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28-499: The grand prince ( Nagyfejedelem ) was probably elected by the leaders of the federation of the seven Hungarian tribes and the three Kabar tribes (dissident Khazar tribes) that joined the Hungarians before 830. However, the first grand prince, Álmos , father of Árpád , was more likely appointed by the khagan of the Khazars . It is still under discussion whether the grand prince

56-416: A compound word related to origin or usage. A polito-ethnonym indicates that name originated from the political affiliation, like when the polysemic term Austrians is sometimes used more specifically for native, German speaking inhabitants of Austria , who have their own endonyms. A topo-ethnonym refers to the ethnonym derived from a toponym (name of a geographical locality, placename), like when

84-502: A greater evolution; older terms such as colored carried negative connotations and have been replaced by modern-day equivalents such as Black or African American . Other ethnonyms such as Negro have a different status. The term was considered acceptable in its use by activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s, but other activists took a different perspective. In discussing an address in 1960 by Elijah Muhammad , it

112-575: A unique product of a local Bashkir-Magyar symbiosis. Turkologists Gyula Neméth and Peter B. Golden have compared the following names to this end: The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin. Magyars comprised seven clans, and later three more clans made of Kabar people. Recent genetic research has shown that the first-generation Magyar core gene pool originated in Central Asia / South Siberia and, as Magyars migrated westward, admixed with various European peoples and peoples of

140-523: Is a name applied to a given ethnic group . Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). For example, the dominant ethnic group of Germany is the Germans. The ethnonym Germans is a Latin -derived exonym used in the English language, but

168-624: The Caucasus . Burial samples of the Karos-Eperjesszög Magyars place them genetically closest to Turkic peoples , modern south Caucasian peoples , and modern Western Europeans to a limited degree, while no specific Finno-Ugric markers were found. However, a 2008 study done on 10th-century Magyar skeletons did find a few Uralic samples. Ethnonym An ethnonym (from Ancient Greek ἔθνος ( éthnos )  'nation' and ὄνομα ( ónoma )  'name')

196-652: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent establishment of the Principality of Hungary . The origin of the term "Hungary", the ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance, is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th-century chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum , the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian: hét magyar , lit.   ' seven Magyars ' ), as in

224-461: The Latin phrase, " VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur " ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"). The word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer , which became used to refer to the Hungarian people as a whole. Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on

252-645: The Pontic-Caspian Steppe . For example, Georgius Monachus used "Ungri" to refer to them in 837, the Annales Bertiniani used "Ungri" in 862, and the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus used "Ungari" in 881. The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of these Latin forms. According to Hungarian historian and linguist András Róna-Tas , the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged

280-666: The late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe -forest zone in present-day northern Kazakhstan , near remains of the Bronze Age Mezhovskaya archaeological culture . The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the steppe zone during the Bronze Age together with the Mansis . During the Iron Age, the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors remained in

308-511: The polysemic term Montenegrins , which was originally used for the inhabitants of the geographical area of the Black Mountain ( Montenegro ), acquired an additional ethnonymic use, designating modern ethnic Montenegrins , who have their own distinct endonyms. Classical geographers frequently used topo-ethnonyms (ethnonyms formed from toponyms) as substitute for ethnonyms in general descriptions, or for unknown endonyms. Compound terminology

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336-477: The Árpád -family, than the Hungarian chronicles, preoccupied only with the ruling branch of Solt . The reason of forgetting Fajsz from the Hungarian chronicles was the fact that he was not son of Solt , but of Jutocsa. Without the existence of De Administrando Imperio , very little would be known about him. The De Administrando Imperio preserved the name of Fajsz as the Grand Prince of the Hungarians, because it

364-495: The Advancement of Colored People. In such contexts, ethnonyms are susceptible to the phenomenon of the euphemism treadmill . In English, ethnonyms are generally formulated through suffixation; most ethnonyms for toponyms ending in -a are formed by adding -n : Bulgaria, Bulgarian ; Estonia, Estonian . In English, in many cases, the name for the dominant language of a group is identical to their English-language ethnonym;

392-549: The French speak French, the Germans speak German. This is sometimes erroneously overgeneralized; it may be assumed that people from India speak "Indian", despite there being no language in India which is called by that name. Generally, any group of people may have numerous ethnonyms, associated with the political affiliation with a state or a province, with geographical landmark, with the language, or another distinct feature. Ethnonym may be

