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56-743: The Humr are divided into two groups - the Ajaira , who live in the area from Muglad to Abyei and the Felaita , who live in the vicinity of Babanusa, Alfoula and Kajira. There are six clans in the Ajaira and five in the Falita, and thus twelve Humrawi clans in all. Anthropologist Ian Cunnison lists the clans of the two divisions of the Humr as the Ajaira consisting of the Fayyarin, Awlád Kamil, Mezaghna, Fadliya, Menama and Addal clans, and

112-576: A UNSC resolution from 27 June 2011. The peacekeepers began arriving in Abyei on 15 July 2011 after traveling overland from Ethiopia, just under a week after South Sudan formally declared its independence. Both countries continue to claim Abyei, but the presence of the Ethiopians is intended to prevent the military of either from attempting to wrest control of it. Under the terms of the Abyei Protocol,

168-682: A group of seven distinct ethnicities speaking related languages (see Daju languages ) living on both sides of the Chad - Sudan border and in the Nuba Mountains . Separated by distance and speaking different languages, at present, they generally have little cultural affinity to each other. The traditional area identified with the Daju are the Daju Hills in the southern portion of the Marrah Mountains located in

224-602: A nation of South Sudan after the 2011 independence referendum . The government blocked these attempts, stating that the Machakos Protocol had already delineated the border for the Three Areas in favor of the north. The deadlock was finally broken by pressure from the United States. U.S. presidential envoy John Danforth circulated a draft agreement, which the U.S. convinced the government to sign despite its inclusion of

280-545: A number of hydrocarbon accumulations. Oil exploration was undertaken in Sudan in the 1970s and 1980s. A period of significant investment in Sudan’s oil industry occurred in the 1990s and Abyei became a target for this investment. By 2003 Abyei contributed more than one quarter of Sudan’s total crude oil output. Production volumes have since declined and reports suggest that Abyei’s reserves are nearing depletion. An important oil pipeline,

336-550: A referendum. The Protocol on the resolution of the Abyei conflict put Abyei into a special administrative status government directly by the presidency. The precise borders of the area were to be determined by an Abyei Borders Commission (ABC), followed by a referendum commission to identify Messiria that are resident in Abyei and could thus vote in local elections in 2009; all the Ngok Dinka were to be considered resident, it being their traditional homeland. According to an annex to

392-499: A result of their defeat at the hands of the Tunjur and then dominance by the Fur, the Daju were displaced from much of their territory and now exist in several distinct pockets in the Sudan and Chad. The remaining Daju people exist in the following distinct groups: There are also two groups located in the Nuba Mountains and due to their sharp linguistic differential from each other as well as

448-541: A result of their early entry into the war, many Ngok Dinka rose to leadership positions in the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), becoming closely associated with John Garang . In contrast, the Messiria joined the hostilities on the side of the government in the mid-1980s. They formed frontline units as well as Murahleen , mounted raiders that attacked southern villages to loot valuables and slaves. By

504-501: A serious threat to the peace process and trigger a resumption of civil war. The Messiria were not believed to be directly controlled by Khartoum, however analysts pointed out that local disputes over resources are readily manipulated by outside forces. Following the violence of February and March, the Sudanese government deployed a contingent of 200 or more soldiers to Abyei town on 31 March 2008. Armed clashes between these troops and

560-474: Is chosen from one of the clans and his advisors are drawn from other clans. The Sultanship primarily serves the role of religious leader. The Dar Daju Daju and the Dar Sila Daju are predominantly Muslim but they still practice many of their traditional religious customs including the building of straw shrines to their high god Kalge whom they equate with Allah of Islam . From this name derived ″Par-Kalge,″

616-499: Is detailed by Johnson. The ABC presented their report to the president on 14 July 2005, whereupon it was immediately rejected by the government, who accused the experts of using sources after 1905 in their determination of the boundaries. The death of John Garang later that month pushed all other issues off the national agenda, but the SPLA maintains that the terms of the Abyei protocol must be held to. Government resistance to an agreement

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672-540: Is largely based on an attempt to hold on to the oil reserves and oil pipelines in the area. In October 2007, rising tensions between the SPLA and government resulted in the SPLA temporarily withdrawing from the Government of National Unity over several deadlocked issues, notably Abyei. At the time, the International Crisis Group stated, "What happens in Abyei is likely to determine whether Sudan consolidates

