 'where?'), /-ar/ being terminative (answering 'where to?'), and /-um/ being ablative (answering 'where from?'). The infixes, and their basic meanings, are as follows: From these, the following secondary or compound cases are formed: The regular endings /-ul-e/ and /-ul-ar/ are archaic and are now replaced by /-ul-o/ and /-ar-ulo/ respectively. Nouns indicating parts of

2530-488: The region have recounted their historical traditions down the generations. The Hunza Valley is also home to some Wakhi , who migrated there from northeastern Afghanistan beginning in the nineteenth century onwards. The majority of residents in Hunza belong to the Ismaili Shia sect. They believe that Aga Khan IV is their religious figurehead and transcendent. He is also believed to be the biggest promotor and contributor towards

2585-451: The southwest Spur/Ridge route. It was more than 20 years before another team successful reached the summit, in 1979. Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani ("Mother of Mist" or "Mother of Clouds"). The people of Nagar and Bagrot Valley have dedicated the Rakaposhi range mountain area as a community park. The minister for the northern areas inaugurated the park. The Rakaposhi mountain range

2640-445: The statements by the local mir (king). An author who had significant and sustained contact with Burusho people , John Clark, reported that they were overall unhealthy. However, whether or not their putative longevity is true, it is undoubtable that the Hunza people lead a healthy lifestyle along with a healthy diet. Many researchers have lived with the Hunza people to answer this mystery including Robert McCarrison who did not discover

2695-442: The time of Imam Islām Shāh 30th Imam Ismaili Muslims). After the introduction of Islam to Gilgit, married a daughter of Trakhan of Gilgit, who bore him twin sons, named Moghlot and Girkis. From the former, the present ruling family of Nager is descended. The twins are said to have shown hostility to one another from birth. Thereupon their father, unable to settle the question of succession, divided his state between them, giving Girkis

2750-460: The town of Ghulmet (located in the Hunza Valley) called "Zero Point of Rakaposhi" is the closest view point of the mountain. Rakaposhi is the only mountain in the world which rises straight from beautifully cultivated fields to the height of 25,550 feet. From many places this wonderful spectacle can be viewed right from the base to the top. The routes with successful summits so far have been (see

2805-450: The varieties spoken in Pakistan." The dialect of Burushashki spoken in India has been influenced by Kashmiri , as well as Hindi and Urdu . Unique to JKB is the features of vowel syncopation . Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski shares more similarities with the dialect spoken in Nagar than with that spoken in Hunza. The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has been known as low toned and is spoken

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2860-410: The world. Rakaposhi rises over the Nagar Valley . Rakaposhi is the only mountain in the world with more than 5,000 meters height between its base camp and its summit; by contrast, all of the other tallest mountains in the world have less than 5,000 meters from base camp to the top. The first successful recorded ascent was in 1958 by Mike Banks and Tom Patey , members of a British expedition, via

2915-470: The y-class, but their individual fruits belong to the x-class. Objects made of particular materials can belong to either the x- or the y- class: stone and wood are in the x-class, but metal and leather in the y-class. The article , adjectives , numerals and other attributes must be in agreement with the noun class of their subject. There are two numbers in Burushaski: singular and plural . The singular

2970-545: Was an independent principality for more than 900 years and then in the early 1800s, Hunza played a vital role in the British " Great Game ". In 1891 Hunza was captured by the British Empire, and the ruler of Hunza, Mir Safdar Ali Khan, fled to Kashgar , China, and the British army installed his brother Mir Nazim Khan (1892-1938) as a puppet ruler of Hunza Valley, but all orders were passed by British officers who were appointed in

3025-434: Was central in the network of trading routes connecting Central Asia to the subcontinent. It also provided protection to Buddhist missionaries and monks visiting the subcontinent, and the region played a significant role in the transmission of Buddhism throughout Asia. Before the arrival of Islam, the majority of the region practiced Buddhism. Since then, most of the population has converted to Islam , predominantly following

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