420-407: The Germans call themselves Deutsche , an endonym. The German people are identified by a variety of exonyms across Europe, such as Allemands ( French ), tedeschi ( Italian ), tyskar ( Swedish ) and Niemcy ( Polish ). As a sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of ethnonyms is called ethnonymy or ethnonymics. Ethnonyms should not be confused with demonyms , which designate all

448-457: The Hungarian rulers before 1000. The quietness of the chronicles is the reason why today's historians cannot establish precisely the whole list of the Hungarian grand princes between 907 and 955, and the only known rulers are Solt (from the Hungarian chronicles) and Fajsz from the book of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII , De Administrando Imperio , which preserved a longer list of names from

476-618: The Magyar tribes consisted of 108  clans . Before 881 CE, three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars , but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the Hétmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar , and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during

504-425: The chroniclers of the Hungarian kings, who came from the branch of Solt after 1000, wanted to make the people of the kingdom, to forget the rule between 907 and 950, of the other branches of the Árpád dynasty , coming from the other 3 sons of Árpád : Tarkacsu/ Liüntika , Jelek , Jutocsa, who, or their offspring probably ruled Hungary during this period, according to the nomadic custom of agnatic seniority , used by

532-696: The joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur ( Ten Arrows ). Hungarian chroniclers of the 13th century spoke of Magna Hungaria (modern Bashkortostan ) and reported that speakers of Hungarian were located there. It is theorized that the Magyars and Bashkirs had close contact before the former's migration west, as there are many parallels between old Hungarian and Bashkir tribal names. Further, most of these names do not have such similarities with Central or Inner Asian languages, implying they may be

560-509: The people of a geographic territory, regardless of ethnic or linguistic divisions within its population. Numerous ethnonyms can apply to the same ethnic or racial group, with various levels of recognition, acceptance and use. The State Library of South Australia contemplated this issue when considering Library of Congress headings for literature pertaining to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people . Some 20 different ethnonyms were considered as potential Library of Congress headings, but it

588-584: The seven related tribes ( Jenő , Kér , Keszi , Kürt-Gyarmat , Megyer  [ hu ] , Nyék , and Tarján ) formed a confederation in Etelköz , called " Hétmagyar " ( lit.   ' Seven Magyars ' ). Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars , besides Álmos, included Előd , Ond, Kond , Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who all took a blood oath swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos. Presumably,

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616-660: The steppe-forest zone and admixed with the Sarmatians . Later, the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the Huns , before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors. Around 830 CE, when Álmos , the future Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was about 10 years old,

644-465: The territories of the gyula , but also the lands of Ahtum ( Ajtony ) and the Black Magyars . The title disappeared on the coronation of Stephen I ( Vajk ) on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001. It is not known exactly how many grand princes of Hungary ruled between the supposed date of Árpád ‘s death (c. 907) and when Fajsz ascended to the throne (c. 948), because it seems that

672-641: Was between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains . Others propose a region of origin beyond the Ural Mountains, in southwestern Siberia . Between the 8th and 5th centuries BCE , the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence, and the early period of the proto-Hungarian language began. According to one genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the Scytho-Siberian societies in

700-478: Was recommended that only a fraction of them be employed for the purposes of cataloguing. Ethnonyms can change in character over time; while originally socially acceptable, they may come to be considered offensive . For instance, the term gypsy has been used to refer to the Romani . Other examples include Vandal , Bushman , Barbarian , and Philistine . The ethnonyms applied to African Americans have demonstrated

728-499: Was stated "to the Muslims, terms like Negro and colored are labels created by white people to negate the past greatness of the black race". Four decades later, a similar difference of opinion remains. In 2006, one commentator suggested that the term Negro is outdated or offensive in many quarters; similarly, the word "colored" still appears in the name of the NAACP , or National Association for

756-583: Was the spiritual leader of the federation ( kende ), the military commander of the Hungarian tribes ( gyula ) or the title was a new creation. When the Hungarians were pushed out of Etelköz and moved to the Carpathian Basin ( Honfoglalás ), the grand prince's power seemed to be decreasing. By the time of Géza , Transylvania had been ruled by a (semi-)independent leader ( gyula ). Stephen ( Vajk ) had to conquer not only

784-427: Was written during his reign. But the names of the other grand princes, who were not from the branch of Solt , who probably ruled before and after him, are unknown. Magyar tribes The Magyar or Hungarian tribes ( / ˈ m æ ɡ j ɑːr / MAG -yar , Hungarian : magyar törzsek ) or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, before

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