728-616: Is now South Kurdufan province near Muglad just north of Abyei and west of the Nuba Mountains. Records indicate that they consisted of two distinct Daju groups although it is uncertain if this migration displaced pre-existing non-Daju peoples or if one of the Daju groups was already indigenous to the area. There is one source that indicates that both the Ngok Dinka to the South and the Messiria to

784-465: The Addis Ababa University ; Douglas H. Johnson , an author of several works on southern Sudan; Shadrack Gutto , a lawyer from South Africa; and Donald Petterson , a former ambassador to Sudan. The ABC determined the boundary at approximately 10°22′30″N., 87 km (54 mi) north of the town of Abyei , following the agreed rules of procedure. The process and the map showing the boundary

840-662: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War . The capital of the Abyei Area is Abyei Town . Under the terms of the Abyei Protocol, the Abyei Area is considered, on an interim basis, to be simultaneously part of both the Republic of South Sudan and Republic of Sudan , effectively a condominium . In contrast to the borders of the former district, the Abyei Protocol defined

896-644: The Darfur province of Sudan . As the Marrah Mountains are the only area in Darfur that has a temperate climate and thus could support large populations, a Daju state arose perhaps as early as the 12th century BC. Very little is known of this kingdom except for a list of kings and several mentions in Egyptian texts. The most ancient mention of king's names is king Githar at the time of the Daju prophet Saleh who died and buried at

952-491: The Dinka Ngok and Messiria tribe maintained a peaceful coexistence during the civil war, the division of Sudan has created mistrust between the two people. In the second week of January 2011, when a referendum was held regarding South Sudanese independence, a simultaneous referendum to determine the fate of Abyei was meant to be held. This referendum was postponed due to the disagreement over voter eligibility. On 21 May 2011 it

1008-575: The Greater Nile Oil Pipeline , travels through the Abyei area from the Heglig and Unity oil fields to Port Sudan on the Red Sea via Khartoum. The pipeline is vital to Sudan’s oil exports which have boomed since the pipeline commenced operation in 1999. 9°35′42″N 28°26′10″E  /  9.595°N 28.436°E  / 9.595; 28.436 Daju people The Daju people are

1064-569: The Nyala language . Over time, the Tunjur introduced Islam to the region (which had previously been pagan) and gradually adopted Arabic as their administrative language. In 1596, control of Darfur passed into the hands of the hybrid Keira dynasty through intermarriage between the last sultan of the ruling Tunjur dynasty, Ahmad al-Maqur and its more populous vassals the Fur people . The resulting Fur-dominated Darfur Sultanate continued on until 1898. As

1120-692: The Temein tribes, and the Kadugli tribes. The migration of the Hill Nubian tribes in the Nuba Hills is generally seen as coming after the main Daju migration. The Nuba Mountains have generally been an area of "retreat" for persecuted groups seeking security hence the significant linguistic diversity. The Daju are primarily grain farmers (mainly millet, sorghum, and corn). Secondarily, they hunt as well as gather (mainly honey, berries and wild fruits). Women perform much of

1176-580: The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei , has also been established to protect civilians and humanitarian workers in the Abyei Area. The administrative name was changed to "Abyei Special Administrative Area" in July 2015 with the administration stating that it won't share the region again with Sudan. Abyei is situated within the Muglad Basin , a large rift basin which contains

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1232-563: The Abyei Area as "the area of the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms transferred to Kordofan in 1905". In 2005, a multinational border commission established this to be those portions of Kordofan south of 10°22′30″ N. However, following continued disputes that erupted into violence and threatened the CPA, an international arbitration process redrew Abyei's boundaries in 2009 to make it significantly smaller, extending no further north than 10°10′00" N. This revised border has now been endorsed by all parties to

1288-537: The Abyei region, such as the Heglig oil field , to the north, while giving at least one oil field to the south. Most of the Messiria are outside of the redrawn borders, making it far more likely that the region will vote to join the south. Announcements by both the SPLM and Government of Sudan that they would accept the ruling were hailed by the United States, European Union , and the United Nations . As of December 2010,

1344-567: The Amir from Dongola. The Daju empire is said to have spread its control as far east as Kurdufan , west of the Nuba Mountains and as far west as Chad . The Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi , writing about 1400, described "Taju" as being a fairly powerful kingdom lying between Kanem and the Nile kingdoms. The Daju people are said to have settled in a long belt stretching from South Kurdufan westward through Darfur and into Chad . According to tradition,

1400-679: The British left in 1956, they left the status of Abyei unclear. The two peoples began to take separate paths with the onset of the First Sudanese Civil War (1956–1972), in particular the 1965 massacre of 72 Ngok Dinka in the Misseriya town of Babanusa . The Ngok Dinka were thus drawn to the Anyanya , while the Messiria were favored by the Khartoum -based government and became firmly associated with

1456-605: The Daju dynasty was conquered by the Sokoro -speaking Tunjur people in the 14th century who moved from the west via the kingdoms of Bornu and Wadai . The Daju were scattered with their king escaping westward with some of his people and establishing a small new kingdom in the Dar Sila Area in Chad, becoming the Dar Sila Daju people. Other Daju moved eastward eventually settling in what

1512-515: The Felaita consisting of the Metanin, Ziyud, Awlád Serur, Jubarat and Salamat clans. The people who govern each tribe are known as the " Nazir " ( Arabic : ناظر , lit.   'leader'). The Humur are intrepid hunters of elephants and the giraffe . Humrawi hunters' main reason for hunting the giraffe is the preparation of the drink umm nyolokh . The Humur are most commonly known outside

1568-497: The Ngok Dinka were located in Bahr el Ghazal (considered "southern"). In 1905, after continued raids by the Messiria into Ngok Dinka territory, the British redistricted the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms into Kordofan. The reason was threefold: to protect the Ngok Dinka from raids by the Messiria and thus pacify the area; to demonstrate that a new sovereign power was in control; and to bring the two feuding tribes under common administration. When

1624-753: The Nile valley in the aftermath of the invasion of Kingdom of Meroe by Izana, king of Axum around the middle of the fourth century A.D. Accounts refer their origins to Shendi , which means in their own language "ewe." First they settled in Wadi al-Malik , Wadi Howar and Jebel Midob in B.C. 3000 then migrated, due to climate change, to the Nile valley and Egypt where they ruled under the name of Libyan Pharaohs. An Iraqi King expelled them southwards where they returned to their capital Nepta. Then they have been driven southwards again to Meroe until Izana drove them westwards to Wadi Howar and Kordofan in western Sudan and there they established their capital towns around Jebel Qadir in

1680-587: The North admit that the Daju were the indigenous people of Muglad. They were eventually displaced by the Messiria pushing down from the north and were forced south into Abyei where they were defeated and again dispersed by the Ngok Dinka . One group was driven westward (possibly the ancestors of the Njalgulgule people) and the other group, consisting of Dar Fur Daju, were driven east into the Nuba Hills settling near Lagowa where they developed their own distinct dialect of

1736-522: The Nuba Mountains and many other towns now in Darfur and Chad. After several generations, they annexed the land now called Dar Fur and beyond. Historians attribute this later expansion to the war between the Daju kingdom and the Kingdom of Dongola in 1100 AD which led King Ahmed al-Daj to relocate his headquarters to Meri in Jebel Marra massif. Meanwhile, Semia, one of Daju capitals, was completely destroyed by

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1792-556: The PCA border has not been demarcated and there is still no agreement on who constitutes a "resident of Abyei" for the purposes of voting in the Abyei referendum . The question is whether to include Arab nomads (the Messiria tribe ), who have historically stayed in the region every year for six months. If the Misseriya Arabs are prevented from voting, the region will likely go to South Sudan. While

1848-730: The PCA's Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes Between Two Parties of Which Only One is a State. The SPLM/A appointed Dr. Riek Machar Teny, Deputy Chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and Minister Luka Biong Deng, as Agents, and Gary Born , Paul Williams and Wendy Miles as counsel. The Government of Sudan appointed Ambassador Dirdeiry Mohamed Ahmed as Agent, and were represented by Professor James Crawford QC, S.C., Dr Nabil Elaraby, Professor Alain Pellet, Rodman Bundy and Loretta Malintoppi. Following extensive written pleadings, in April 2009

1904-601: The SPLA occurred during May 2008 resulting in dozens of deaths and the displacement of an estimated 25,000 civilians. Much of Abyei town was razed; publicist Roger Winter stated that "the town of Abyei has ceased to exist". Following the clashes in Abyei during May 2008, in June 2008 the Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir , and the President of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan , Salva Kiir Mayardit , agreed to refer

1960-401: The SPLA strongholds in Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile , known collectively during the talks as the Three Areas. The SPLA negotiators then spent several years attempting to give these regions the right to a referendum in which they could decide if they want to be under the administrative control of the north or south. This would potentially mean that these regions would become part of

2016-459: The Sudan as the preparers of a drink made from the liver and bone marrow of a giraffe, which they call umm nyolokh , and which they claim is intoxicating, causing dreams and hallucinations . If substantiated by a chemical analysis, this claim would make the giraffe the first mammal to be discovered to contain a hallucinogen in its bodily tissues, and the Humrawi the first people to have discovered

2072-505: The U.N. has sent an envoy to Khartoum to intervene. South Sudan says it has withdrawn its forces from Abyei. As of May 2011, the prospective referendum on Abyei's future status has been postponed indefinitely. The northern leader, then President al-Bashir, dismissed the southern chief administrator of Abyei and appointed a northerner, Ahmed Hussein Al-Imam. Protests were held in at least two Southern states, Upper Nile and Warrap , over

2128-460: The area, among other north–south border regions, led President Gaafar Nimeiry to try the first of many initiatives to redistrict oil rich areas into northern administration. The Ngok Dinka unit of Anyanya II formed one of the foundations of the rebel movement at the beginning of the Second Civil War in 1983. Many Ngok Dinka joined the rebels upon the outbreak of hostilities. Partially as

2184-636: The bank of Wadi Saleh in the southwestern corner of Marrah Mountains. The Daju appear to be the dominant group in Darfur from earliest times vying for control with their northern Marrah Mountain later rivals, the agricultural Fur people . The original settlement of the Daju people was in the Yellow Nile River [now called Wadi Howar]. They also left ruins at Jebel Meidob, the Great Oases and Darb el-Arbayyn trade route to Egypt. The Daju, who known to Henri Barth as "Pharaoh's Folk", had migrated originally from

2240-528: The daily work. They plant and sow the crops, ground the grain, and cook the meals. They are also the primary house-builders. The typical Daju home is round with a cone roof although in the towns, houses are often rectangular. Community chores are shared. Traditionally, Daju women tattoo their eyelids, gums, and lips with acacia thorns. Fighters tattoo their left-hand peaks with sacred black and red ink. The Dar Sila Daju in Chad are arranged by male-led clans. Each clan has its own separate role in society. The Sultan

2296-598: The dispute. [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The Sudan Tribune claims that the Dajo people were located in the region of Abyei prior to the seventeenth century, before being displaced by new migrants. From at least the eighteenth century Abyei was inhabited by the agro-pastoralist Ngok Dinka, a sub-group of the Dinka of Southern Sudan . The Messiria , a nomadic Arab people, who spend most of

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2352-777: The disputes between the Government and the SPLM/A concerning the ABC's determination of the Abyei area's boundaries to international arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), in The Hague . The arbitration was presided over by an arbitral tribunal composed of five international lawyers – Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy , of France, as President, with Judge Stephen M. Schwebel , Professor W. Michael Reisman , H.E. Judge Awn Al-Khasawneh and Professor Dr. Gerhard Hafner . The tribunal adopted

2408-581: The effects which umm nyolokh has upon him. Cunnison's account of a psychoactive mammal found its way into a mainstream literature through a conversation between Dr. Wendy James of the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Oxford and specialist on the use of hallucinogens and intoxicants in society Richard Rudgley , who considered its implications in his popular work The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances . Rudgley hypothesises that

2464-413: The end of the war the intense fighting had displaced most Ngok Dinka out of Abyei, which the Misseriya state as justification for ownership of the area. The status of Abyei was one of the most contentious issues in the negotiation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement . The first protocol signed, the 2002 Machakos Protocol , defined Southern Sudan as the area as of independence in 1956. It thus excluded

2520-401: The existence of such a mammal. Ian Cunnison, who accompanied the Humr on some of their giraffe-hunting expeditions in the late 1950s, noted that: It is said that a person, once he has drunk umm nyolokh, will return to giraffe again and again. Humr, being Mahdists , are strict abstainers [from alcohol] and a Humrawi is never drunk (sakran) on liquor or beer. But he uses this word to describe

2576-401: The north. The 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement that ended the war included a clause that provided for a referendum allowing Abyei to choose to remain in the north or join the autonomous South. This referendum was never held and continued attacks against Ngok Dinka led to the creation of Ngok Dinka unit in the small Anyanya II rebellion, which began in Upper Nile in 1975. The discovery of oil in

2632-525: The occupation of Abyei by Northern forces. Labor leader Abraham Sebit , leading the protest in Malakal , Upper Nile, asked for intervention by the United Nations and suggested a no-fly zone could be established over Abyei. Governor Nyadeng Malek of Warrap also condemned the occupation. A deal on demilitarization was reached on 20 June 2011. The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei , consisting of Ethiopian troops commanded by Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay , were to be deployed under

2688-403: The other Daju languages, it is generally agreed that they come from a very early migration (perhaps 2,000 years ago) out of the Daju Urheimat in the Marrah Mountains . There they carved out their own small territory in the midst of the original inhabitants of the eastern Nuba Mountains, the Kordofanian tribes, as well as amongst later migrating tribal/linguistic groupings: the Nyimang tribes,

2744-505: The parties presented their closing submissions to the arbitration tribunal over six days at an oral hearing at the Peace Palace, The Hague. In a groundbreaking initiative, the parties agreed to broadcast the oral hearing over the internet, which allowed those in Sudan and around the world to see the parties put forward their arguments. Following the hearing the arbitral tribunal then began its deliberations and, less than ninety days later, on 22 July 2009 rendered its final binding decision as to

2800-617: The peace or returns to war". Armed violence erupted in the Abyei region during late 2007 and throughout 2008. Clashes occurred both between the SPLA and Messiria fighters and between the SPLA and government troops. Messiria leaders had objected to demarcation provisions of the CPA which they claim have a negative impact upon Messiria access to grazing lands. These grievances fed into armed clashes in December 2007, which killed at least 75 people, and further violence in February and March 2008, resulting in numerous deaths and civilian displacement. These clashes were considered by analysts to represent

2856-423: The presence of the hallucinogenic compound DMT might account for the putative intoxicating properties of umm nyolokh. Abyei The Abyei Area ( Arabic : منطقة أبيي ) is an area of 10,546 km or 4,072 sq mi on the border between South Sudan and Sudan that has been accorded "special administrative status" by the 2004 Protocol on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict (Abyei Protocol) in

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2912-436: The protocol adopted in December 2004, the Abyei Borders Commission was to be composed of 15 persons: five appointed by the government, five by the SPLA and three by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development , and one each by the United States and the United Kingdom. Only the five impartial experts could present the final report. The five appointed were: Godfrey Muriuki of the University of Nairobi ; Kassahun Berhanu of

2968-458: The residents of the Abyei Area have been declared, on an interim basis, to be simultaneously citizens of the states of West Kurdufan (Republic of Sudan) and Northern Bahr el Ghazal (South Sudan) until such time as a referendum can determine the permanent status of the area. An Abyei Area Administration was established on 31 August 2008. The Abyei Area Administration is made up of the following bodies: A United Nations peacekeeping mission,

3024-413: The validity of the boundaries for Abyei and the ABC had drawn. The award ordered the redrawing of the northern, eastern and western boundaries, thus decreasing the size of Abyei. The size of Abyei is crucial to the political dispute, as its residents will be able to vote in a referendum on whether to become part of northern or southern Sudan. The redrawn borders give control of the richest oil fields in

3080-456: The year around their base at Muglad in northern South Kurdufan , would graze their cattle south to the Bahr river basin in Abyei during the dry season. Abyei's permanent residents were thus the southern Dinka, but half the year the Dinka were outnumbered by the Muslim, northern Misseriya. At the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium , the Messiria were predominantly located in the province of Kordofan (considered "northern"), while

3136-455: Was reported that the Armed Forces of Sudan had seized control of Abyei with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with the South. The precipitating factor was an ambush by the South killing 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling, aerial bombardment and numerous tanks. Initial reports indicate that over 20,000 people have fled. The South Sudanese government has declared this as an "act of war", and

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